To the Troops of the Pulkovo Detachment.
November 13, 1917. 38 minutes past 9 a. m.
After a cruel fight the troops of the Pulkovo detachment completely routed the counter-revolutionary forces, who retreated from their positions in disorder1, and under cover of Tsarskoye Selo fell back toward Pavlovsk II and Gatchina.
Our advanced units occupied the northeastern extremity2 of Tsarskoye Selo and the station Alexandrovskaya. The Colpinno detachment was on our left, the Krasnoye Selo detachment to our right.
I ordered the Pulkovo forces to occupy Tsarskoye Selo, to fortify3 its approaches, especially on the side of Gatchina.
Also to pass and occupy Pavlovskoye, fortifying4 its southern side, and to take up the railroad as far as Dno.
The troops must take all measures to strengthen the positions occupied by them, arranging trenches5 and other defensive6 works.
They must enter into close liaison7 with the detachments of Colpinno and Krasnoye Selo, and also with the Staff of the Commander in Chief for the Defence of Petrograd.
Signed,
Commander in Chief aver8 all Forces acting9 against the Counter-revolutionary Troops of Kerensky,
Lieutenant10–Colonel MURAVIOV.
Tuesday morning. But how is this? Only two days ago the Petrograd campagna was full of leaderless bands, wandering aimlessly; without food, without artillery12, without a plan. What had fused that disorganised mass of undisciplined Red Guards, and soldiers without officers, into an army obedient to its own elected high command, tempered to meet and break the assault of cannon14 and Cossack cavalry15? (See App. IX, Sect16. 1)
People in revolt have a way of defying military precedent17. The ragged18 armies of the French Revolution are not forgotten-Valmy and the Lines of Weissembourg. Massed against the Soviet19 forces were yunkers, Cossacks, land-owners, nobility, Black Hundreds — the Tsar come again, Okhrana and Siberian chains; and the vast and terrible menace of the Germans. . . . Victory, in the words of Carlyle, meant “Apotheosis and Millennium20 without end!”
Sunday night, the Commissars of the Military Revolutionary Committee returning desperately21 from the field, the garrison22 of Petrograd elected its Committee of Five, its Battle Staff, three soldiers and two officers, all certified23 free from counter-revolutionary taint24. Colonel Muraviov, ex-patriot, was in command-an efficient man, but to be carefully watched. At Colpinno, at Obukhovo, at Pulkovo and Krasnoye Selo were formed provisional detachments, increased in size as the stragglers came in from the surrounding country-mixed soldiers, sailors and Red Guards, parts of regiments25, infantry27, cavalry and artillery all together, and a few armoured cars.
Day broke, and the pickets28 of Kerensky’s Cossacks came in touch. Scattered29 rifle-fire, summons to surrender. Over the bleak30 plain on the cold quiet air spread the sound of battle, falling upon the ears of roving bands as they gathered about their little fires, waiting. . . . So it was beginning! They made toward the battle; and the worker hordes32 pouring out along the straight roads quickened their pace. . . . Thus upon all the points of attack automatically converged34 angry human swarms35, to be met by Commissars and assigned positions, or work to do. This was their battle, for their world; the officers in command were elected by them. For the moment that incoherent multiple will was one will. . . .
Those who participated in the fighting described to me how the sailors fought until they ran out of cartridges36, and then stormed; how the untrained workmen rushed the charging Cossacks and tore them from their horses; how the anonymous37 hordes of the people, gathering38 in the darkness around the battle, rose like a tide and poured over the enemy. . . . Before midnight of Monday the Cossacks broke and were fleeing, leaving their artillery behind them, and the army of the proletariat, on a long ragged front, moved forward and rolled into Tsarskoye, before the enemy had a chance to destroy the great Government wireless39 station, from which now the Commissars of Smolny were hurling40 out to the world paeans41 of triumph. . . .
TO ALL SOVIETS42 OF WORKERS’ AND SOLDIERS’ DEPUTIES
The 12th of November, in a bloody43 combat near Tsarskoye Selo, the revolutionary army defeated the counter-revolutionary troops of Kerensky and Kornilov. In the name of the Revolutionary Government I order all regiments to take the offensive against the enemies of the revolutionary democracy, and to take all measures to arrest Kerensky, and also to oppose any adventure which might menace the conquests of the Revolution and the victory of the proletariat.
Long live the Revolutionary Army! MURAVIOV.
News from the provinces. . . .
At Sevastopol the local Soviet had assumed the power; a huge meeting of the sailors on the battleships in the harbour had forced their officers to line up and swear allegiance to the new Government. At Nizhni Novgorod the Soviet was in control. From Kazan came reports of a battle in the streets, yunkers and a brigade of artillery against the Bolshevik garrison. . . .
Desperate fighting had broken out again in Moscow. The yunkers and White Guards held the Kremlin and the centre of the town, beaten upon from all sides by the troops of the Military Revolutionary Committee. The Soviet artillery was stationed in Skobeliev Square, bombarding the City Duma building, the Prefecture and the Hotel Metropole. The cobblestones of the Tverskaya and Nikitskaya had been torn up for trenches and barricades44. A hail of machine-gun fire swept the quarters of the great banks and commercial houses. There were no lights, no telephones; the bourgeois45 population lived in the cellars. . . . The last bulletin said that the Military Revolutionary Committee had delivered an ultimatum46 to the Committee of Public Safety, demanding the immediate47 surrender of the Kremlin, or bombardment would follow.
“Bombard the Kremlin?” cried the ordinary citizen. “They dare not!”
From Vologda to Chita in far Siberia, from Pskov to Sevastopol on the Black Sea, in great cities and little villages, civil war burst into flame. From thousands of factories, peasant communes, regiments and armies, ships on the wide sea, greetings poured into Petrograd-greetings to the Government of the People.
The Cossack Government at Novotcherkask telegraphed to Kerensky, “The Government of the Cossack troops invites the Provisional Government and the members of the Council of the Republic to come, if possible, to Novotcherkask, where we can organise13 in common the struggle against the Bolsheviki.“
In Finland, also, things were stirring. The Soviet of Helsingfors and the Tsentrobalt (Central Committee of the Baltic Fleet), jointly48 proclaimed a state of siege, and declared that all attempts to interfere49 with the Bolshevik forces, and all armed resistance to its orders, would be severely50 repressed. At the same time the Finnish Railway union called a countrywide general strike, to put into operation the laws passed by the Socialist51 Diet of June, 1917, dissolved by Kerensky. . . .
Early in the morning I went out to Smolny. Going up the long wooden sidewalk from the outer gate I saw the first thin, hesitating snow-flakes fluttering down from the grey, windless sky. “Snow!” cried the soldier at the door, grinning with delight. “Good for the health!” Inside, the long, gloomy halls and bleak rooms seemed deserted52. No one moved in all the enormous pile. A deep, uneasy sound came to my ears, and looking around, I noticed that everywhere on the floor, along the walls, men were sleeping. Rough, dirty men, workers and soldiers, spattered and caked with mud, sprawled53 alone or in heaps, in the careless attitudes of death. Some wore ragged bandages marked with blood. Guns and cartridge-belts were scattered about. . . . The victorious54 proletarian army!
In the upstairs buffet55 so thick they lay that one could hardly walk. The air was foul56. Through the clouded windows a pale light streamed. A battered57 samovar, cold, stood on the counter, and many glasses holding dregs of tea. Beside them lay a copy of the Military Revolutionary Committee’s last bulletin, upside down, scrawled58 with painful hand-writing. It was a memorial written by some soldier to his comrades fallen in the fight against Kerensky, just as he had set it down before falling on the floor to sleep. The writing was blurred59 with what looked like tears. . . .
Alexei Vinogradov
D. Maskvin
S. Stolbikov
A. Voskressensky
D. Leonsky
D. Preobrazhensky
V. Laidansky
M. Berchikov
These men were drafted into the Army on November 15th, 1916. Only three are left of the above.
Mikhail Berchikov
Alexei Voskressensky
Dmitri Leonsky
Sleep, Warrior60 eagles, sleep with peaceful soul.
You have deserved, our own ones, happiness and
Eternal peace. Under the earth of the grave
You have straitly closed your ranks. Sleep, Citizens!
Only the Military Revolutionary Committee still functioned, unsleeping. Skripnik, emerging from the inner room, said that Gotz had been arrested, but had flatly denied signing the proclamation of the Committee for Salvation61, as had Avksentiev; and the Committee for Salvation itself had repudiated62 the Appeal to the garrison. There was still disafiection among the city regiments, Skripnik reported; the Volhynsky Regiment26 had refused to fight against Kerensky.
Several detachments of “neutral” troops, with Tchernov at their head, were at Gatchina, trying to persuade Kerensky to halt his attack on Petrograd.
Skripnik laughed. “There can be no ‘neutrals’ now,” he said. “We’ve won!” His sharp, bearded face glowed with an almost religious exaltation. “More than sixty delegates have arrived from the Front, with assurances of support by all the armies except the troops on the Rumanian front, who have not been heard from. The Army Committees have suppressed all news from Petrograd, but we now have a regular system of couriers. . . . ”
Order given me at Staff headquarters by command of the Council of People’s Commissars, to transmit the first despatch63 out of Perograd after the November Revolution, over the Government wires to America.
(Translation)
STAFF
Military Revolutionary Commitee
Sov. W. & S. D. 2 November, 1917 No. 1860
CERTIFICATE
Is given by the present to the journalist of the New York Socialist press JOHN REED, that the text of the telegram (herewith) has been examined by the Government of People’s Commissars, and there is no objection to its transmission, and also it is recommended that all cooperate in every way to transmit same to its destination. For the Commander in Chief, ANTONOV
Chief of Staff, VLAD. BONCH-BRUEVITCH
Down in the front hall Kameniev was just entering, worn out by the all-night session of the Conference to Form a New Government, but happy. “Already the Socialist Revolutionaries are inclined to admit us into the new Government,” he told me. “The right wing groups are frightened by the Revolutionary Tribunals; they demand, in a sort of panic, that we dissolve them before going any further. . . . We have accepted the proposition of the Vikzhel to form a homogeneous Socialist Ministry64, and they’re working on that now. You see, it all springs from our victory. When we were down, they would’t have us at any price; not everybody’s in favour of some agreement with the Soivets. . . . What we need is a really decisive victory. Kerensky wants an armistice65, but he’ll have to surrender (See App. IX, Sect. 2). . . . ”
That was the temper of the Bolshevik leaders. To a foreign journalist who asked Trotzky what statement he had to make to the world, Trotzky replied: “At this moment the only statement possible is the one we are making through the mouths of our cannon!”
But there was an undercurrent of real anxiety in the tide of victory; the question of finances. Instead of opening the banks, as had been ordered by the Military Revolutionary Committee, the union of Bank Employees had held a meeting and declared a formal strike. Smolny had demanded some thirty-five millions of rubles from the State Bank, and the cashier had locked the vaults67, only paying out money to the representatives of the Provisional Government. The reactionaries68 were using the State Bank as a political weapon; for instance, when the Vikzhel demanded money to pay the salaries of the employees of the Government railroads, it was told to apply to Smolny. . . .
I went to the State Bank to see the new Commissar, a redhaired Ukrainean Bolshevik named Petrovitch. He was trying to bring order out of the chaos69 in which affairs had been left by the striking clerks. In all the offices of the huge place perspiring70 volunteer workers, soldiers and sailors, their tongues sticking out of their mouths in the intensity71 of their effort, were poring over the great ledgers72 with a bewildered air. . . .
The Duma building was crowded. There were still isolated73 cases of defiance74 toward the new Government, but they were rare. The Central Land Committee had appealed to the Peasants, ordering them not to recognise the Land Decree passed by the Congress of the Soviets, because it would cause confusion and civil war. Mayor Schreider announced that because of the Bolshevik insurrection, the elections to the Constituent75 Assembly would have to be indefinitely postponed76.
Two questions seemed to be uppermost in all minds, shocked by the ferocity of the civil war; first, a truce77 to the bloodshed (See App. IX, Sect. 3) — second, the creation of a new Government. There was no longer any talk of “destroying the Bolsheviki” — and very little about excluding them from the Government, except from the Populist Socialists78 and the Peasants’ Soviets. Even the Central Army Committee at the Stavka, the most determined79 enemy of Smolny, telephoned from Moghilev: “If, to constitute the new Ministry, it is necessary to come to an understanding with the Bolsheviki, we agree to admit them in a minority to the Cabinet.”
Pravda, ironically calling attention to Kerensky’s “humanitarian sentiments,” published his despatch to the Committee for Salvation:
In accord with the proposals of the Committee for Salvation and all the democratic organisations united around it, I have halted all military action against the rebels. A delegate of the Committee has been sent to enter into negotiations80. Take all measures to stop the useless shedding of blood.
The Vikzhel sent a telegram to all Russia:
The Conference of the union of Railway Workers with the representatives of both the belligerent81 parties, who admit the necessity of an agreement, protest energetically against the use of political terrorism in the civil war, especially when it is carried on between different factions82 of the revolutionary democracy, and declare that political terrorism, in whatever form, is in contradiction to the very idea of the negotiations for a new Government. . . .
Popular leaflet sold in the streets just after the Bolshevik insurrection, containing rhymes and jokes about the defeated bourgeoisie and the “moderate” Socialist leaders, Called, “How THE BOORZHUI (BOURGEOISIE) LOST THE POWER.”
Delegations83 from the Conference were sent to the Front, to Gatchina. In the Conference itself everything seemed on the point of final settlement. It had even been decided84 to elect a Provisional People’s Council, composed of about four hundred members-seventy-five representing Smolny, seventy-five the old Tsay-ee-kah, and the rest split up among the Town Dumas, the Trade unions, Land Committees and political parties. Tchernov was mentioned as the new Premier85. Lenin and Trotzky, rumour86 said, were to be excluded. . . .
About noon I was again in front of Smolny, talking with the driver of an ambulance bound for the revolutionary front. Could I go with him? Certainly! He was a volunteer, a University student, and as we rolled down the street shouted over his shoulder to me phrases of execrable German: “Also, gut87! Wir nach die Kasernen zu essen gehen!“ I made out that there would be lunch at some barracks.
On the Kirotchnaya we turned into an immense courtyard surrounded by military buildings, and mounted a dark stairway to a low room lit by one window. At a long wooden table were seated some twenty soldiers, eating shtchi (cabbage soup) from a great tin wash-tub with wooden spoons, and talking loudly with much laughter.
“Welcome to the Battalion88 Committee of the Sixth Reserve Engineers’ Battalion!” cried my friend, and introduced me as an American Socialist. Whereat every one rose to shake my hand, and one old soldier put his arms around me and gave me a hearty89 kiss. A wooden spoon was produced and I took my place at the table. Another tub, full of kasha, was brought in, a huge loaf of black bread, and of course the inevitable90 tea-pots. At once every one began asking me questions about America: Was it true that people in a free country sold their votes for money? If so, how did they get what they wanted? How about this “Tammany”? Was it true that in a free country a little group of people could control a whole city, and exploited it for their personal benefit? Why did the people stand it? Even under the Tsar such things could not happen in Russia; true, here there was always graft91, but to buy and sell a whole city full of people! And in a free country! Had the people no revolutionary feeling? I tried to explain that in my country people tried to change things by law.
“Of course,” nodded a young sergeant92, named Baklanov, who spoke93 French. “But you have a highly developed capitalist class? Then the capitalist class must control the legislatures and the courts. How then can the people change things? I am open to conviction, for I do not know your country; but to me it is incredible. . . . ”
I said that I was going to Tsarskoye Selo. “I, too,” said Baklanov, suddenly. “And I— and I— ” The whole roomful decided on the spot to go to Tsarskoye Selo.
Just then came a knock on the door. It opened, and in it stood the figure of the Colonel. No one rose, but all shouted a greeting. “May I come in?” asked the Colonel. “Prosim! Prosim!” they answered heartily94. He entered, smiling, a tall, distinguished95 figure in a goat-skin cape96 embroidered97 with gold. “I think I heard you say that you were going to Tsarskoye Selo, comrades,” he said. “Could I go with you?”
Baklanov considered. “I do not think there is anything to be done here to-day,” he answered. “Yes, comrade, we shall be very glad to have you.” The Colonel thanked him and sat down, filling a glass of tea.
In a low voice, for fear of wounding the Colonel’s pride, Baklanov explained to me. “You see, I am the chairman of the Committee. We control the Battalion absolutely, except in action, when the Colonel is delegated by us to command. In action his orders must be obeyed, but he is strictly98 responsible to us. In barracks he must ask our permission before taking any action. . . . You might call him our Executive Officer. . . . ”
Arms were distributed to us, revolvers and rifles — “we might meet some Cossacks, you know” — and we all piled into the ambulance, together with three great bundles of newspapers for the front. Straight down the Liteiny we rattled99, and along the Zagorodny Prospekt. Next to me sat a youth with the shoulder-straps100 of a Lieutenant, who seemed to speak all European languages with equal fluency101. He was a member of the Battalion Committee.
“I am not a Bolshevik,” he assured me, emphatically. “My family is a very ancient and noble one. I, myself, am, you might say, a Cadet. . . . ”
“But how —?” I began, bewildered.
“Oh, yes, I am a member of the Committee. I make no secret of my political opinions, but the others do not mind, because they know I do not believe in opposing the will of the majority. . . . I have refused to take any action in the present civil war, however, for I do not believe in taking up arms against my brother Russians. . . . ”
“Provocator! Kornilovitz!” the others cried at him gaily102, slapping him on the shoulder. . . .
Passing under the huge grey stone archway of the Moskovsky Gate, covered with golden hieroglyphics103, ponderous104 Imperial eagles and the names of Tsars, we sped out on the wide straight highway, grey with the first light fall of snow. It was thronged105 with Red Guards, stumbling along on foot toward the revolutionary front, shouting and singing; and others, greyfaced and muddy, coming back. Most of them seemed to be mere107 boys. Women with spades, some with rifles and bandoleers, others wearing the Red Cross on their arm-bands — the bowed, toil-worm women of the slums. Squads109 of soldiers marching out of step, with an affectionate jeer110 for the Red Guards; sailors, grim-looking; children with bundles of food for their fathers and mothers; all these, coming and going, trudged111 through the whitened mud that covered the cobbles of the highway inches deep. We passed cannon, jingling112 southward with their caissons; trucks bound both ways, bristling113 with armed men; ambulances full of wounded from the direction of the battle, and once a peasant cart, creaking slowly along, in which sat a white-faced boy bent114 over his shattered stomach and screaming monotonously115. In the fields on either side women and old men were digging trenches and stringing barbed wire entanglements116.
Back northward117 the clouds rolled away dramatically, and the pale sun came out. Across the flat, marshy118 plain Petrograd glittered. To the right, white and gilded119 and coloured bulbs and pinnacles120; to the left, tall chimneys, some pouring out black smoke; and beyond, a lowering sky over Finland. On each side of us were churches, monasteries121. . . . Occasionally a monk122 was visible, silently watching the pulse of the proletarian army throbbing123 on the road.
At Pulkovo the road divided, and there we halted in the midst of a great crowd, where the human streams poured from three directions, friends meeting, excited and congratulatory, describing the battle to one another. A row of houses facing the cross-roads was marked with bullets, and the earth was trampled124 into mud half a mile around. The fighting had been furious here. . . . In the near distance riderless Cossack horses circled hungrily, for the grass of the plain had died long ago. Right in front of us an awkward Red Guard was trying to ride one, falling off again and again, to the childlike delight of a thousand rough men.
The left road, along which the remnants of the Cossacks had retreated, led up a little hill to a hamlet, where there was a glorious view of the immense plain, grey as a windless sea, tumultuous clouds towering over, and the imperial city disgorging its thousands along all the roads. Far over to the left lay the little hill of Kranoye Selo, the parade-ground of the Imperial Guards’ summer camp, and the Imperial Dairy. In the middle distance nothing broke the flat monotony but a few walled monasteries and convents, some isolated factories, and several large buildings with unkempt grounds that were asylums125 and orphanages126. . . .
“Here,” said the driver, as we went on over a barren hill, “here was where Vera Slutskaya died. Yes, the Bolshevik member of the Duma. It happened early this morning. She was in an automobile127, with Zalkind and another man. There was a truce, and they started for the front trenches. They were talking and laughing, when all of a sudden, from the armoured train in which Kerensky himself was riding, somebody saw the automobile and fired a cannon. The shell struck Vera Slutskaya and killed her. . . . ”
And so we came into Tsarskoye, all bustling128 with the swaggering heroes of the proletarian horde31. Now the palace where the Soviet had met was a busy place. Red Guards and sailors filled the court-yard, sentries129 stood at the doors, and a stream of couriers and Commissars pushed in and out. In the Soviet room a samovar had been set up, and fifty or more workers, soldiers, sailors and officers stood around, drinking tea and talking at the top of their voices. In one corner two clumsy-handed workingmen were trying to make a multigraphing machine go. At the centre table, the huge Dybenko bent over a map, marking out positions for the troops with red and blue pencils. In his free hand he carried, as always, the enormous bluesteel revolver. Anon he sat himself down at a typewriter and pounded away with one finger; every little while he would pause, pick up the revolver, and lovingly spin the chamber130.
A couch lay along the wall, and on this was stretched a young workman. Two Red Guards were bending over him, but the rest of the company did not pay any attention. In his breast was a hole; through his clothes fresh blood came welling up with every heart-beat. His eyes were closed and his young, bearded face was greenish-white. Faintly and slowly he still breathed, with every breath sighing, “Mir boudit! Mir boudit! (Peace is coming! Peace is coming!)”
Dybenko looked up as we came in. “Ah,” he said to Baklanov. “Comrade, will you go up to the Commandant’s headquarters and take charge? Wait; I will write you credentials131.” He went to the typewriter and slowly picked out the letters.
The new Commandant of Tsarskoye Selo and I went toward the Ekaterina Palace, Baklanov very excited and important. In the same ornate, white room some Red Guards were rummaging132 curiously133 around, while my old friend, the Colonel, stood by the window biting his moustache. He greeted me like a long-lost brother. At a table near the door sat the French Bessarabian. The Bolsheviki had ordered him to remain, and continue his work.
“What could I do?” he muttered. “People like myself cannot fight on either side in such a war as this, no matter how much we may instinctively134 dislike the dictatorship of the mob. . . . I only regret that I am so far from my mother in Bessarabia!”
Baklanov was formally taking over the office from the Commandant. “Here,” said the Colonel nervously135, “are the keys to the desk.”
A Red Guard interrupted. “Where’s the money?” he asked rudely. The Colonel seemed surprised. “Money? Money? Ah, you mean the chest. There it is,” said the Colonel, “just as I found it when I took possession three days ago. Keys?” The Colonel shrugged136. “I have no keys.”
The Red Guard sneered137 knowingly. “Very convenient,” he said.
“Let us open the chest,” said Baklanov. “Bring an axe138. Here is an American comrade. Let him smash the chest open, and write down what he finds there.”
I swung the axe. The wooden chest was empty.
“Let’s arrest him,” said the Red Guard, venomously. “He is Kerensky’s man. He has stolen the money and given it to Kerensky.”
Baklanov did not want to. “Oh, no,” he said. “It was the Kornilovitz before him. He is not to blame.
“The devil!” cried the Red Guard. “He is Kerensky’s man, I tell you. If you won’t arrest him, then we will, and we’ll take him to Petrograd and put him in Peter–Paul, where he belongs!” At this the other Red Guards growled139 assent140. With a piteous glance at us the Colonel was led away. . . .
Down in front of the Soviet palace an auto33-truck was going to the front. Half a dozen Red Guards, some sailors, and a soldier or two, under command of a huge workman, clambered in, and shouted to me to come along. Red Guards issued from headquarters, each of them staggering under an arm-load of small, corrugated-iron bombs, filled with grubit— which, they say, is ten times as strong, and five times as sensitive as dynamite141; these they threw into the truck. A three-inch cannon was loaded and then tied onto the tail of the truck with bits of rope and wire.
We started with a shout, at top speed of course; the heavy truck swaying from side to side. The cannon leaped from one wheel to the other, and the grubit bombs went rolling back and forth142 over our feet, fetching up against the sides of the car with a crash.
The big Red Guard, whose name was Vladimir Nicolaievitch, plied66 me with questions about America. “Why did America come into the war? Are the American workers ready to throw over the capitalists? What is the situation in the Mooney case now? Will they extradite Berkman to San Francisco?” and other, very difficult to answer, all delivered in a shout above the roaring of the truck, while we held on to each other and danced amid the caroming bombs.
Occasionally a patrol tried to stop us. Soldiers ran out into the road before us, shouted “Shtoi!“ and threw up their guns.
We paid no attention. “The devil take you!” cried the Red Guards. “We don’t stop for anybody! We’re Red Guards!” And we thundered imperiously on, while Vladimir Nicolaievitch bellowed143 to me about the internationalisation of the Panama Canal, and such matters. . . .
About five miles out we saw a squad108 of sailors marching back, and slowed down.
“Where’s the front, brothers?”
The foremost sailor halted and scratched his head. “This morning,” he said, “it was about half a kilometer down the road. But the damn thing isn’t anywhere now. We walked and walked and walked, but we couldn’t find it.”
They climbed into the truck, and we proceeded. It must have been about a mile further that Vladimir Nicolaievitch cocked his ear and shouted to the chauffeur144 to stop.
“Firing!” he said. “Do you hear it?” For a moment dead silence, and then, a little ahead and to the left, three shots in rapid succession. Along here the side of the road was heavily wooded. Very much excited now, we crept along, speaking in whispers, until the truck was nearly opposite the place where the firing had come from. Descending145, we spread out, and every man carrying his rifle, went stealthily into the forest.
Two comrades, meanwhile, detached the cannon and slewed146 it around until it aimed as nearly as possible at our backs.
It was silent in the woods. The leaves were gone, and the tree-trunks were a pale wan11 colour in the low, sickly autumn sun. Not a thing moved, except the ice of little woodland pools shivering under our feet. Was it an ambush147?
We went uneventfully forward until the trees began to thin, and paused. Beyond, in a little clearing, three soldiers sat around a small fire, perfectly148 oblivious149.
Vladimir Nicolaievitch stepped forward. “Zra’zvuitye, comrades!” he greeted, while behind him one cannon, twenty rifles and a truck-load of grubit bombs hung by a hair. The soldiers scrambled150 to their feet.
“What was the shooting going on around here?”
One of the soldiers answered, looking relieved, “Why we were just shooting a rabbit or two, comrade. . . . ”
The truck hurtled on toward Romanov, through the bright, empty day. At the first cross-roads two soldiers ran out in front of us, waving their rifles. We slowed down, and stopped.
“Passes, comrades!”
The Red Guards raised a great clamour. “We are Red Guards. We don’t need any passes. . . . Go on, never mind them!”
But a sailor objected. “This is wrong, comrades. We must have revolutionary discipline. Suppose some counterrevolutionaries came along in a truck and said: ‘We don’t need any passes?’ The comrades don’t know you.”
At this there was a debate. One by one, however, the sailors and soldiers joined with the first. Grumbling151, each Red Guard produced his dirty bumaga (paper). All were alike except mine, which had been issued by the Revolutionary Staff at Smolny. The sentries declared that I must go with them. The Red Guards objected strenuously152, but the sailor who had spoken first insisted. “This comrade we know to be a true comrade,” he said. “But there are orders of the Committee, and these orders must be obeyed. That is revolutionary discipline. . . . ”
In order not to make any trouble, I got down from the truck, and watched it disappear careening down the road, all the company waving farewell. The soldiers consulted in low tones for a moment, and then led me to a wall, against which they placed me. It flashed upon me suddenly; they were going to shoot me!
In all three directions not a human being was in sight. The only sign of life was smoke from the chimney of a datchya, a rambling153 wooden house a quarter of a mile up the side road. The two soldiers were walking out into the road. Desperately I ran after them.
“But comrades! See! Here is the seal of the Military Revolutionary Committee!”
They stared stupidly at my pass, then at each other.
“It is different from the others,” said one, sullenly154. “We cannot read, brother.”
I took him by the arm. “Come!” I said. “Let’s go to that house. Some one there can surely read.” They hesitated. “No,” said one. The other looked me over. “Why not?” he muttered. “After all, it is a serious crime to kill an innocent man.”
We walked up to the front door of the house and knocked. A short, stout155 woman opened it, and shrank back in alarm, babbling156, “I don’t know anything about them! I don’t know anything about them!” One of my guards held out the pass. She screamed. “Just to read it, comrade.” Hesitatingly she took the paper and read aloud, swiftly:
The bearer of this pass, John Reed, is a representative of the American Social–Democracy, an internationalist. . . .
Out on the road again the two soldiers held another consultation157. “We must take you to the Regimental Committee,” they said. In the fast-deepening twilight158 we trudged along the muddy road. Occasionally we met squads of soldiers, who stopped and surrounded me with looks of menace, handling my pass around and arguing violently as to whether or not I should be killed. . . .
It was dark when we came to the barracks of the Second Tsarskoye Selo Rifles, low sprawling159 buildings huddled160 along the post-road. A number of soldiers slouching at the entrance asked eager questions. A spy? A provocator? We mounted a winding161 stair and emerged into a great, bare room with a huge stove in the centre, and rows of cots on the floor, where about a thousand soldiers were playing cards, talking, singing, and asleep. In the roof was a jagged hole made by Kerensky’s cannon. . . .
I stood in the doorway162, and a sudden silence ran among the groups, who turned and stared at me. Of a sudden they began to move, slowly and then with a rush, thundering, with faces full of hate. “Comrades! Comrades!” yelled one of my guards. “Committee! Committee!” The throng106 halted, banked around me, muttering. Out of them shouldered a lean youth, wearing a red arm-band.
“Who is this?” he asked roughly. The guards explained. “Give me the paper!” He read it carefully, glancing at me with keen eyes. Then he smiled and handed me the pass. “Comrades, this is an American comrade. I am Chairman of the Committee, and I welcome you to the Regiment. . . . ” A sudden general buzz grew into a roar of greeting, and they pressed forward to shake my hand.
“You have not dined? Here we have had our dinner. You shall go to the Officers’ Club, where there are some who speak your language. . . . ”
He led me across the court-yard to the door of another building. An aristocratic-looking youth, with the shoulder straps of a Lieutenant, was entering. The Chairman presented me, and shaking hands, went back.
“I am Stepan Georgevitch Morovsky, at your service,” said the Lieutenant, in perfect French. From the ornate entrance hall a ceremonial staircase led upward, lighted by glittering lustres. On the second floor billiard-rooms, card-rooms, a library opened from the hall. We entered the dining-room, at a long table in the centre of which sat about twenty officers in full uniform, wearing their gold — and silver-handled swords, the ribbons and crosses of Imperial decorations. All rose politely as I entered, and made a place for me beside the Colonel, a large, impressive man with a grizzled beard. Orderlies were deftly163 serving dinner. The atmosphere was that of any officers’ mess in Europe. Where was the Revolution?
“You are not Bolsheviki?” I asked Morovsky.
A smile went around the table, but I caught one or two glancing furtively164 at the orderly.
“No,” answered my friend. “There is only one Bolshevik officer in this regiment. He is in Petrograd to-night. The Colonel is a Menshevik. Captain Kherlov there is a Cadet. I myself am a Socialist Revolutionary of the right wing. . . . I should say that most of the officers in the Army are not Bolsheviki, but like me they believe in democracy; they believe that they must follow the soldier-masses. . . . ”
Dinner over, maps were brought, and the Colonel spread them out on the table. The rest crowded around to see.
“Here,” said the Colonel, pointing to pencil marks, “were our positions this morning. Vladimir Kyrilovitch, where is your company?”
Captain Kherlov pointed165. “According to orders, we occupied the position along this road. Karsavin relieved me at five o’clock.”
Just then the door of the room opened, and there entered the Chairman of the Regimental Committee, with another soldier. They joined the group behind the Colonel, peering at the map.
“Good,” said the Colonel. “Now the Cossacks have fallen back ten kilometres in our sector166. I do not think it is necessary to take up advanced positions. Gentlemen, for to-night you will hold the present line, strengthening the positions by —”
“If you please,” interrupted the Chairman of the Regimental Committee. “The orders are to advance with all speed, and prepare to engage the Cossacks north of Gatchina in the morning. A crushing defeat is necessary. Kindly167 make the proper dispositions168.”
There was a short silence. The Colonel again turned to the map. “Very well,” he said, in a different voice. “Stepan Georgevitch, you will please —” Rapidly tracing lines with a blue pencil, he gave his orders, while a sergeant made shorthand notes. The sergeant then withdrew, and ten minutes later returned with the orders typewritten, and one carbon copy. The Chairman of the Committee studied the map with a copy of the orders before him.
“All right,” he said, rising. Folding the carbon copy, he put it in his pocket. Then he signed the other, stamped it with a round seal taken from his pocket, and presented it to the Colonel. . . .
Here was the Revolution!
I returned to the Soviet palace in Tsarskoye in the Regimental Staff automobile. Still the crowds of workers, soldiers and sailors pouring in and out, still the choking press of trucks, armoured cars, cannon before the door, and the shouting, the laughter of unwonted victory. Half a dozen Red Guards forced their way through, a priest in the middle. This was Father Ivan, they said, who had blessed the Cossacks when they entered the town. I heard afterward170 that he was shot. . . . (See App. IX, Sect. 4)
Dybenko was just coming out, giving rapid orders right and left. In his hand he carried the big revolver. An automobile stood with racing169 engine at the kerb. Alone, he climbed in the rear seat, and was off-off to Gatchina, to conquer Kerensky.
Toward nightfall he arrived at the outskirts171 of the town, and went on afoot. What Dybenko told the Cossacks nobody knows, but the fact is that General Krasnov and his staff and several thousand Cossacks surrendered, and advised Kerensky to do the same. (See App. IX, Sect. 5)
As for Kerensky — I reprint here the deposition172 made by General Krasnov on the morning of November 14th:
“Gatchina, November 14, 1917. To-day, about three o’clock (A. M.), I was summoned by the Supreme173 Commander (Kerensky). He was very agitated174, and very nervous.
“‘General,’ he said to me, ‘you have betrayed me. Your Cossacks declare categorically that they will arrest me and deliver me to the sailors.’
“‘Yes,’ I answered, ‘there is talk of it, and I know that you have no sympathy anywhere.’
“‘But the officers say the same thing.’
“‘Yes, most of all it is the officers who are discontented with you.’
“‘What shall I do? I ought to commit suicide!’
“‘If you are an honorable man, you will go immediately to Petrograd with a white flag, you will present yourself to the Military Revolutionary Committee, and enter into negotiations as Chief of the Provisional Government.’
“‘All right. I will do that, General.’
“‘I will give you a guard and ask that a sailor go with you.’
“‘No, no, not a sailor. Do you know whether it is true that Dybenko is here?’
“‘I don’t know who Dybenko is.’
“‘He is my enemy.
“‘There is nothing to do. If you play for high stakes you must know how to take a chance.’
“‘Yes. I’ll leave to-night!’
“‘Why? That would be a flight. Leave calmly and openly, so that every one can see that you are not running away.’
“‘Very well. But you must give me a guard on which I can count.’
“‘Good.’
“I went out and called the Cossack Russkov, of the Tenth Regiment of the Don, and ordered him to pick out ten Cossacks to accompany the Supreme Commander. Half an hour later the Cossacks came to tell me that Kerensky was not in his quarters, that he had run away.
“I gave the alarm and ordered that he be searched for, supposing that he could not have left Gatchina, but he could not be found. . . . ”
And so Kerensky fled, alone, “disguised in the uniform of a sailor,” and by that act lost whatever popularity he had retained among the Russian masses. . . .
I went back to Petrograd riding on the front seat of an auto truck, driven by a workman and filled with Red Guards. We had no kerosene175, so our lights were not burning. The road was crowded with the proletarian army going home, and new reserves pouring out to take their places. Immense trucks like ours, columns of artillery, wagons176, loomed177 up in the night, without lights, as we were. We hurtled furiously on, wrenched178 right and left to avoid collisions that seemed inevitable, scraping wheels, followed by the epithets179 of pedestrians180.
Across the horizon spread the glittering lights of the capital, immeasurably more splendid by night than by day, like a dike181 of jewels heaped on the barren plain.
The old workman who drove held the wheel in one hand, while with the other he swept the far-gleaming capital in an exultant182 gesture.
“Mine!” he cried, his face all alight. “All mine now! My Petrograd!”
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1
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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2
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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3
fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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4
fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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5
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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liaison
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| n.联系，（未婚男女间的）暖昧关系，私通 | |
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aver
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| v.极力声明；断言；确证 | |
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9
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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10
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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11
wan
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| (wide area network)广域网 | |
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12
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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13
organise
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| vt.组织，安排，筹办 | |
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14
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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15
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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16
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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17
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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18
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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Soviet
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| adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃 | |
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millennium
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| n.一千年，千禧年；太平盛世 | |
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21
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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22
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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23
certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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24
taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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27
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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28
pickets
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| 罢工纠察员( picket的名词复数 ) | |
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29
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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30
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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31
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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32
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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33
auto
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| n.(=automobile)(口语)汽车 | |
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34
converged
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| v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的过去式 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集 | |
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35
swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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36
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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37
anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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38
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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39
wireless
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| adj.无线的；n.无线电 | |
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40
hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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41
paeans
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| n.赞歌，凯歌( paean的名词复数 ) | |
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42
soviets
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| 苏维埃（Soviet的复数形式） | |
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43
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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44
barricades
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| 路障，障碍物( barricade的名词复数 ) | |
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45
bourgeois
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| adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子 | |
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46
ultimatum
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| n.最后通牒 | |
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47
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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48
jointly
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| ad.联合地，共同地 | |
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49
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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50
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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51
socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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52
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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53
sprawled
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| v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的过去式和过去分词)；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着） | |
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54
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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55
buffet
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| n.自助餐；饮食柜台；餐台 | |
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56
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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57
battered
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| adj.磨损的；v.连续猛击；磨损 | |
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58
scrawled
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| 乱涂，潦草地写( scrawl的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
blurred
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| v.（使）变模糊( blur的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）难以区分；模模糊糊；迷离 | |
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60
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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61
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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62
repudiated
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| v.（正式地）否认( repudiate的过去式和过去分词 )；拒绝接受；拒绝与…往来；拒不履行（法律义务） | |
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63
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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64
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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65
armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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66
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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67
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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68
reactionaries
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| n.反动分子，反动派( reactionary的名词复数 ) | |
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69
chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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70
perspiring
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| v.出汗，流汗( perspire的现在分词 ) | |
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71
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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72
ledgers
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| n.分类账( ledger的名词复数 ) | |
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73
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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74
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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75
constituent
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| n.选民；成分，组分；adj.组成的，构成的 | |
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76
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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77
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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78
socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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79
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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80
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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81
belligerent
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| adj.好战的，挑起战争的；n.交战国，交战者 | |
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82
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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83
delegations
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| n.代表团( delegation的名词复数 )；委托，委派 | |
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84
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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85
premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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86
rumour
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| n.谣言，谣传，传闻 | |
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87
gut
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| n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏 | |
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88
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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89
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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90
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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91
graft
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| n.移植，嫁接，艰苦工作，贪污；v.移植，嫁接 | |
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92
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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93
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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94
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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95
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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96
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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97
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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98
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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99
rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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100
straps
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| n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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101
fluency
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| n.流畅，雄辩，善辩 | |
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102
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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103
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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104
ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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105
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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107
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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108
squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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109
squads
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| n.（军队中的）班( squad的名词复数 )；（暗杀）小组；体育运动的运动（代表）队；（对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍 | |
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110
jeer
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| vi.嘲弄，揶揄；vt.奚落；n.嘲笑，讥评 | |
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111
trudged
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| vt.& vi.跋涉，吃力地走（trudge的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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112
jingling
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| 叮当声 | |
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113
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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114
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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115
monotonously
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| adv.单调地，无变化地 | |
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116
entanglements
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| n.瓜葛( entanglement的名词复数 )；牵连；纠缠；缠住 | |
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117
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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118
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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119
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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120
pinnacles
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| 顶峰( pinnacle的名词复数 )； 顶点； 尖顶； 小尖塔 | |
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121
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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122
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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123
throbbing
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| a. 跳动的,悸动的 | |
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124
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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125
asylums
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| n.避难所( asylum的名词复数 )；庇护；政治避难；精神病院 | |
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126
orphanages
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| 孤儿院( orphanage的名词复数 ) | |
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127
automobile
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| n.汽车，机动车 | |
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128
bustling
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| adj.喧闹的 | |
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129
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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130
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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131
credentials
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| n.证明，资格，证明书，证件 | |
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132
rummaging
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| 翻找，搜寻( rummage的现在分词 )； 海关检查 | |
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133
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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134
instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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135
nervously
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| adv.神情激动地，不安地 | |
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136
shrugged
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| vt.耸肩（shrug的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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137
sneered
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| 讥笑，冷笑( sneer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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138
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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139
growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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140
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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141
dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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142
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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143
bellowed
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的过去式和过去分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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144
chauffeur
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| n.(受雇于私人或公司的)司机；v.为…开车 | |
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145
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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146
slewed
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| adj.喝醉的v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去式 )( slew的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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147
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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148
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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149
oblivious
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| adj.易忘的，遗忘的，忘却的，健忘的 | |
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150
scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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151
grumbling
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| adj. 喃喃鸣不平的, 出怨言的 | |
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152
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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153
rambling
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| adj.[建]凌乱的，杂乱的 | |
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154
sullenly
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| 不高兴地，绷着脸，忧郁地 | |
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156
babbling
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| n.胡说，婴儿发出的咿哑声adj.胡说的v.喋喋不休( babble的现在分词 )；作潺潺声（如流水）；含糊不清地说话；泄漏秘密 | |
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157
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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158
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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159
sprawling
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| adj.蔓生的，不规则地伸展的v.伸开四肢坐[躺]( sprawl的现在分词 )；蔓延；杂乱无序地拓展；四肢伸展坐着（或躺着） | |
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160
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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161
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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162
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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163
deftly
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| adv.灵巧地，熟练地，敏捷地 | |
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164
furtively
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| adv. 偷偷地, 暗中地 | |
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165
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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166
sector
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| n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形 | |
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167
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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168
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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169
racing
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| n.竞赛，赛马；adj.竞赛用的，赛马用的 | |
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170
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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171
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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172
deposition
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| n.免职，罢官；作证；沉淀；沉淀物 | |
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173
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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174
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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175
kerosene
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| n.(kerosine)煤油，火油 | |
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176
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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177
loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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178
wrenched
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| v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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179
epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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180
pedestrians
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| n.步行者( pedestrian的名词复数 ) | |
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181
dike
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| n.堤，沟；v.开沟排水 | |
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182
exultant
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| adj.欢腾的，狂欢的，大喜的 | |
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