While this process was going on our voyageurs collected around the fire, and entered into a consultation9 about what was best to be done. At first they thought of going back to the Red River settlement, and obtaining another canoe, as well as a fresh stock of provisions and implements10. But they all believed that getting back would be a toilsome and difficult matter. There was a large lake and several extensive marshes11 on the route, and these would have to be got round, making the journey a very long one indeed. It would take them days to perform it on foot, and nothing is more discouraging on a journey than to be forced by some accident to what is called “taking the back-track.” All of them acknowledged this, but what else could they do? It is true there was a post of the Hudson’s Bay Company at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. This post was called Norway House. How were they to reach that afoot? To walk around the borders of the lake would be a distance of more than four hundred miles. There would be numerous rivers to cross, as well as swamps and pathless forests to be threaded. Such a journey would occupy a month or more, and at Norway House they would still be as it were only at the beginning of the great journey on which they had set out. Moreover, Norway House lay entirely12 out of their way. Cumberland House—another trading post upon the River Saskatchewan—was the next point where they had intended to rest themselves, after leaving the Red River settlements. To reach Cumberland House afoot would be equally difficult, as it, too, lay at the distance of hundreds of miles, with lakes, and rivers, and marshes, intervening. What, then, could they do?
“Let us not go back,” cried François, ever ready with a bold advice; “let us make a boat, and keep on, say I.”
“Ha! François,” rejoined Basil, “it’s easy to say ‘make a boat;’ how is that to be done, I pray?”
“Why, what’s to hinder us to hew13 a log, and make a dugout? We have still got the axe14, and two hatchets15 left.”
Norman asked what François meant by a dugout. The phrase was new to him.
“A canoe,” replied François, “hollowed out of a tree. They are sometimes called ‘dugouts’ on the Mississippi, especially when they are roughly made. One of them, I think, would carry all four of us well enough. Don’t you think so, Luce?”
“Why, yes,” answered the student; “a large one might: but I fear there are no trees about here of sufficient size. We are not among the great timber of the Mississippi bottom, you must remember.”
“How large a tree would it require?” asked Norman, who knew but little of this kind of craft.
“Three feet in diameter, at least,” replied Lucien; “and it should be of that thickness for a length of nearly twenty feet. A less one would not carry four of us.”
“Then I am sure enough,” responded Norman, “that we won’t find such timber here. I have seen no tree of that size either yesterday, or while we were out this morning.”
“Nor I,” added Basil.
“I don’t believe there’s one,” said Lucien.
“If we were in Louisiana,” rejoined François, “I could find fifty canoe-trees by walking as many yards. Why, I never saw such insignificant16 timber as this here.”
“You’ll see smaller timber than this, Cousin Frank, before we reach the end of our voyage.”
This remark was made by Norman, who knew that, as they proceeded northward17, the trees would be found decreasing in size until they would appear like garden shrubbery.
“But come,” continued he, “if we can’t build a craft to carry us from one tree, perhaps we can do it out of three.”
“With three!” echoed François. “I should like to see a canoe made from three trees! Is it a raft you mean, Cousin Norman?”
“No,” responded the other; “a canoe, and one that will serve us for the rest of our voyage.”
All three—Basil, Lucien, and François—looked to their cousin for an explanation.
“You would rather not go back up the river?” he inquired, glancing from one to the other.
“We wish to go on—all of us,” answered Basil, speaking for his brothers as well.
“Very well,” assented19 the young fur-trader; “I think it is better as you wish it. Out of these trees I can build a boat that will carry us. It will take us some days to do it, and some time to find the timber, but I am tolerably certain it is to be found in these woods. To do the job properly I want three kinds; two of them I can see from where I sit; the third I expect will be got in the hills we saw this morning.”
As Norman spoke20 he pointed21 to two trees that grew among many others not far from the spot. These trees were of very different kinds, as was easily told by their leaves and bark. The nearer and more conspicuous22 of them at once excited the curiosity of the three Southerners. Lucien recognised it from its botanical description. Even Basil and François, though they had never seen it, as it is not to be found in the hot clime of Louisiana, knew it from the accounts given of it by travellers. The tree was the celebrated23 “canoe-birch,” or, as Lucien named it, “paper-birch” (Betula papyracea), celebrated as the tree out of whose bark those beautiful canoes are made that carry thousands of Indians over the interior lakes and rivers of North America; out of whose bark whole tribes of these people fashion their bowls, their pails, and their baskets; with which they cover their tents, and from which they even make their soup-kettles and boiling-pots! This, then, was the canoe-birch-tree, so much talked of, and so valuable to the poor Indians who inhabit the cold regions where it grows.
Our young Southerners contemplated25 the tree with feelings of interest and curiosity. They saw that it was about sixty feet high, and somewhat more than a foot in diameter. Its leaves were nearly cordate, or heart-shaped, and of a very dark-green colour; but that which rendered it most conspicuous among the other trees of the forest was the shining white or silver-coloured bark that covered its trunk, and its numerous slender branches. This bark is only white externally. When you have cut through the epidermis26 you find it of a reddish tinge27, very thick, and capable of being divided into several layers. The wood of the tree makes excellent fuel, and is also often used for articles of furniture. It has a close, shining grain, and is strong enough for ordinary implements; but if exposed to the weather will decay rapidly.
The “canoe-birch” is not the only species of these trees found in North America. The genus Betula (so called from the Celtic word batu, which means birch) has at least half-a-dozen other known representatives in these parts. There is the “white birch” (Betula populifolia), a worthless tree of some twenty feet in height, and less than six inches diameter. The bark of this species is useless, and its wood, which is soft and white, is unfit even for fuel. It grows, however, in the poorest soil. Next there is a species called the “cherry-birch” (Betula lento), so named from the resemblance of its bark to the common cherry-tree. It is also called “sweet birch,” because its young twigs28, when crushed, give out a pleasant aromatic29 odour. Sometimes the name of “black birch” is given to this species. It is a tree of fifty or sixty feet in height, and its wood is much used in cabinet-work, as it is close-grained, of a beautiful reddish colour, and susceptible30 of a high polish.
The “yellow birch” is a tree of the same size, and is so called from the colour of its epidermis. It is likewise used in cabinet-work, though it is not considered equal in quality to the cherry-birch. Its leaves and twigs have also an aromatic smell when bruised31, not so strong, however, as the last-mentioned. The wood makes excellent fuel, and is much used for that purpose in some of the large cities of America. The bark, too, is excellent for tanning—almost equal to that of the oak.
The “red birch” is still another species, which takes its name from the reddish hue32 of its bark. This is equal in size to the canoe-birch, often growing seventy feet high, with a trunk of nearly three feet diameter. Its branches are long, slender, and pendulous33; and it is from the twigs of this species that most of the “birch-brooms” used in America are made.
Still another species of American birches is the “dwarf birch” (Betula nana), so called from its diminutive34 size, which is that of a shrub18, only eighteen inches or two feet in height. It usually grows in very cold or mountainous regions, and is the smallest of these interesting trees.
This information regarding the birches of America was given by Lucien to his brothers, not at that time, but shortly afterward35, when the three were engaged in felling one of these trees. Just then other matters occupied them, and they had only glanced, first at the canoe-birch and then at the other tree which Norman had pointed out. The latter was of a different genus. It belonged to the order Coniferae, or cone-bearing trees, as was evident from the cone-shaped fruits that hung upon its branches, as well as from its needle-like evergreen36 leaves.
The cone-bearing trees of America are divided by botanists38 into three great sub-orders—the Pines, the Cypresses39, and the Yews41. Each of these includes several genera. By the “pine tribe” is meant all those trees known commonly by the names pine, spruce, fir, and larch43; while the Cupressinae, or cypress40 tribe, are the cypress proper, the cedars45, the arbour-vitae, and the junipers. The yew42 tribe has fewer genera or species; but the trees in America known as yews and hemlocks—of which there are several varieties—belong to it.
Of the pine tribe a great number of species exist throughout the North American Continent. The late explorations on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, and in the countries bordering on the Pacific, have brought to light a score of species hitherto unknown to the botanist37. Many of these are trees of a singular and valuable kind. Several species found in the mountains of North Mexico, and throughout those desert regions where hardly any other vegetation exists, have edible46 seeds upon which whole tribes of Indians subsist47 for many months in the year. The Spanish Americans call them pinon trees, but there are several species of them in different districts. The Indians parch7 the seeds, and sometimes pound them into a coarse meal, from which they bake a very palatable48 bread. This bread is often rendered more savoury by mixing the meal with dried “prairie crickets,” a species of coleopterous insects—that is, insects with a crustaceous or shell-like covering over their wings—which are common in the desert wilds where these Indians dwell. Some prairie travellers have pronounced this singular mixture equal to the “best pound-cake.”
The “Lambert pine,” so called from the botanist of that name, is found in Oregon and California, and may be justly considered one of the wonders of the world. Three hundred feet is not an uncommon49 height for this vegetable giant; and its cones50 have been seen of eighteen inches in length, hanging like sugar-loaves from its high branches! The wonderful “palo Colorado” of California is another giant of the pine tribe. It also grows above three hundred feet high, with a diameter of sixteen feet! Then there is the “red pine,” of eighty feet high, much used for the decks and masts of ships; the “pitch-pine” (Pinus rigida), a smaller tree, esteemed51 for its fuel, and furnishing most of the firewood used in some of the American cities. From this species the strong burning “knots” are obtained. There is the “white pine” (Pinus strobus), valuable for its timber. This is one of the largest and best known of the pines. It often attains52 a height of an hundred and fifty feet, and a large proportion of those planks53 so well-known to the carpenter are sawed from its trunk. In the State of New York alone no less than 700,000,000 feet of timber are annually54 obtained from trees of this species, which, by calculation, must exhaust every year the enormous amount of 70,000 acres of forest! Of course, at this rate the pine-forests of New York State must soon be entirely destroyed.
In addition, there is the “yellow pine,” a tree of sixty feet high, much used in flooring houses; and the beautiful “balsam fir,” used as an ornamental55 evergreen both in Europe and America, and from which is obtained the well-known medicine—the “Canada balsam.” This tree, in favourable56 situations, attains the height of sixty feet; while upon the cold summits of mountains it is often seen rising only a few inches from the surface. The “hemlock spruce” (Pinus Canadensis), is another species, the bark of which is used in tanning. It is inferior to the oak, though the leather made by it is of excellent quality. The “black” or “double spruce” (Pinus nigra), is that species from the twigs of which is extracted the essence that gives its peculiar57 flavour to the well-known “spruce beer.” Besides these, at least a dozen new species have lately been discovered on the interior mountains of Mexico—all of them more or less possessing valuable properties.
The pines cannot be termed trees of the tropics, yet do they grow in southern and warm countries. In the Carolinas, tar58 and turpentine, products of the pine, are two staple59 articles of exportation; and even under the equator itself, the high mountains are covered with pine-forests. But the pine is more especially the tree of a northern sylva. As you approach the Arctic circle, it becomes the characteristic tree. There it appears in extensive forests, lending their picturesque60 shelter to the snowy desolation of the earth. One species of pine is the very last tree that disappears as the traveller, in approaching the pole, takes his leave of the limits of vegetation. This species is the “white spruce” (Pinus alba), the very one which, along with the birch-tree, had been pointed out by Norman to his companions.
It was a tree not over thirty or forty feet high, with a trunk of less than a foot in thickness, and of a brownish colour. Its leaves or “needles” were about an inch in length, very slender and acute, and of a bluish green tint61. The cones upon it, which at that season were young, were of a pale green. When ripe, however, they become rusty-brown, and are nearly two inches in length.
What use Norman would make of this tree in building his canoe, neither Basil nor François knew. Lucien only guessed at it. François asked the question, by saying that he supposed the “timbers” were to come out of it.
“No,” said Norman, “for that I want still another sort. If I can’t find that sort, however, I can manage to do without it, but not so well.”
“What other sort?” demanded François.
“I want some cedar44-wood,” replied the other.
“Ah! that’s for the timbers,” said François; “I am sure of it. The cedar-wood is lighter62 than any other, and, I dare say, would answer admirably for ribs and other timbers.”
“You are right this time, Frank—it is considered the best for that purpose.”
“You think there are cedar-trees on the hills we saw this morning?” said François, addressing his Canadian cousin.
“I think so. I noticed something like them.”
“And I, too, observed a dark foliage,” said Lucien, “which looked like the cedar. If anywhere in this neighbourhood, we shall find them there. They usually grow upon rocky, sterile63 hills, such as those appear to be—that is their proper situation.”
“The question,” remarked Basil, “ought to be settled at once. We have made up our mind to the building of a canoe, and I think we should lose no time in getting ready the materials. Suppose we all set out for the hills.”
“Agreed—agreed!” shouted the others with one voice; and then shouldering their guns, and taking the axe along, all four set out for the hills. On reaching these, the object of their search was at once discovered. The tops of all the hills—dry, barren ridges64 they were—were covered with a thick grove65 of the red cedar (Juniperus viginiana). The trees were easily distinguished66 by the numerous branches spreading horizontally, and thickly covered with short dark-green needles, giving them that sombre, shady appearance, that makes them the favourite haunt of many species of owls24. Their beautiful reddish wood was well-known to all the party, as it is to almost every one in the civilised world. Everybody who has seen or used a black-lead pencil must know what the wood of the red cedar is like—for it is in this the black-lead is usually incased. In all parts of America, where this tree grows in plenty, it is employed for posts and fence-rails, as it is one of the most durable67 woods in existence. It is a great favourite also for kindling68 fires, as it catches quickly, and blazes up in a few seconds, so as to ignite the heavier logs of other timbers, such as the oak and the pine.
The red cedar usually attains a height of about thirty to forty feet, but in favourable situations it grows still larger. The soil which it loves best is of a stony69, and often sterile character, and dry barren hill-tops are frequently covered with cedars, while the more moist and fertile valleys between possess a sylva of a far different character. There is a variety of the red cedar, which trails upon the ground like a creeping plant, its branches even taking root again. This is rather a small bush than a tree, and is often seen hanging down the face of inaccessible70 cliffs. It is known among botanists as the Juniperus prostrata.
“Now,” said Norman, after examining a few of the cedar-trees, “we have here all that’s wanted to make our canoe. We need lose no more time, but go to work at once!”
“Very well,” replied the three brothers, “we are ready to assist you,—tell us what to do.”
“In the first place,” said the other, “I think we had better change our camp to this spot, as I see all the different kinds of trees here, and much better ones than those near the river. There,” continued he, pointing to a piece of moist ground in the valley,—“there are some journeys if we go back and bring our meat to this place at once.”
To this they all of course agreed, and started back to their first camp. They soon returned with the meat and other things, and having chosen a clean spot under a large-spreading cedar-tree, they kindled72 a new fire and made their camp by it—that is, they strung up the provisions, hung their horns and pouches73 upon the branches around, and rested their guns against the trees. They had no tent to pitch, but that is not necessary to constitute a camp. In the phraseology of the American hunter, wherever you kindle71 your fire or spend the night is a “camp.”
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1
grouse
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| n.松鸡；v.牢骚，诉苦 | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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buffaloes
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| n.水牛（分非洲水牛和亚洲水牛两种）( buffalo的名词复数 )；（南非或北美的）野牛；威胁；恐吓 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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parch
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| v.烤干，焦干 | |
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parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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hew
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| v.砍；伐；削 | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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epidermis
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| n.表皮 | |
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tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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pendulous
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| adj.下垂的；摆动的 | |
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diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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evergreen
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| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
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botanist
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| n.植物学家 | |
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botanists
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| n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 ) | |
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cypresses
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| n.柏属植物，柏树( cypress的名词复数 ) | |
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cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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yews
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| n.紫杉( yew的名词复数 ) | |
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yew
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| n.紫杉属树木 | |
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larch
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| n.落叶松 | |
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cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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edible
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| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
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subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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palatable
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| adj.可口的，美味的；惬意的 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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51
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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52
attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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53
planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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tar
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| n.柏油，焦油；vt.涂或浇柏油/焦油于 | |
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staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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60
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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62
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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64
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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66
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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67
durable
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| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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68
kindling
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| n. 点火, 可燃物 动词kindle的现在分词形式 | |
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69
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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71
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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72
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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pouches
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| n.（放在衣袋里或连在腰带上的）小袋( pouch的名词复数 )；（袋鼠等的）育儿袋；邮袋；（某些动物贮存食物的）颊袋 | |
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