You ask, young man, how you may become a rhetorician, and win yourself the imposing2 and reverend style of Professor. You tell me life is for you not worth living, if you cannot clothe yourself in that power of the word which shall make you invincible3 and irresistible4, the cynosure5 of all men’s admiration6, the desired of all Grecian ears. Your one wish is to be shown the way to that goal. And small blame, youngster, to one who in the days of his youth sets his gaze upon the things that are highest, and knowing not how he shall attain7, comes as you now come to me with the privileged demand for counsel. Take then the best of it that I can give, doubting nothing but you shall speedily be a man accomplished8 to see the right and to give it expression, if you will henceforth abide9 by what you now hear from me, practise it with assiduity, and go confidently on your way till it brings you to the desired end.
The object of your pursuit is no poor one, worth but a moderate endeavour; to grasp it you might be content to toil10 and watch and endure to the utmost; mark how many they are who once were but cyphers, but whom words have raised to fame and opulence11, ay, and to noble lineage.
Yet fear not, nor be appalled12, when you contemplate13 the greatness of your aim, by thought of the thousand toils14 first to be accomplished. It is by no rough mountainous perspiring15 track that I shall lead you; else were I no better than those other guides who point you to the common way, long, steep, toilsome, nay16, for the most part desperate. What should commend my counsel to you is even this: a road most pleasant and most brief, a carriage road of downward slope, shall bring you in all delight and ease, at what leisurely17 effortless pace you will, through flowery meadows and plenteous shade, to that summit which you shall mount and hold untired and there lie feasting, the while you survey from your height those panting ones who took the other track; they are yet in the first stage of their climb, forcing their slow way amid rough or slippery crags, with many a headlong fall and many a wound from those sharp rocks. But you will long have been up, and garlanded and blest; you have slept, and waked to find that Rhetoric1 has lavished18 upon you all her gifts at once.
Fine promises, these, are they not? But pray let it not stir your doubts, that I offer to make most easy that which is most sweet. It was but plucking a few leaves from Helicon, and the shepherd Hesiod was a poet, possessed20 of the Muses21 and singing the birth of Gods and Heroes; and may not a rhetorician (’tis no such proud title as that of poet) be quickly made, if one but knows the speediest way?
Let me tell you of an idea that came to nothing for want of faith, and brought no profit to the man it was offered to. Alexander had fought Arbela, deposed22 Darius, and was lord of Persia; his orders had to be conveyed to every part of his empire by dispatch-runners. Now from Persia to Egypt was a long journey; to make the necessary circuit round the mountains, cross Babylonia into Arabia, traverse a great desert, and so finally reach Egypt, took at the best full twenty days. And as Alexander had intelligence of disturbances23 in Egypt, it was an inconvenience not to be able to send instructions rapidly to his lieutenants24 there. A Sidonian trader came to him and offered to shorten the distance: if a man cut straight across the mountains, which could be done in three days, he would be in Egypt without more ado. This was a fact; but Alexander took the man for an impostor, and would have nothing to say to him. That is the reception any surprisingly good offer may expect from most men.
Be not like them. A trial will soon show you that you may fly over the mountains from Persia to Egypt, and in a day, in part of a day, take rank as rhetorician. But first I will be your Cebes and give you word-pictures of the two different ways leading to that Rhetoric, with which I see you so in love. Imagine her seated on a height, fair and comely25; her right hand holds an Amalthea’s horn heaped high with all fruits, and at her other side you are to see Wealth standing26 in all his golden glamour27. In attendance too are Repute and Might; and all about your lady’s person flutter and cling embodied28 Praises like tiny Loves. Or you may have seen a painted Nilus; he reclines himself upon a crocodile or hippopotamus29, with which his stream abounds30, and round him play the tiny children they call in Egypt his Cubits; so play the Praises about Rhetoric. Add yourself, the lover, who long to be straightway at the top, that you may wed31 her, and all that is hers be yours; for him that weds32 her she must endow with her worldly goods.
When you have reached the mountain, you at first despair of scaling it; you seem to have set yourself the task that Aornus 78 presented to the Macedonians; how sheer it was on every side! it was true, they thought, even a bird could hardly soar that height; to take it would be work for a Dionysus or Heracles. Then in a little while you discern two roads; or no, one is no more than a track, narrow, thorny33, rough, promising34 thirst and sweat. But I need say no more of it; Hesiod has described it long ago The other is broad, and fringed with flowers and well watered and — not to keep you back with vain repetitions from the prize even now within your grasp — such a road as I told you of but now.
This much, however, I must add: that rough steep way shows not many steps of travellers; a few there are, but of ancient date. It was my own ill fortune to go up by it, expending35 needless toil; but I could see from far off how level and direct was that other, though I did not use it; in my young days I was perverse36, and put trust in the poet who told me that the Good is won by toil. He was in error; I see that the many who toil not are more richly rewarded for their fortunate choice of route and method. But the question is now of you; I know that when you come to the parting of the ways you will doubt — you doubt even now — which turn to take. What you must do, then, to find the easiest ascent37, and blessedness, and your bride, and universal fame, I will tell you. Enough that I have been cheated into toil; for you let all grow unsown and unploughed as in the age of gold.
A strong severe-looking man will at once come up to you; he has a firm step, a deeply sunburnt body, a decided38 eye and wide-awake air; it is the guide of the rough track. This absurd person makes foolish suggestions that you should employ him, and points you out the footmarks of Demosthenes, Plato, and others; they are larger than what we make, but mostly half obliterated39 by time; he tells you you will attain bliss40 and have Rhetoric to your lawful41 wife, if you stick as closely to these as a rope-walker to his rope; but diverge42 for a moment, make a false step, or incline your weight too much either way, and farewell to your path and your bride. He will exhort43 you to imitate these ancients, and offer you antiquated44 models that lend themselves as little to imitation as old sculpture, say the clean-cut, sinewy45, hard, firmly outlined productions of Hegesias, or the school of Critius and Nesiotes; and he will tell you that toil and vigilance, abstinence and perseverance46, are indispensable, if you would accomplish your journey. Most mortifying47 of all, the time he will stipulate48 for is immense, years upon years; he does not so much as mention days or months; whole Olympiads are his units; you feel tired at the mere49 sound of them, and ready to relinquish50 the happiness you had set your heart upon. And as if this was not enough, he wishes to be paid handsomely for your trouble, and must have a good sum down before he will even put you in the way.
So he will talk — a conceited51 primitive52 old-world personage; for models he offers you old masters long dead and done with, and expects you to exhume53 rusty54 speeches as if they were buried treasures; you are to copy a certain cutler’s son 79 or one who called the clerk Atrometus father [Footnote: Aeschines.]; he forgets that we are at peace now, with no invading Philip or hectoring Alexander to give a temporary value to that sort of eloquence55; and he has never heard of our new road to Rhetoric, short, easy, and direct. Let him not prevail with you; heed56 not him at all; in his charge, if you do not first break your neck, you will wear yourself into a premature57 old age. If you are really in love, and would enjoy Rhetoric before your prime is past, and be made much of by her, dismiss this hairy specimen58 of ultra-virility, and leave him to climb by himself or with what dupes he can make, panting and perspiring to his heart’s content.
Go you to the other road, where you will find much good company, but in especial one man. Is he clever? is he engaging? Mark the negligent59 ease of his gait, his neck’s willowy curve, his languishing60 glance; these words are honey, that breath perfume; was ever head scratched with so graceful61 a forefinger62? and those locks — were there but more of them left — how hyacinthine their wavy63 order! he is tender as Sardanapalus or Cinyras; ’tis Agathon’s self, loveliest of tragedy-makers. Take these traits, that seeing you may know him; I would not have you miss so divine an apparition64, the darling of Aphrodite and the Graces. Yet how needless! were he to come near while your eyes were closed, and unbar those Hymettian lips to the voice that dwells within, you could not want the thought that this was none of us who munch65 the fruits of earth, but some spirit from afar that on honeydew hath fed, and drunk the milk of Paradise. Him seek; trust yourself to him, and you shall be in a trice rhetorician and man of note, and in his own great phrase, King of Words, mounted without an effort of your own upon the chariot of discourse66. For here is the lore67 he shall impart to his disciple68.
But let him describe it himself. For one so eloquent69 it is absurd that I should speak; my histrionic talent is not equal to so mighty70 a task; I might trip, and break the heroic mask in my fall. He thus addresses you, then, with a touch of the hand to those scanty71 curls, and the usual charming delicate smile; you might take him — so engaging is his utterance72 — for a Glycera, a Malthace, or her comic and meretricious73 majesty74, Thais herself. What has a refined bewitching orator75 to do with the vulgar masculine?
Listen now to his modest remarks. Dear sir, was it Apollo sent you here? did he call me best of rhetoricians, as when Chaerephon asked and was told who was wisest of his generation? If it has not been so, if you have come directed only by the amazement76 and applause, the wonder and despair, that attend my achievements, then shall you soon learn whether there is divinity or no in him whom you have sought. Look not for a greatness that may find its parallel in this man or that; a Tityus, an Otus, an Ephialtes there may have been; but here is a portent77 and a marvel78 greater far than they. You are to hear a voice that puts to silence all others, as the trumpet79 the flute80, as the cicala the bee, as the choir81 the tuning-fork.
But you wish to be a rhetorician yourself; well, you could have applied82 in no better quarter; my dear young friend, you have only to follow my instructions and example, and keep carefully in mind the rules I lay down for your guidance. Indeed you may start this moment without a tremor83; never let it disturb you that you have not been through the laborious84 preliminaries with which the ordinary system besets85 the path of fools; they are quite unnecessary. Stay not to find your slippers86, as the song has it; your naked feet will do as well; writing is a not uncommon87 accomplishment88, but I do not insist upon it; it is one thing, and rhetoric is another.
I will first give you a list of the equipment and supplies for your journey that you must bring with you from home, with a view to making your way rapidly. After that, I will show you as we go along some practical illustrations, add a few verbal precepts89, and before set of sun you shall be as superior a rhetorician as myself, the absolute microcosm of your profession. Bring then above all ignorance, to which add confidence, audacity90, and effrontery91; as for diffidence, equity92, moderation, and shame, you will please leave them at home; they are not merely needless, they are encumbrances93. The loudest voice you can come by, please, a ready falsetto, and a gait modelled on my own. That exhausts the real necessaries; very often there would be no occasion for anything further. But I recommend bright colours or white for your clothes; the Tarentine stuff that lets the body show through is best; for shoes, wear either the Attic94 woman’s shape with the open network, or else the Sicyonians that show white lining95. Always have a train of attendants, and a book in your hand.
The rest you will take in with your eyes and ears as we go. I will tell you the rules you must observe, if Rhetoric is to recognize and admit you; otherwise she will turn from you and drive you away as an uninitiated intruder upon her mysteries. You must first be exceedingly careful about your appearance; your clothes must be quite the thing. Next, you must scrape up some fifteen old Attic words — say twenty for an outside estimate; and these you must rehearse diligently96 till you have them at the tip of your tongue; let us say sundry97, whereupon, say you so, in some wise, my masters; that is the sort of thing; these are for general garnish98, you understand; and you need not concern yourself about any little dissimilarity, repulsion, discord99, between them and the rest; so long as your upper garment is fair and bright, what matter if there is coarse serge beneath it?
Next, fill your quiver with queer mysterious words used once or twice by the ancients, ready to be discharged at a moment’s notice in conversation. This will attract the attention of the common herd19, who will take you for a wonder, so much better educated than themselves. Put on your clothes? of course not; invest yourself. Will you sit in the porch, when there is a parvys to hand? No earnest-money for us; let it be an arles-penny. And no breakfast-time, pray, but undern. You may also do a little word-formation of your own on occasion, and enact100 that a person good, at exposition shall be known as a clarifier, a sensible one as a cogitant, or a pantomime as a manuactor. If you commit a blunder or provincialism, you have only to carry it off boldly with an instant reference to the authority of some poet or historian, who need not exist or ever have existed; your phrase has his approval, and he was a wise man and a past master in language. As for your reading, leave the ancients alone; never mind a foolish Isocrates, a tasteless Demosthenes, a frigid101 Plato; study the works of the last generation; you will find the declamations, as they call them, a plenteous store on which to draw at need.
When the time comes for you to perform, and the audience have proposed subjects and invented cases for discussion, you should get rid of the difficult ones by calling them trivial, and complain that there is nothing in this selection that can really test a man’s powers. When they have chosen, do not hesitate a moment, but start; the tongue is an unruly member; do not attempt to rule it; never care whether your firstly is logics102 firstly, or your secondly103 and thirdly in the right order; just say what comes; you may greave your head and helmet your legs, but whatever you do, move, keep going, never pause. If your subject is assault or adultery in Athens, cite the Indians and Medes. Always have your Marathon and your Cynaegirus handy; they are indispensable. Hardly less so are a fleet crossing Mount Athos, an army treading the Hellespont, a sun eclipsed by Persian arrows, a flying Xerxes, an admired Leonidas, an inscriptive104 Othryades. Salamis, Artemisium, and Plataea, should also be in constant use. All this dressed as usual with our seasoning-garnish aforesaid — that persuasive105 flavour of sundry and methinks; do not wait till these seem to be called for; they are pretty words, quite apart from their relevancy.
If a fancy for impassioned recitative comes over you, indulge it as long as you will, and air your falsetto. If your matter is not of the right poetic106 sort, you may consider yourself to have met the requirements if you run over the names of the jury in a rhythmic107 manner. Appeal constantly to the pathetic instinct, smite108 your thigh109, mouth your words well, punctuate110 with loud sighs, and let your very back be eloquent as you pace to and fro. If the audience fails to applaud, take offence, and give your offence words; if they get up and prepare to go out in disgust, tell them to sit down again; discipline must be maintained.
It will win you credit for copiousness111, if you start with the Trojan War — you may if you like go right hack112 to the nuptials113 of Deucalion and Pyrrha — and thence trace your subject down to today. People of sense, remember, are rare, and they will probably hold their tongues out of charity; or if they do comment, it will be put down to jealousy114. The rest are awed115 by your costume, your voice, gait, motions, falsetto, shoes, and sundry; when they see how you perspire116 and pant, they cannot admit a moment’s doubt of your being a very fine rhetorical performer. With them, your mere rapidity is a miracle quite sufficient to establish your character. Never prepare notes, then, nor think out a subject beforehand; that shows one up at once.
Your friends’ feet will be loud on the floor, in payment for the dinners you give them; if they observe you in difficulties, they will come to the rescue, and give you a chance, in the relief afforded by rounds of applause, of thinking how to go on. A devoted117 claque of your own, by the way, is among your requirements. Its use while you are performing I have given; and as you walk home afterwards, discussing the points you made, you should be absolutely surrounded by them as a bodyguard118. If you meet acquaintances on the way, talk very big about yourself, put a good value on your merits, and never mind about their feelings. Ask them, Where is Demosthenes now? Or wonder which of the ancients comes nearest you.
But dear me, I had very nearly passed over the most important and effectual of all aids to reputation: the pouring of ridicule119 upon your rivals. If a man has a fine style, its beauties are borrowed; if a sober one, it is bad altogether. When you go to a recitation, arrive late, which makes you conspicuous120; and when all are listening intently, interject some inappropriate commendation that will distract and annoy the audience; they will be so sickened with your offensive words that they cannot listen. And then do not wave your hand too much — warm approval is rather low; and as to jumping up, never do it more than once or twice. A slight smile is your best expression; make it clear that you do not think much of the thing. Only let your ears be critical, and you are sure of finding plenty to condemn121. In fact, all the qualities needed are easily come by — audacity, effrontery, ready lying, indifference122 to perjury123, impartial124 jealousy, hatred125, abuse, and skilful126 slander127 — that is all you want to win you speedy credit and renown128. So much for your visible public life.
And in private you need draw the line at nothing, gambling129, drink, fornication, nor adultery; the last you should boast of, whether truly or not; make no secret of it, but exhibit your notes from real or imaginary frail130 ones. One of your aims should be to pass for a pretty fellow, in much favour with the ladies; the report will be professionally useful to you, your influence with the sex being accounted for by your rhetorical eminence131.
Master these instructions, young man — they are surely simple enough not to overtax your powers — and I confidently promise that you shall soon be a first-class rhetorician like myself; after which I need not tell you what great and what rapid advancement132 Rhetoric will put in your way. You have but to look at me. My father was an obscure person barely above a slave; he had in fact been one south of Xois and Thmuis; my mother a common sempstress. I was myself not without pretensions133 to beauty in my youth, which earned me a bare living from a miserly ill-conditioned admirer; but I discovered this easy short-cut, made my way to the top — for I had, if I may be bold to say it, all the qualifications I told you of, confidence, ignorance, and effrontery — and at once found myself in a position to change my name of Pothinus to one that levels me with the children of Zeus and Leda. I then established myself in an old dame134’s house, where I earned my keep by professing135 a passion for her seventy years and her half-dozen remaining teeth, dentist’s gold and all. However, poverty reconciled me to my task; even for those cold coffin136 kisses, fames was condimentum optimum. And it was by the merest ill luck that I missed inheriting her wealth — that damned slave who peached about the poison I had bought!
I was turned out neck and crop, but even so I did not starve. I have my professional position and am well known in the courts — especially for collusion and the corruption-agency which I keep for credulous137 litigants138. My cases generally go against me; but the palms at my door [Transcriber’s Note: Lengthy139 footnote relocated to chapter end.] are fresh and flower-crowned — springes to catch woodcocks, you know. Then, to be the object of universal detestation, to be distinguished140 only less for the badness of one’s character than for that of one’s speeches, to be pointed141 at by every finger as the famous champion of all-round villany — this seems to me no inconsiderable attainment142. And now you have my advice; take it with the blessing143 of the great Goddess Lubricity. It is the same that I gave myself long ago; and very thankful I have been to myself for it.
Ah! our admirable friend seems to have done. If you decide to take his advice, you may regard yourself as practically arrived at your goal. Keep his rules, and your path is clear; you may dominate the courts, triumph in the lecture-room, be smiled on by the fair; your bride shall be not, like your lawgiver and teacher’s, an old woman off the comic stage, but lovely dame Rhetoric. Plato told of Zeus sweeping144 on in his winged car; you shall use the figure as fitly of yourself. And I? why, I lack spirit and courage; I will stand out of your way. I will resign — nay, I have resigned — my high place about our lady’s person to you; for I cannot pay my court to her like the new school. Do your walk over, then, hear your name announced, take your plaudits; I ask you only to remember that you owe the victory not to your speed, but to your discovery of the easy down-hill route.
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rhetoric
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| n.修辞学，浮夸之言语 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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cynosure
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| n.焦点 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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opulence
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| n.财富，富裕 | |
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appalled
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| v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的 | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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toils
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| 网 | |
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perspiring
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| v.出汗，流汗( perspire的现在分词 ) | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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muses
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| v.沉思，冥想( muse的第三人称单数 )；沉思自语说（某事） | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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hippopotamus
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| n.河马 | |
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abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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wed
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| v.娶，嫁，与…结婚 | |
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weds
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| v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的第三人称单数 ) | |
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thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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expending
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| v.花费( expend的现在分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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perverse
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| adj.刚愎的；坚持错误的，行为反常的 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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diverge
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| v.分叉，分歧，离题，使...岔开，使转向 | |
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43
exhort
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| v.规劝，告诫 | |
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44
antiquated
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| adj.陈旧的，过时的 | |
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45
sinewy
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| adj.多腱的，强壮有力的 | |
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46
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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47
mortifying
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| adj.抑制的，苦修的v.使受辱( mortify的现在分词 )；伤害（人的感情）；克制；抑制（肉体、情感等） | |
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48
stipulate
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| vt.规定，（作为条件）讲定，保证 | |
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49
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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50
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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51
conceited
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| adj.自负的，骄傲自满的 | |
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52
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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53
exhume
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| v.掘出，挖掘 | |
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54
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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55
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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56
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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57
premature
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| adj.比预期时间早的；不成熟的，仓促的 | |
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58
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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59
negligent
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| adj.疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的 | |
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60
languishing
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| a. 衰弱下去的 | |
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61
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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62
forefinger
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| n.食指 | |
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63
wavy
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| adj.有波浪的，多浪的，波浪状的，波动的，不稳定的 | |
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64
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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65
munch
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| v.用力嚼，大声咀嚼 | |
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66
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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67
lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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68
disciple
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| n.信徒，门徒，追随者 | |
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69
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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70
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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71
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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72
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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73
meretricious
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| adj.华而不实的，俗艳的 | |
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74
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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75
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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76
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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77
portent
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| n.预兆；恶兆；怪事 | |
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78
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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79
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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80
flute
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| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
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81
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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82
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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83
tremor
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| n.震动，颤动，战栗，兴奋，地震 | |
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84
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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85
besets
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| v.困扰( beset的第三人称单数 )；不断围攻；镶；嵌 | |
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86
slippers
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| n. 拖鞋 | |
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87
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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88
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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89
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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90
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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91
effrontery
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| n.厚颜无耻 | |
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92
equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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93
encumbrances
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| n.负担( encumbrance的名词复数 )；累赘；妨碍；阻碍 | |
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94
attic
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| n.顶楼，屋顶室 | |
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95
lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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96
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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97
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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98
garnish
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| n.装饰，添饰，配菜 | |
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99
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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100
enact
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| vt.制定(法律)；上演，扮演 | |
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101
frigid
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| adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的 | |
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102
logics
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| n.逻辑（学）( logic的名词复数 )；逻辑学；（做某事的）道理；推理方法 | |
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103
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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104
inscriptive
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| 铭文的，题写的 | |
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105
persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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106
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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107
rhythmic
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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108
smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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109
thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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110
punctuate
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| vt.加标点于；不时打断 | |
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111
copiousness
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| n.丰裕，旺盛 | |
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112
hack
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| n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳 | |
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113
nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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114
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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115
awed
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| adj.充满敬畏的，表示敬畏的v.使敬畏，使惊惧( awe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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116
perspire
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| vi.出汗，流汗 | |
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117
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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118
bodyguard
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| n.护卫，保镖 | |
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119
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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120
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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121
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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122
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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123
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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124
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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125
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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126
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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127
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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128
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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129
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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130
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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131
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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132
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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133
pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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134
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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135
professing
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| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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136
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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137
credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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138
litigants
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| n.诉讼当事人( litigant的名词复数 ) | |
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139
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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140
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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141
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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142
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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143
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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144
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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