1.
Kerensky’s Advance
On November 9th Kerensky and his Cossacks arrived at Gatchina, where the garrison1, hopelessly split into two factions2, immediately surrendered. The members of the Gatchina Soviet3 were arrested, and at first threatened with death; later they were released on good behaviour.
The Cossack advance-guards, practically unopposed, occupied Pavlovsk, Alexandrovsk and other stations, and reached the outskirts4 of Tsarskoye Selo next morning — November 10th. At once the garrison divided into three groups — the officers, loyal to Kerenskly; part of the soldiers and non-commissioned officers, who declared themselves “neutral”; and most of the rank and file, who were for the Bolsheviki. The Bolshevik soldiers, who were without leaders or organisation5, fell back toward the capital. The local Soviet also withdrew to the village of Pulkovo.
From Pulkovo six members of the Tsarskoye Selo Soviet went with an automobile-load of proclamations to Gatchina, to propagandise the Cossacks. They spent most of the day going around Gatchina from one Cossack barracks to another, pleading, arguing and explaining. Toward evening some officers discovered their presence and they were arrested and brought before General Krasnov, who said, “You fought against Kornilov; now you are opposing Kerensky. I’ll have you all shot!”
After reading aloud to them the order appointing him commander-in-chief of the Petrograd District, Krasnov asked if they were Bolsheviki. They replied in the affirmative — upon which Krasnov went away; a short time later an officer came and set them free, saying that it was by order of General Krasnov….
In the meanwhile delegations6 continued to arrive from Petrograd; from the Duma, the Committee for Salvation7, and, last of all, from the Vikzhel. The union of Railway Workers insisted that some agreement be reached to halt the civil war, and demanded that Kerensky treat with the Bolsheviki, and that he stop the advance on Petrograd. In case of refusal, the Vikzhel threatened a general strike at midnight of November 11th.
Kerensky asked to be allowed to discuss the matter with the Socialist8 Ministers and with the Committee for Salvation. He was plainly undecided.
On the 11th Cossack outposts reached Krasnoye Selo, from which the local Soviet and the heterogeneous9 forces of the Military Revolutionary Committee precipitately10 retired11, some of them surrendering…. That night they also touched Pulkovo, where the first real resistance was encountered….
Cossacks deserters began to dribble12 into Petrograd, declaring that Kerensky had lied to them, that he had spread broadcast over the front proclamations which said that Petrograd was burning, that the Bolsheviki had invited the Germans to come in, and that they were murdering women and children and looting indiscriminately….
The Military Revolutionary Committee immediately sent out some dozens of “agitators,” with thousands of printed appeals, to inform the Cossacks of the real situation….
2.
Proclamations of the Military Revolutionary Committee
“To All Soviets13 of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies.
“The All–Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies charges the local Soviets immediately to take the most energetic measures to oppose all counter-revolutionary anti-Semitic disturbances14, and all pogroms of whatever nature. The honour of the workers’, peasants’ and soldiers’ Revolution cannot tolerate any disorders….
“The Red Guard of Petrograd, the revolutionary garrison and the sailors have maintained complete order in the capital.
“Workers, soldiers, and peasants, everywhere you should follow the example of the workers and soldiers of Petrograd.
“Comrades soldiers and Cossacks, on us falls the duty of keeping real revolutionary order.
“All revolutionary Russia and the whole world have their eyes on you….”
“The All–Russian Congress of Soviets decrees:
“To abolish capital punishment at the Front, which was reintroduced by Kerensky.
“Complete freedom of propaganda is to be re-established in the country. All soldiers and revolutionary officers now under arrest for so-called political ‘crimes’ are at once to be set free.”
“The ex-Premier Kerensky, overthrown15 by the people, refuses to submit to the Congress of Soviets and attempts to struggle against the legal Government elected by the All–Russian Congress — the Council of People’s Commissars. The Front has refused to aid Kerensky. Moscow has rallied to the new Government. In many cities (Minsk, Moghilev, Kharkov) the power is in the hands of the Soviets. No infantry16 detachment consents to march against the Workers’ and Peasants’ Government, which, in accord with the firm will of the Army and the people, has begun peace negotiations17 and has given the land to the peasants….
“We give public warning that if the Cossacks do not halt Kerensky, who has deceived them and is leading them against Petrograd, the revolutionary forces will rise with all their might for the defence of the precious conquests of the Revolution — Peace and Land.
“Citizens of Petrograd! Kerensky fled from the city, abandoning the authority to Kishkin, who wanted to surrender the capital to the Germans; Rutenburg, of the Black Band, who sabotaged18 the Municipal Food Supply; and Paltchinsky, hated by the whole democracy. Kerensky has fled, abandoning you to the Germans, to famine, to bloody19 massacres20. The revolting people have arrested Kerensky’s Ministers, and you have seen how the order and supplying of Petrograd at once improved. Kerensky, at the demand of the aristocrat21 proprietors22, the capitalists, speculators, marches against you for the purpose of giving back the land to the land-owners, and continuing the hated and ruinous war.
“Citizens of Petrograd! We know that the great majority of you are in favour of the people’s revolutionary authority, against the Kornilovtsi led by Kerensky. Do not be deceived by the lying declarations of the impotent bourgeois23 conspirators24, who will be pitilessly crushed.
“Workers, soldiers, peasants! We call upon you for revolutionary devotion and discipline.
“Millions of peasants and soldiers are with us.
“The victory of the people’s Revolution is assured!”
3.
Acts of the Council of People’s Commissars
In this book I am giving only such decrees as are in my opinion pertinent25 to the Bolshevik conquest of power. The rest belong to a detailed26 account of the Structure of the Soviet State, for which I have no place in this work. This will be dealt with very fully27 in the second volume, now in preparation, “Kornilov to Brest–Litovsk.”
Concerning Dwelling–Places
1. The independent Municipal Self–Governments have the right to sequestrate all unoccupied or uninhabited dwelling-places.
2. The Municipalities may, according to laws and arrangements established by them, install in all available lodgings28 citizens who have no place to live, or who live in congested or unhealthy lodgings.
3. The Municipalities may establish a service of inspection29 of dwelling-places, organise30 it and define its powers.
4. The Municipalities may issue orders on the institution of House Committees, define their organisation, their powers and give them juridical authority.
5. The Municipalities may create Housing Tribunals, define their powers and their authority.
6. This decree is promulgated31 by telegraph.
People’s Commissar of the Interior,
A. I. RYKOV.
On Social Insurance
The Russian proletariat has inscribed32 on its banners the promise of complete Social Insurance of wage-workers, as well as of the town and village poor. The Government of the Tsar, the proprietors and the capitalists, as well as the Government of coalition33 and conciliation34, failed to realise the desires of the workers with regard to Social Insurance.
The Workers’ and Peasants’ Government, relying upon the support of the Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ Deputies, announces to the working-class of Russia and to the town and village poor, that it will immediately prepare laws on Social Insurance based on the formulas proposed by the Labour organisations:
1. Insurance for all wage-workers without exception, as well as for all urban and rural poor.
2. Insurance to cover all categories of loss of working capacity, such as illness, infirmities, old age, childbirth, widowhood, orphanage35, and unemployment.
3. All the costs of insurance to be charged to employers.
4. Compensation of at least full wages in all loss of working capacity and unemployment.
5. Complete workers’ self-government of all Insurance institutions.
In the name of the Government of the Russian Republic,
The People’s Commissar of Labour,
ALEXANDER SHLIAPNIKOV.
On Popular Education
Citizens of Russia!
With the insurrection of November 7th the working masses have won for the first time the real power.
The All–Russian Congress of Soviets has temporarily transferred this power both to its Executive Committee and to the Council of People’s Commissars.
By the will of the revolutionary people, I have been appointed People’s Commissar of Education.
The work of guiding in general the people’s education, inasmuch as it remains36 with the central government, is, until the Constituent37 Assembly meets, entrusted38 to a Commission on the People’s Education, whose chairman and executive is the People’s Commissar.
Upon what fundamental propositions will rest this State Commission? How is its sphere of competence39 determined40?
The General Line of Educational Activity: Every genuinely democratic power must, in the domain41 of education, in a country where illiteracy42 and ignorance reign43 supreme44, make its first aim the struggle against this darkness. It must acquire in the shortest time universal literacy, by organising a network of schools answering to the demands of modern pedagogics; it must introduce universal, obligatory45 and free tuition for all, and establish at the same time a series of such teachers’ institutes and seminaries as will in the shortest time furnish a powerful army of people’s teachers so necessary for the universal instruction of the population of our boundless46 Russia.
Decentralisation: The State Commission on People’s Education is by no means a central power governing the institutions of instruction and education. On the contrary, the entire school work ought to be transferred to the organs of local self-government. The independent work of the workers, soldiers and peasants, establishing on their own initiative cultural educational organisations, must be given full autonomy, both by the State centre and the Municipal centres.
The work of the State Commission serves as a link and helpmate to organise resources of material and moral support to the Municipal and private institutions, particularly to those with a class-character established by the workers.
The State Committee on People’s Education: A whole series of invaluable47 law projects was elaborated from the beginning of the Revolution by the State Committee for People’s Education, a tolerably democratic body as to its composition, and rich in experts. The State Commission sincerely desires the collaboration48 of this Committee.
It has addressed itself to the bureau of the Committee, with the request at once to convoke49 an extraordinary session of the Committee for the fulfilment of the following programme:
1. The revision of rules of representation in the Committee, in the sense of greater democratisation.
2. The revision of the Committee’s rights in the sense of widening them, and of converting the Committee into a fundamental State institute for the elaboration of law projects calculated to reorganise public instruction and education in Russia upon democratic principles.
3. The revision, jointly50 with the new State Commission, of the laws already created by the Committee, a revision required by the fact that in editing them the Committee had to take into account the bourgeois spirit of previous Ministries51, which obstructed52 it even in this its narrowed form.
After this revision these laws will be put into effect without any bureau-cratic red tape, in the revolutionary order.
The Pedagogues53 and the Societists: The State Commission welcomes the pedagogues to the bright and honourable54 work of educating the people — the masters of the country.
No one measure in the domain of the people’s education ought to be adopted by any power without the attentive55 deliberation of those who represent the pedagogues.
On the other hand, a decision cannot by any means be reached exclusively through the cooperation of specialists. This refers as well to reforms of the institutes of general education.
The cooperation of the pedagogues with the social forces — this is how the Commission will work both in its own constitution, in the State Committee, and in all its activities.
As its first task the Commission considers the improvement of the teachers’ status, and first of all of those very poor though almost most important contributors to the work of culture — the elementary school teachers. Their just demands ought to be satisfied at once and at any cost. The proletariat of the schools has in vain demanded an increase of salary to one hundred rubles per month. It would be a disgrace any longer to keep in poverty the teachers of the overwhelming majority of the Russian people.
But a real democracy cannot stop at mere56 literacy, at universal elementary instruction. It must endeavour to organise a uniform secular57 school of several grades. The ideal is, equal and if possible higher education for all the citizens. So long as this idea has not been realised for all, the natural transition through all the schooling58 grades up to the university — a transition to a higher stage — must depend entirely59 upon the pupil’s aptitude60, and not upon the resources of his family.
The problem of a genuinely democratic organisation of instruction is particularly difficult in a country impoverished61 by a long, criminal, imperialistic62 war; but the workers who have taken the power must remember that education will serve them as the greatest instrument in their struggle for a better lot and for a spiritual growth. However needful it may be to curtail63 other articles of the people’s budget, the expenses on education must stand high. A large educational budget is the pride and glory of a nation. The free and enfranchised64 peoples of Russia will not forget this.
The fight against illiteracy and ignorance cannot be confined to a thorough establishment of school education for children and youths. Adults, too, will be anxious to save themselves from the debasing position of a man who cannot read and write. The school for adults must occupy a conspicuous65 place in the general plan of popular instruction.
Instruction and Education: One must emphasise66 the difference between instruction and education.
Instruction is the transmission of ready knowledge by the teacher to his pupil. Education is a creative process. The personality of the individual is being “educated” throughout life, is being formed, grows richer in content, stronger and more perfect.
The toiling67 masses of the people — the workmen, the peasants, the soldiers — are thirsting for elementary and advanced instruction. But they are also thirsting for education. Neither the government nor the intellectuals nor any other power outside of themselves can give it to them. The school, the book, the theatre, the museum, etc., may here by only aids. They have their own ideas, formed by their social position, so different from the position of those ruling classes and intellectuals who have hitherto created culture. They have their own ideas, their own emotions, their own ways of approaching the problems of personality and society. The city labourer, according to his own fashion, the rural toiler68 according to his, will each build his clear world-conception permeated69 with the class-idea of the workers. There is no more superb or beautiful phenomenon than the one of which our nearest descendants will be both witnesses and participants: The building by collective Labour of its own general, rich and free soul.
Instruction will surely be an important but not a decisive element. What is more important here is the criticism, the creativeness of the masses themselves; for science and art have only in some of their parts a general human importance. They suffer radical70 changes with every far-reaching class upheaval71.
Throughout Russia, particularly among the city labourers, but also among the peasants, a powerful wave of cultural educational movement has arisen; workers’ and soldiers’ organisations of this kind are multiplying rapidly. To meet them, to lend them support, to clear the road before them is the first task of a revolutionary and popular government in the domain of democratic education.
The Constituent Assembly will doubtless soon begin its work. It alone can permanently72 establish the order of national and social life in our country, and at the same time the general character of the organisation of popular education.
Now, however, with the passage of power to the Soviets, the really democratic character of the Constituent Assembly is assured. The line which the State Commission, relying upon the State Committee, will follow, will hardly suffer any modification73 under the influence of the Constituent Assembly. Without pre-determining it, the new People’s Government considers itself within its rights in enacting74 in this domain a series of measures which aim at enriching and enlightening as soon as possible the spiritual life of the country.
The Ministry75: The present work must in the interim76 proceed through the Ministry of the People’s Education. Of all the necessary alterations77 in its composition and construction the State Commission will have charge, elected by the Executive Committee of the Soviets and the State Committee. Of course the order of State authority in the domain of the people’s education will be established by the Constituent Assembly. Until then, the Ministry must play the part of the executive apparatus78 for both the State Committee and the State Commission for People’s Education.
The pledge of the country’s safety lies in the cooperation of all its vital and genuinely democratic forces.
We believe that the energetic effort of the working people and of the honest enlightened intellectuals will lead the country out of its painful crisis, and through complete democracy to the reign of Socialism and the brotherhood79 of nations.
People’s Commissar on Education,
A. V. LUNACHARSKY.
On the Order in Which the Laws Are to be Ratified80 and Published.
1. Until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the enacting and publishing of laws shall be carried out in the order decreed by the present Provisional Workmen’s and Peasants’ Government, elected by the All–Russian Congress of Workers’, Peasants’ and Soldiers’ Deputies.
2. Every bill is presented for consideration of the Government by the respective Ministry, signed by the duly authorised People’s Commissar; or it is presented by the legislative81 section attached to the Government, signed by the chief of the section.
3. After its ratification82 by the Government, the decree in its final edition, in the name of the Russian Republic, is signed by the president of the Council of People’s Commissars, or for him by the People’s Commissar who presented it for the consideration of the Government, and is then published.
4. The date of publishing it in the official “Gazette of the Provisional Workmen’s and Peasants’ Government,” is the date of its becoming law.
5. In the decree there may be appointed a date, other than the date of publication, on which it shall become law, or it may be promulgated by telegraph; in which case it is to be regarded in every locality as becoming law upon the publication of the telegram.
6. The promulgation83 of legislative acts of the government by the State Senate is abolished. The Legislative Section attached to the Council of People’s Commissars issues periodically a collection of regulations and orders of the government which possess the force of law.
7. The Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Workers’, Peasants’, and Soldiers’ Deputies (Tsay-ee-kah) has at all times the right to cancel, alter or annul84 any of the Government decrees.
In the name of the Russian Republic, the President of the Council of People’s Commissars,
V. ULIANOV-LENIN.
4.
The Liquor Problem
Order Issued by the Military Revolutonary Committee
1. Until further order the production of alcohol and alcoholic85 drinks is prohibited.
2. It is ordered to all producers of alcohol and alcoholic drinks to inform not later than on the 27th inst. of the exact site of their stores.
3. All culprits against this order will be tried by a Military Revolutionary Court.
THE MILITARY REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE.
5.
Order No. 2
From the Committee of the Finland Guard Reserve Regiment86 to all House Committees and to the citizens of Vasili Ostrov.
The bourgeoisie has chosen a very sinister87 method of fighting against the proletariat; it has established in various parts of the city huge wine depots88, and distributes liquor among the soldiers, in this manner attempting to sow dissatisfaction in the ranks of the Revolutionary army.
It is herewith ordered to all house committees, that at 3 o’clock, the time set for posting this order, they shall in person and secretly notify the President of the Committee of the Finland Guard Regiment, concerning the amount of wine in their premises89.
Those who violate this order will be arrested and given trial before a merciless court, and their property will be confiscated90, and the stock of wine discovered will be
BLOWN UP WITH DYNAMITE91
2 hours after this warning,
because more lenient92 measures, as experience has shown, do not bring the desired results.
REMEMBER, THERE WILL BE NO OTHER WARNING BEFORE THE EXPLOSIONS.
Regimental Committee of the Finland Guard Regiment.
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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Soviet
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| adj.苏联的，苏维埃的；n.苏维埃 | |
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outskirts
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organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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delegations
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| n.代表团( delegation的名词复数 )；委托，委派 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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precipitately
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| adv.猛进地 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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dribble
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| v.点滴留下，流口水；n.口水 | |
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soviets
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| 苏维埃（Soviet的复数形式） | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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sabotaged
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| 阴谋破坏（某事物）( sabotage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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massacres
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aristocrat
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proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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bourgeois
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conspirators
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pertinent
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detailed
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fully
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lodgings
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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organise
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| vt.组织，安排，筹办 | |
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promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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coalition
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conciliation
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orphanage
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remains
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constituent
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entrusted
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competence
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| n.能力，胜任，称职 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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illiteracy
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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obligatory
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| adj.强制性的，义务的，必须的 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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collaboration
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| n.合作，协作；勾结 | |
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convoke
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| v.召集会议 | |
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jointly
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| ad.联合地，共同地 | |
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ministries
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| （政府的）部( ministry的名词复数 )； 神职； 牧师职位； 神职任期 | |
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obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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pedagogues
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| n.教师，卖弄学问的教师( pedagogue的名词复数 ) | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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schooling
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| n.教育；正规学校教育 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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imperialistic
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| 帝国主义的，帝制的 | |
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curtail
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| vt.截短，缩短；削减 | |
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enfranchised
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| v.给予选举权( enfranchise的过去式和过去分词 )；（从奴隶制中）解放 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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emphasise
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| vt.加强...的语气，强调，着重 | |
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toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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toiler
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| 辛劳者，勤劳者 | |
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permeated
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| 弥漫( permeate的过去式和过去分词 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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enacting
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的现在分词 ) | |
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ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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interim
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| adj.暂时的，临时的；n.间歇，过渡期间 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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ratification
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| n.批准，认可 | |
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promulgation
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| n.颁布 | |
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annul
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| v.宣告…无效，取消，废止 | |
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alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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lenient
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| adj.宽大的，仁慈的 | |
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