Through death’s dim walks to urge his way,
Reclaim2 his long-asserted spoil,
And lead oblivion into day?
Langhorne.
“Most readers,” says the Manuscript of Mr Pattieson, “must have witnessed with delight the joyous3 burst which attends the dismissing of a village-school on a fine summer evening. The buoyant spirit of childhood, repressed with so much difficulty during the tedious hours of discipline, may then be seen to explode, as it were, in shout, and song, and frolic, as the little urchins5 join in groups on their play-ground, and arrange their matches of sport for the evening. But there is one individual who partakes of the relief afforded by the moment of dismission, whose feelings are not so obvious to the eye of the spectator, or so apt to receive his sympathy. I mean the teacher himself, who, stunned6 with the hum, and suffocated7 with the closeness of his school-room, has spent the whole day (himself against a host) in controlling petulance8, exciting indifference9 to action, striving to enlighten stupidity, and labouring to soften10 obstinacy11; and whose very powers of intellect have been confounded by hearing the same dull lesson repeated a hundred times by rote12, and only varied13 by the various blunders of the reciters. Even the flowers of classic genius, with which his solitary14 fancy is most gratified, have been rendered degraded, in his imagination, by their connexion with tears, with errors, and with punishment; so that the Eclogues of Virgil and Odes of Horace are each inseparably allied16 in association with the sullen17 figure and monotonous18 recitation of some blubbering school-boy. If to these mental distresses19 are added a delicate frame of body, and a mind ambitious of some higher distinction than that of being the tyrant20 of childhood, the reader may have some slight conception of the relief which a solitary walk, in the cool of a fine summer evening, affords to the head which has ached, and the nerves which have been shattered, for so many hours, in plying21 the irksome task of public instruction.
“To me these evening strolls have been the happiest hours of an unhappy life; and if any gentle reader shall hereafter find pleasure in perusing22 these lucubrations, I am not unwilling23 he should know, that the plan of them has been usually traced in those moments, when relief from toil and clamour, combined with the quiet scenery around me, has disposed my mind to the task of composition.
“My chief haunt, in these hours of golden leisure, is the banks of the small stream, which, winding24 through a ‘lone vale of green bracken,’ passes in front of the village school-house of Gandercleugh. For the first quarter of a mile, perhaps, I may be disturbed from my meditations25, in order to return the scrape, or doffed26 bonnet27, of such stragglers among my pupils as fish for trouts or minnows in the little brook28, or seek rushes and wild-flowers by its margin29. But, beyond the space I have mentioned, the juvenile30 anglers do not, after sunset, voluntarily extend their excursions. The cause is, that farther up the narrow valley, and in a recess31 which seems scooped32 out of the side of the steep heathy bank, there is a deserted33 burial-ground, which the little cowards are fearful of approaching in the twilight34. To me, however, the place has an inexpressible charm. It has been long the favourite termination of my walks, and, if my kind patron forgets not his promise, will (and probably at no very distant day) be my final resting-place after my mortal pilgrimage.
[Note, by Mr Jedediah Cleishbotham. — That I kept my plight35 in this melancholy36 matter with my deceased and lamented37 friend, appeareth from a handsome headstone, erected38 at my proper charges in this spot, bearing the name and calling of Peter Pattieson, with the date of his nativity and sepulture; together also with a testimony39 of his merits, attested40 by myself, as his superior and patron. — J. C.]
“It is a spot which possesses all the solemnity of feeling attached to a burial-ground, without exciting those of a more unpleasing description. Having been very little used for many years, the few hillocks which rise above the level plain are covered with the same short velvet42 turf. The monuments, of which there are not above seven or eight, are half sunk in the ground, and overgrown with moss43. No newly-erected tomb disturbs the sober serenity44 of our reflections by reminding us of recent calamity45, and no rank-springing grass forces upon our imagination the recollection, that it owes its dark luxuriance to the foul46 and festering remnants of mortality which ferment47 beneath. The daisy which sprinkles the sod, and the harebell which hangs over it, derive48 their pure nourishment49 from the dew of heaven, and their growth impresses us with no degrading or disgusting recollections. Death has indeed been here, and its traces are before us; but they are softened50 and deprived of their horror by our distance from the period when they have been first impressed. Those who sleep beneath are only connected with us by the reflection, that they have once been what we now are, and that, as their relics51 are now identified with their mother earth, ours shall, at some future period, undergo the same transformation52.
“Yet, although the moss has been collected on the most modern of these humble53 tombs during four generations of mankind, the memory of some of those who sleep beneath them is still held in reverent54 remembrance. It is true, that, upon the largest, and, to an antiquary, the most interesting monument of the group, which bears the effigies55 of a doughty56 knight57 in his hood4 of mail, with his shield hanging on his breast, the armorial bearings are defaced by time, and a few worn-out letters may be read at the pleasure of the decipherer, Dns. Johan — de Hamel — or Johan — de Lamel — And it is also true, that of another tomb, richly sculptured with an ornamental58 cross, mitre, and pastoral staff, tradition can only aver59, that a certain nameless bishop60 lies interred61 there. But upon other two stones which lie beside, may still be read in rude prose, and ruder rhyme, the history of those who sleep beneath them. They belong, we are assured by the epitaph, to the class of persecuted62 Presbyterians who afforded a melancholy subject for history in the times of Charles II. and his successor.? In returning from the battle of Pentland Hills, a party of the insurgents63 had been attacked in this glen by a small detachment of the King’s troops, and three or four either killed in the skirmish, or shot after being made prisoners, as rebels taken with arms in their hands. The peasantry continued to attach to the tombs of those victims of prelacy an honour which they do not render to more splendid mausoleums; and, when they point them out to their sons, and narrate64 the fate of the sufferers, usually conclude, by exhorting65 them to be ready, should times call for it, to resist to the death in the cause of civil and religious liberty, like their brave forefathers66.
[? James, Seventh King of Scotland of that name, and Second according to the numeration of the Kings of England. — J. C.]
“Although I am far from venerating67 the peculiar68 tenets asserted by those who call themselves the followers69 of those men, and whose intolerance and narrow-minded bigotry70 are at least as conspicuous71 as their devotional zeal72, yet it is without depreciating73 the memory of those sufferers, many of whom united the independent sentiments of a Hampden with the suffering zeal of a Hooper or Latimer. On the other hand, it would be unjust to forget, that many even of those who had been most active in crushing what they conceived the rebellious74 and seditious spirit of those unhappy wanderers, displayed themselves, when called upon to suffer for their political and religious opinions, the same daring and devoted75 zeal, tinctured, in their case, with chivalrous76 loyalty77, as in the former with republican enthusiasm. It has often been remarked of the Scottish character, that the stubbornness with which it is moulded shows most to advantage in adversity, when it seems akin78 to the native sycamore of their hills, which scorns to be biassed79 in its mode of growth even by the influence of the prevailing80 wind, but, shooting its branches with equal boldness in every direction, shows no weather-side to the storm, and may be broken, but can never be bended. It must be understood that I speak of my countrymen as they fall under my own observation. When in foreign countries, I have been informed that they are more docile81. But it is time to return from this digression.
“One summer evening, as in a stroll, such as I have described, I approached this deserted mansion82 of the dead, I was somewhat surprised to hear sounds distinct from those which usually soothe83 its solitude84, the gentle chiding85, namely, of the brook, and the sighing of the wind in the boughs86 of three gigantic ash-trees, which mark the cemetery87. The clink of a hammer was, on this occasion, distinctly heard; and I entertained some alarm that a march-dike, long meditated88 by the two proprietors89 whose estates were divided by my favourite brook, was about to be drawn90 up the glen, in order to substitute its rectilinear deformity for the graceful91 winding of the natural boundary.? As I approached, I was agreeably undeceived. An old man was seated upon the monument of the slaughtered92 presbyterians, and busily employed in deepening, with his chisel93, the letters of the inscription94, which, announcing, in scriptural language, the promised blessings96 of futurity to be the lot of the slain97, anathematized the murderers with corresponding violence. A blue bonnet of unusual dimensions covered the grey hairs of the pious98 workman. His dress was a large old-fashioned coat of the coarse cloth called hoddingrey, usually worn by the elder peasants, with waistcoat and breeches of the same; and the whole suit, though still in decent repair, had obviously seen a train of long service. Strong clouted99 shoes, studded with hobnails, and gramoches or leggins, made of thick black cloth, completed his equipment. Beside him, fed among the graves a pony100, the companion of his journey, whose extreme whiteness, as well as its projecting bones and hollow eyes, indicated its antiquity101. It was harnessed in the most simple manner, with a pair of branks, a hair tether, or halter, and a sunk, or cushion of straw, instead of bridle102 and saddle. A canvass103 pouch104 hung around the neck of the animal, for the purpose, probably, of containing the rider’s tools, and any thing else he might have occasion to carry with him. Although I had never seen the old man before, yet from the singularity of his employment, and the style of his equipage, I had no difficulty in recognising a religious itinerant105 whom I had often heard talked of, and who was known in various parts of Scotland by the title of Old Mortality.
[? Note: I deem it fitting that the reader should be apprised106 that this limitary boundary between the conterminous heritable property of his honour the Laird of Gandercleugh, and his honour the Laird of Gusedub, was to have been in fashion an agger, or rather murus of uncemented granite107, called by the vulgar a drystane dyke108, surmounted109, or coped, cespite viridi, i.e. with a sodturf. Truly their honours fell into discord110 concerning two roods of marshy111 ground, near the cove41 called the Bedral’s Beild; and the controversy112, having some years bygone been removed from before the judges of the land, (with whom it abode113 long,) even unto the Great City of London and the Assembly of the Nobles therein, is, as I may say, adhuc in pendente. — J. C.]
The Graveyard114
The Graveyard
“Where this man was born, or what was his real name, I have never been able to learn; nor are the motives115 which made him desert his home, and adopt the erratic116 mode of life which he pursued, known to me except very generally. According to the belief of most people, he was a native of either the county of Dumfries or Galloway, and lineally descended117 from some of those champions of the Covenant118, whose deeds and sufferings were his favourite theme. He is said to have held, at one period of his life, a small moorland farm; but, whether from pecuniary119 losses, or domestic misfortune, he had long renounced120 that and every other gainful calling. In the language of Scripture121, he left his house, his home, and his kindred, and wandered about until the day of his death, a period of nearly thirty years.
“During this long pilgrimage, the pious enthusiast122 regulated his circuit so as annually123 to visit the graves of the unfortunate Covenanters, who suffered by the sword, or by the executioner, during the reigns124 of the two last monarchs125 of the Stewart line. These are most numerous in the western districts of Ayr, Galloway, and Dumfries; but they are also to be found in other parts of Scotland, wherever the fugitives126 had fought, or fallen, or suffered by military or civil execution. Their tombs are often apart from all human habitation, in the remote moors127 and wilds to which the wanderers had fled for concealment128. But wherever they existed, Old Mortality was sure to visit them when his annual round brought them within his reach. In the most lonely recesses129 of the mountains, the moor-fowl shooter has been often surprised to find him busied in cleaning the moss from the grey stones, renewing with his chisel the half-defaced inscriptions130, and repairing the emblems131 of death with which these simple monuments are usually adorned132. Motives of the most sincere, though fanciful devotion, induced the old man to dedicate so many years of existence to perform this tribute to the memory of the deceased warriors133 of the church. He considered himself as fulfilling a sacred duty, while renewing to the eyes of posterity134 the decaying emblems of the zeal and sufferings of their forefathers, and thereby135 trimming, as it were, the beacon-light, which was to warn future generations to defend their religion even unto blood.
“In all his wanderings, the old pilgrim never seemed to need, or was known to accept, pecuniary assistance. It is true, his wants were very few; for wherever he went, he found ready quarters in the house of some Cameronian of his own sect136, or of some other religious person. The hospitality which was reverentially paid to him he always acknowledged, by repairing the gravestones (if there existed any) belonging to the family or ancestors of his host. As the wanderer was usually to be seen bent137 on this pious task within the precincts of some country churchyard, or reclined on the solitary tombstone among the heath, disturbing the plover138 and the black-cock with the clink of his chisel and mallet139, with his old white pony grazing by his side, he acquired, from his converse140 among the dead, the popular appellation141 of Old Mortality.
“The character of such a man could have in it little connexion even with innocent gaiety. Yet, among those of his own religious persuasion142, he is reported to have been cheerful. The descendants of persecutors, or those whom he supposed guilty of entertaining similar tenets, and the scoffers at religion by whom he was sometimes assailed143, he usually termed the generation of vipers144. Conversing145 with others, he was grave and sententious, not without a cast of severity. But he is said never to have been observed to give way to violent passion, excepting upon one occasion, when a mischievous146 truant-boy defaced with a stone the nose of a cherub’s face, which the old man was engaged in retouching. I am in general a sparer of the rod, notwithstanding the maxim148 of Solomon, for which school-boys have little reason to thank his memory; but on this occasion I deemed it proper to show that I did not hate the child. — But I must return to the circumstances attending my first interview with this interesting enthusiast.
“In accosting149 Old Mortality, I did not fail to pay respect to his years and his principles, beginning my address by a respectful apology for interrupting his labours. The old man intermitted the operation of the chisel, took off his spectacles and wiped them, then, replacing them on his nose, acknowledged my courtesy by a suitable return. Encouraged by his affability, I intruded150 upon him some questions concerning the sufferers on whose monument he was now employed. To talk of the exploits of the Covenanters was the delight, as to repair their monuments was the business, of his life. He was profuse151 in the communication of all the minute information which he had collected concerning them, their wars, and their wanderings. One would almost have supposed he must have been their contemporary, and have actually beheld152 the passages which he related, so much had he identified his feelings and opinions with theirs, and so much had his narratives154 the circumstantiality of an eye-witness.
“‘We,’ he said, in a tone of exultation155 — ‘we are the only true whigs. Carnal men have assumed that triumphant156 appellation, following him whose kingdom is of this world. Which of them would sit six hours on a wet hill-side to hear a godly sermon? I trow an hour o’t wad staw them. They are ne’er a hair better than them that shamena to take upon themsells the persecuting157 name of bludethirsty tories. Self-seekers all of them, strivers after wealth, power, and worldly ambition, and forgetters alike of what has been dree’d and done by the mighty158 men who stood in the gap in the great day of wrath159. Nae wonder they dread160 the accomplishment161 of what was spoken by the mouth of the worthy162 Mr Peden, (that precious servant of the Lord, none of whose words fell to the ground,) that the French monzies 1 sall rise as fast in the glens of Ayr, and the kenns of Galloway, as ever the Highlandmen did in 1677. And now they are gripping to the bow and to the spear, when they suld be mourning for a sinfu’ land and a broken covenant.’
“Soothing the old man by letting his peculiar opinions pass without contradiction, and anxious to prolong conversation with so singular a character, I prevailed upon him to accept that hospitality, which Mr Cleishbotham is always willing to extend to those who need it. In our way to the schoolmaster’s house, we called at the Wallace Inn, where I was pretty certain I should find my patron about that hour of the evening. After a courteous163 interchange of civilities, Old Mortality was, with difficulty, prevailed upon to join his host in a single glass of liquor, and that on condition that he should be permitted to name the pledge, which he prefaced with a grace of about five minutes, and then, with bonnet doffed and eyes uplifted, drank to the memory of those heroes of the Kirk who had first uplifted her banner upon the mountains. As no persuasion could prevail on him to extend his conviviality164 to a second cup, my patron accompanied him home, and accommodated him in the Prophet’s Chamber165, as it is his pleasure to call the closet which holds a spare bed, and which is frequently a place of retreat for the poor traveller.?
[? Note: He might have added, and for the rich also; since, I laud166 my stars, the great of the earth have also taken harbourage in my poor domicile. And, during the service of my hand-maiden, Dorothy, who was buxom167 and comely168 of aspect, his Honour the Laird of Smackawa, in his peregrinations to and from the metropolis169, was wont170 to prefer my Prophet’s Chamber even to the sanded chamber of dais in the Wallace Inn, and to bestow171 a mutchkin, as he would jocosely172 say, to obtain the freedom of the house, but, in reality, to assure himself of my company during the evening. — J. C.]
“The next day I took leave of Old Mortality, who seemed affected173 by the unusual attention with which I had cultivated his acquaintance and listened to his conversation. After he had mounted, not without difficulty, the old white pony, he took me by the hand and said, ‘The blessing95 of our Master be with you, young man! My hours are like the ears of the latter harvest, and your days are yet in the spring; and yet you may be gathered into the garner174 of mortality before me, for the sickle175 of death cuts down the green as oft as the ripe, and there is a colour in your cheek, that, like the bud of the rose, serveth oft to hide the worm of corruption176. Wherefore labour as one who knoweth not when his master calleth. And if it be my lot to return to this village after ye are gane hame to your ain place, these auld177 withered178 hands will frame a stane of memorial, that your name may not perish from among the people.’
“I thanked Old Mortality for his kind intentions in my behalf, and heaved a sigh, not, I think, of regret so much as of resignation, to think of the chance that I might soon require his good offices. But though, in all human probability, he did not err15 in supposing that my span of life may be abridged179 in youth, he had over-estimated the period of his own pilgrimage on earth. It is now some years since he has been missed in all his usual haunts, while moss, lichen180, and deer-hair, are fast covering those stones, to cleanse181 which had been the business of his life. About the beginning of this century he closed his mortal toils182, being found on the highway near Lockerby, in Dumfries-shire, exhausted183 and just expiring. The old white pony, the companion of all his wanderings, was standing147 by the side of his dying master. There was found about his person a sum of money sufficient for his decent interment, which serves to show that his death was in no ways hastened by violence or by want. The common people still regard his memory with great respect; and many are of opinion, that the stones which he repaired will not again require the assistance of the chisel. They even assert, that on the tombs where the manner of the martyrs’ murder is recorded, their names have remained indelibly legible since the death of Old Mortality, while those of the persecutors, sculptured on the same monuments, have been entirely184 defaced. It is hardly necessary to say that this is a fond imagination, and that, since the time of the pious pilgrim, the monuments which were the objects of his care are hastening, like all earthly memorials, into ruin or decay.
“My readers will of course understand, that in embodying185 into one compressed narrative153 many of the anecdotes186 which I had the advantage of deriving187 from Old Mortality, I have been far from adopting either his style, his opinions, or even his facts, so far as they appear to have been distorted by party prejudice. I have endeavoured to correct or verify them from the most authentic188 sources of tradition, afforded by the representatives of either party.
“On the part of the Presbyterians, I have consulted such moorland farmers from the western districts, as, by the kindness of their landlords, or otherwise, have been able, during the late general change of property, to retain possession of the grazings on which their grandsires fed their flocks and herds189. I must own, that of late days, I have found this a limited source of information. I have, therefore, called in the supplementary190 aid of those modest itinerants191, whom the scrupulous192 civility of our ancestors denominated travelling merchants, but whom, of late, accommodating ourselves in this as in more material particulars, to the feelings and sentiments of our more wealthy neighbours, we have learned to call packmen or pedlars. To country weavers193 travelling in hopes to get rid of their winter web, but more especially to tailors, who, from their sedentary profession, and the necessity, in our country, of exercising it by temporary residence in the families by whom they are employed, may be considered as possessing a complete register of rural traditions, I have been indebted for many illustrations of the narratives of Old Mortality, much in the taste and spirit of the original.
“I had more difficulty in finding materials for correcting the tone of partiality which evidently pervaded195 those stores of traditional learning, in order that I might be enabled to present an unbiassed picture of the manners of that unhappy period, and, at the same time, to do justice to the merits of both parties. But I have been enabled to qualify the narratives of Old Mortality and his Cameronian friends, by the reports of more than one descendant of ancient and honourable196 families, who, themselves decayed into the humble vale of life, yet look proudly back on the period when their ancestors fought and fell in behalf of the exiled house of Stewart. I may even boast right reverend authority on the same score; for more than one nonjuring bishop, whose authority and income were upon as apostolical a scale as the greatest abominator197 of Episcopacy could well desire, have deigned198, while partaking of the humble cheer of the Wallace Inn, to furnish me with information corrective of the facts which I learned from others. There are also here and there a laird or two, who, though they shrug199 their shoulders, profess194 no great shame in their fathers having served in the persecuting squadrons of Earlshall and Claverhouse. From the gamekeepers of these gentlemen, an office the most apt of any other to become hereditary200 in such families, I have also contrived201 to collect much valuable information.
“Upon the whole, I can hardly fear, that, at this time, in describing the operation which their opposite principles produced upon the good and bad men of both parties, I can be suspected of meaning insult or injustice202 to either. If recollection of former injuries, extra-loyalty, and contempt and hatred203 of their adversaries204, produced rigour and tyranny in the one party, it will hardly be denied, on the other hand, that, if the zeal for God’s house did not eat up the conventiclers, it devoured205 at least, to imitate the phrase of Dryden, no small portion of their loyalty, sober sense, and good breeding. We may safely hope, that the souls of the brave and sincere on either side have long looked down with surprise and pity upon the ill-appreciated motives which caused their mutual206 hatred and hostility207, while in this valley of darkness, blood, and tears. Peace to their memory! Let us think of them as the heroine of our only Scottish tragedy entreats208 her lord to think of her departed sire:—
‘O rake not up the ashes of our fathers!
Implacable resentment209 was their crime,
And grievous has the expiation210 been.’”
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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reclaim
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| v.要求归还，收回；开垦 | |
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joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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urchins
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| n.顽童( urchin的名词复数 )；淘气鬼；猬；海胆 | |
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6
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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suffocated
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| （使某人）窒息而死( suffocate的过去式和过去分词 )； （将某人）闷死； 让人感觉闷热； 憋气 | |
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petulance
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| n.发脾气，生气，易怒，暴躁，性急 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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10
soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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rote
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| n.死记硬背，生搬硬套 | |
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13
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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err
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| vi.犯错误，出差错 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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distresses
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| n.悲痛( distress的名词复数 )；痛苦；贫困；危险 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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perusing
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| v.读（某篇文字）( peruse的现在分词 )；（尤指）细阅；审阅；匆匆读或心不在焉地浏览（某篇文字） | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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meditations
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| 默想( meditation的名词复数 )； 默念； 沉思； 冥想 | |
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doffed
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| v.脱去，（尤指）脱帽( doff的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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31
recess
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| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
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32
scooped
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| v.抢先报道( scoop的过去式和过去分词 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等） | |
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33
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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34
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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35
plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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36
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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37
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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38
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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39
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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40
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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41
cove
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| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
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42
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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43
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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44
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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45
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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46
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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47
ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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48
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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49
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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50
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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51
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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52
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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53
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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54
reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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55
effigies
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| n.（人的）雕像，模拟像，肖像( effigy的名词复数 ) | |
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56
doughty
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| adj.勇猛的，坚强的 | |
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57
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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58
ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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59
aver
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| v.极力声明；断言；确证 | |
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60
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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61
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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62
persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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63
insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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64
narrate
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| v.讲，叙述 | |
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65
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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66
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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67
venerating
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的现在分词 ) | |
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68
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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69
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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70
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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71
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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72
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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73
depreciating
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| v.贬值，跌价，减价( depreciate的现在分词 )；贬低，蔑视，轻视 | |
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74
rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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75
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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76
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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77
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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78
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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79
biassed
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| （统计试验中）结果偏倚的，有偏的 | |
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80
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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81
docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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82
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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83
soothe
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| v.安慰；使平静；使减轻；缓和；奉承 | |
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84
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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85
chiding
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| v.责骂，责备( chide的现在分词 ) | |
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86
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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87
cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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88
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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89
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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90
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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91
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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92
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
chisel
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| n.凿子；v.用凿子刻，雕，凿 | |
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94
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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95
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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96
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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97
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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98
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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99
clouted
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| adj.缀补的，凝固的v.（尤指用手）猛击，重打( clout的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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100
pony
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| adj.小型的；n.小马 | |
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101
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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102
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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103
canvass
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| v.招徕顾客，兜售；游说；详细检查，讨论 | |
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104
pouch
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| n.小袋，小包，囊状袋；vt.装...入袋中，用袋运输；vi.用袋送信件 | |
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105
itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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106
apprised
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的过去式和过去分词 )；评价 | |
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107
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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108
dyke
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| n.堤，水坝，排水沟 | |
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109
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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110
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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111
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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112
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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113
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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114
graveyard
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| n.坟场 | |
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115
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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116
erratic
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| adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的 | |
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117
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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118
covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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119
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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120
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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121
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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122
enthusiast
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| n.热心人，热衷者 | |
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123
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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124
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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125
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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126
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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127
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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128
concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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129
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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130
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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131
emblems
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| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
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132
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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133
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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134
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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135
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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136
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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137
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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138
plover
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| n.珩，珩科鸟，千鸟 | |
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139
mallet
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| n.槌棒 | |
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140
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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141
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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142
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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143
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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144
vipers
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| n.蝰蛇( viper的名词复数 )；毒蛇；阴险恶毒的人；奸诈者 | |
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145
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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146
mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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147
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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148
maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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149
accosting
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| v.走过去跟…讲话( accost的现在分词 )；跟…搭讪；（乞丐等）上前向…乞讨；（妓女等）勾搭 | |
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150
intruded
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| n.侵入的，推进的v.侵入，侵扰，打扰( intrude的过去式和过去分词 )；把…强加于 | |
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151
profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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152
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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153
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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154
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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155
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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156
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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157
persecuting
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的现在分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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158
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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159
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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160
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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161
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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162
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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163
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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164
conviviality
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| n.欢宴，高兴，欢乐 | |
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165
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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166
laud
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| n.颂歌；v.赞美 | |
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167
buxom
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| adj.（妇女）丰满的，有健康美的 | |
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168
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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169
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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170
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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171
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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172
jocosely
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| adv.说玩笑地，诙谐地 | |
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173
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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174
garner
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| v.收藏；取得 | |
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175
sickle
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| n.镰刀 | |
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176
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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177
auld
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| adj.老的，旧的 | |
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178
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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abridged
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| 削减的，删节的 | |
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180
lichen
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| n.地衣, 青苔 | |
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181
cleanse
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| vt.使清洁，使纯洁，清洗 | |
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182
toils
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| 网 | |
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183
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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184
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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185
embodying
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| v.表现( embody的现在分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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186
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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187
deriving
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| v.得到( derive的现在分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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188
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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189
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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190
supplementary
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| adj.补充的，附加的 | |
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191
itinerants
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| n.巡回者（如传教士、行商等）( itinerant的名词复数 ) | |
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192
scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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193
weavers
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| 织工，编织者( weaver的名词复数 ) | |
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194
profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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195
pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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196
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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197
abominator
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| n.憎恶者； 厌恶者；嫌恶者 | |
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198
deigned
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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199
shrug
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| v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等) | |
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200
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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201
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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202
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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203
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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204
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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205
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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206
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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207
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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208
entreats
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的第三人称单数 ) | |
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209
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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210
expiation
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| n.赎罪，补偿 | |
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