Of the three great captains whose magnificent fighting has added such glorious chapters to the history of our naval1 campaigns, but one, George Dewey, the last of them all, is purely2 an American by birth and generations of ancestors. Farragut, the greatest of the three, was but one remove from a Spaniard. John Paul Jones, first of the group in point of time and not inferior to the others in quality and achievement, was a Scotsman. Only the limitation in means necessitated3 by the narrow circumstances of his adopted country during his lifetime prevented his surpassing them all. He remains4 to this day a unique character among the mighty5 men who trod the deck and sailed the ocean--a strange personality not surpassed by any in the long line of sea fighters from Themistocles to Sampson. In spite of, nay6, because of his achievements, he was among the most calumniated7 of men. What follows is an attempt to tell his story and to do him justice.
Near the close of the fifth decade of the eighteenth century, George I reigned8 in England, by the grace of God and because he had succeeded in putting down the rebellion of 1745; Frederick the Great was tenaciously9 clutching the fair province of Silesia which Maria Theresa, with equal resolution but with faint prospect10 of success, was endeavoring to retain; Louis XV (the well beloved!) was exploiting the privileges and opportunities of a king with Madame de Pompadour and the Parc aux Cerfs; and the long war of the Austrian succession was just drawing to a close, when there was born on July 6, 1747, to a Scots peasant, named John Paul, and to Jean MacDuff, his wife, a son, the fifth child of a large family.[1]
The youngster was duly christened John Paul, Junior, after his sire. He is the hero of this history. He first saw the light on the estate of Arbigland, in the parish of Kirkbean, in the county of Kirkcudbright, a province once called the Royal Stewartry of Kirkcudbright (pronounced "Kircoobree"), because it had been governed formerly11 by a steward12 or deputy, appointed by the crown, of which the county had been an appanage.
The father of the subject of this memoir13 filled the modest situation of a master gardener, a precursor14 of the modern and scientific landscape gardener, or engineer, in a small scale, in the employ of a Scots bonnet15 laird named Craik. His remote family--peasants, yeomen always--had come from the ancient lands of the Thanes of Fife, whence his grandfather had removed to Leith, where he kept a mail garden or wayside inn--in short, a tavern16. It is to the credit of Master John Paul, Senior--evidently a most honest and capable man in that humble17 station in life into which it had pleased God to call him--that he forsook18 the tavern and clung to the garden. When he had finished his apprenticeship20 as gardener he removed to Arbigland, where he married Jean MacDuff, the daughter of a sturdy yeoman farmer of the neighboring parish of New Abbey, whose family had been established in their present location from time immemorial.
The marriage was blessed with seven children, the two youngest sons dying in infancy21. The first was a boy named William; the next three were girls, named Elizabeth, Janet, and Mary Ann; and the fifth and last, considering the death of the infants, the boy named John, after his father. En passant, there must have been something favorable to the development of latent possibilities in gardeners' sons in that corner of Scotland, for in the neighboring county of Ayr, a few years later was born of similar bucolic22 stock the son of another tiller of the soil, known to fame as Robbie Burns!
The cottage in which young Paul made his first appearance was a little stone building in a verdant23 glade24 in a thriving wood hard by the north shore of the Solway. In front of the cottage whose whitewashed25 walls were in full view of the ships which entered the Firth there was a patch of greensward. The country of that section of bonnie Scotland in which is the parish of Arbigland is rugged26 and broken. To the east and to the west, huge, craggy mountains shut in a thickly wooded plateau, diversified27 by clear, rapid streams abounding28 in fish. The fastnesses in the hills even then were covered with romantic ruins of decayed strongholds of feudal29 times, reminiscent of the days of the Black Douglasses and their men. The coast line, unusually stern and bold, is broken by many precipitous inlets, narrow and deep. At the foot of the cliffs at low tide broad stretches of sand are exposed to view, and the rapid rise of the tide makes these shelving beaches dangerous places upon which to linger. The water deepens abruptly30 beyond the beaches, and vessels32 under favorable circumstances are enabled to approach near the shore.
Amid such scenes as these the childhood of young Paul was passed. Like every thrifty33 Scots boy of the period, he had plenty of work to do in assisting his mother and father. The life of a Scots peasant of that time was one of hard and incessant35 toil36; his recreations were few, his food meager37, his opportunities limited, and the luxuries absent. Young John Paul ate his porridge and did his work like the rest. It would probably now be considered a sad and narrow life, which the stern and rigid38 austerity of the prevailing39 form of Calvinism did nothing to lighten. That gloomy religion, however, did produce men.
It was the parish school which shaped and molded the minds of the growing Scots, and it was the Kirk which shaped and directed the schools, and the one was not more thorough than the other. I doubt if anywhere on earth at that day was the standard of education among the common people higher and more universally reached than in Scotland. During the short school year Paul was sent religiously to the nearest parish school, where he was well grounded in the rudiments40 of solid learning with the thoroughness which made these little schools famous. No demands of labor41 were allowed to interfere42 with the claims of education. On Sunday he was religiously and regularly marched to the kirk to be duly inducted into the mysteries of the catechism, and thoroughly43 indoctrinated with the theory of predestination and its rigorous concomitants.
Of him, as of other boys, it is veraciously44 stated that he conceived a great fondness for the sea, and it is related that all his plays were of ships and sailors--a thing easily understood when it is remembered that his most impressionable hours were spent in sight and sound of the great deep, and that the white sails of ships upon the horizon were quite as familiar a picture to his youthful vision as the tree-clad hills and valleys of his native land. It is evident that he had no fancy for the garden. A man of action he, from his bib-and-tucker days. His chroniclers have loved to call attention to the fact that even as a lad he manifested the spirit of one born to rule, for in the sports and games it was his will which dominated his little group of comrades--and the Scotsman, even when he is a child, is not easily dominated, be it remembered. His was a healthy, vigorous boyhood.
His desire for the sea must have been stronger than the evanescent feeling which finds a place sooner or later in the life of most boys, for in 1759, with the full consent of his parents, he crossed the Solway to Whitehaven, the principal port of the Firth, where he was regularly bound apprentice19 to a merchant named Younger, who was engaged in the American trade. He was immediately sent to sea on the ship Friendship, Captain Benson, and at the tender age of twelve years he made his first voyage to the new land toward whose freedom and independence he was afterward46 destined47 to contribute so much. The destination of the ship happened to be the Rappahannock River. As it fortunately turned out, his elder brother, William, had some years before migrated to Virginia, where he had married and settled at Fredericksburg, and by his industry and thrift34 finally amassed48 a modest fortune. Young Paul at once conceived a great liking49 for America which never faltered50; long afterward he stated that he had been devoted51 to it from his youth.
The ship duties in port not being arduous52, the young apprentice, through the influence of his brother, was permitted to spend the period of the vessel31's stay in America on shore under the roof of his kinsman53. There he continued his studies with that zeal54 for knowledge which was one of his distinguishing characteristics, and which never left him in after life; for it is to be noted55 that he was always a student; indeed, had he not been so, his subsequent career would have been impossible. It was largely that habit of application, early acquired, that enabled him to advance himself beyond his original station. He especially applied56 himself to the science of navigation, the intricacies of which he speedily mastered, so that he became subsequently one of the most expert navigators that sailed the sea.
His natural inclination57 for the sea stood him in good stead, and he finally acquired a complete knowledge of the details of his trying profession. Upon the failure of Mr. Younger, who surrendered the indentures58 of young Paul to him as the only thing he could do for him in his present circumstances, he was sufficiently59 capable to receive an appointment as third mate on the slaver King George, of Whitehaven. A few years after, in 1766, being then but nineteen years of age, he was appointed to the most responsible position of chief mate of the slaver Two Friends, a brigantine of Jamaica. The contrast between the old and the new régime is brought vividly60 before us when we learn that to-day a cadet midshipman--the lowest naval rank at present--of the same age has still a year of schooling61 to undergo before he can even undertake the two years' probationary62 cruise at sea required before he can be commissioned in the lowest grade.
Slave trading was a popular and common vocation63 in that day, not reprehended64 as it would be at present. Gentlemen of substance and station did not scruple65 to engage in it, either as providing money and receiving profit, or as actually participating as master or supercargo of ships in the traffic. It is interesting to note that young Paul, as he grew in years and acquired character, became intensely dissatisfied with slaving. The sense of the cruelties, iniquities66, and injustice67 of the trade developed in him with coming manhood, and gradually took such possession of him that, as was stated by his relatives and himself, he finally resolved to withdraw from it.
This determination, scarcely to be expected from one of his birth and circumstances, was greatly to his credit. The business itself was a most stirring and lucrative68 one, and for a young man to have attained69 the rank he enjoyed so early in life was evidence that he need have no fear but that the future would bring him further advancement70 and corresponding pecuniary71 reward. In this decision he was certainly in advance of his time as well; but that love of liberty which had been bred in him by the free air of the bold hills of his native land, and which afterward became the master passion of his life, for which he drew his sword, was undoubtedly72 heightened and intensified73 by this close personal touch with the horrors of involuntary servitude.
In the year 1768, therefore, giving up his position on the Two Friends, he sailed as a passenger in the brigantine John, bound for Kirkcudbright. It happened that the captain and mate of the vessel both died of fever during the voyage, and at the request of the crew Paul assumed command and brought the vessel safely to her port. Currie, Beck & Co., the owners of the John, were so pleased with this exploit that they appointed young Paul master and supercargo of the vessel, in which he made two voyages to the West Indies. He was a captain, therefore, and a merchant at the age of twenty-one. The owners of the John dissolved partnership74 on the completion of his second voyage, and disposed of the ship, giving Paul the following honorable certificate upon his discharge from their employ:
"These do certify75 to whom it may concern, that the bearer, Captain John Paul, was two voyages master of a vessel called the John, in our employ in the West India trade, during which time he approved himself every way qualified76 both as a navigator and supercargo; but as our present firm is dissolved, the vessel was sold, and of course he is out of our employ, all accounts between him and the owners being amicably77 adjusted. Certified78 at Kirkcudbright this 1st April, 1771.
"Currie, Beck & Co."
One incident in his West Indian service is worthy79 of mention, because it afterward crept out in a very ugly manner. On the second voyage of the John the carpenter, a man named Mungo Maxwell, formerly of Kirkcudbright, who had been mutinous80, was severely81 flogged by the order of Paul. Maxwell was discharged at the island of Tobago. He immediately caused Paul to be summoned before the judge of the vice-admiralty court for assault. The judge, after hearing the testimony82 and statement of Captain Paul, dismissed the complaint as frivolous83. Maxwell subsequently entered on a Barcelona packet, and in a voyage of the latter ship from Tobago to Antigua died of a fever. Out of this was built up a calumny84 to the effect that Maxwell had been so badly punished by Paul that he died from his injuries. When Paul was in the Russian service years afterward the slander85 was enhanced by the statement that Maxwell was his nephew. There was nothing whatever in the charge.
After his retirement86 from the command of the John he engaged in local trading with the Isle87 of Man. It has been charged that he was a smuggler88 during this period; but he specifically and vehemently89 denied the allegation, and it is certain that the first entry of goods shipped from England to the Isle of Man, after it was annexed90 to the crown, stands in his name on the custom-house books of the town of Douglas. Soon after this he commanded a ship, the Betsy, of London, in the West India trade, in which he engaged in mercantile speculations91 on his own account at Tobago and Grenada, until the year 1773, when he went to Virginia again to take charge of the affairs of his brother William, who had died intestate, leaving neither wife nor children.
Very little is known of his life from this period until his entry into the public service of the United States. From remarks in his journal and correspondence, it is evident, in spite of his brother's property, to which he was heir, and some other property and money which he had amassed by trading, which was invested in the island of Tobago, West Indies, that he continued for some time in very straitened circumstances. He speaks of having lived for nearly two years on the small sum of fifty pounds. It is probable that his poverty was due to his inability to realize upon his brother's estate, and the difficulty of getting a return of his West Indian investments, on account of the unsettled political conditions, though they were of considerable value. During this period, however, he took that step which has been a puzzle to so many of his biographers, and which he never explained in any of his correspondence that remains. He came to America under the name of John Paul; he reappeared after this period of obscurity under the name of John Paul Jones.
It is claimed by the descendants of the Jones family of North Carolina that while in Fredericksburg the young mariner92 made the acquaintance of the celebrated93 Willie (pronounced Wylie) Jones, one of the leading attorneys and politicians of North Carolina. Jones and his brother Allen were people of great prominence94 and influence in that province. It was Jones' influence, by the way, which in later years postponed95 the ratification96 of the proposed Constitution of the United States by North Carolina. Willie Jones seems to have attended to the legal side of Paul's claims to his deceased brother's estate, and a warm friendship sprang up between the two young men, so dissimilar in birth and breeding, which, it is alleged97, ended in an invitation to young Paul to visit Jones and his brother on their plantations98.
The lonely, friendless little Scotsman gratefully accepted the invitation--the society of gentle people always delighted him; he ever loved to mingle100 with great folk throughout his life--and passed a long period at "The Grove," in Northampton County, the residence of Willie, and at "Mount Gallant101," in Halifax County, the home of Allen. While there, he was thrown much in the society of the wife of Willie Jones, a lady noted and remembered for her graces of mind and person, and who, by the way, made the famous answer to Tarleton's sneer--wholly unfounded, of course--at the gallant Colonel William A. Washington for his supposed illiteracy102. Morgan and Washington had defeated Tarleton decisively at the Cowpens, and in the course of the action Washington and Tarleton had met in personal encounter. Washington had severely wounded Tarleton in the hand. The Englishman had only escaped capture by prompt flight and the speed of his horse. "Washington," said the sneering103 partisan104 to Mrs. Jones, "why, I hear he can't even write his name!" "No?" said the lady quietly and interrogatively, letting her eyes fall on a livid scar across Tarleton's hand, "Well, he can make his mark, at any rate."
The Jones brothers were men of culture and refinement105. They were Eton boys, and had completed their education by travel and observation in Europe. That they should have become so attached to the young sailor as to have made him their guest for long periods, and cherished the highest regard for him subsequently, is an evidence of the character and quality of the man. Probably for the first time in his life Paul was introduced to the society of refined and cultivated people. A new horizon opened before him, and he breathed, as it were, another atmosphere. Life for him assumed a different complexion106. Always an interesting personality, with his habits of thought, assiduous study, coupled with the responsibilities of command, he needed but a little contact with gentle people and polite society to add to his character those graces of manner which are the final crown of the gentleman, and which the best of his contemporaries have borne testimony he did not lack. The impression made upon him by the privilege of this association was of the deepest, and he gave to his new friends, and to Mrs. Jones especially, a warm-hearted affection and devotion amounting to veneration107.
It is not improbable, also, that in the society in which he found himself--and it must be remembered that North Carolina was no less fervidly108 patriotic109, no less desirous of independence, than Massachusetts: it was at Mecklenburg that the first declaration took place--the intense love of personal liberty and independence in his character which had made him abandon the slave trade was further developed, and that during this period he finally determined110 to become a resident of the new land; a resolution that made him cast his lot with the other colonists111 when the inevitable112 rupture113 came about.
It is stated that in view of this determination on his part to begin life anew in this country, and as a mark of the affection and gratitude114 he entertained for the family of his benefactors115, he assumed the name of Jones. It was a habit in some secluded116 parts of Scotland and in Wales to take the father's Christian117 name as a surname also, and this may have been in his mind at the time. He did not assume the name of Jones, however, out of any disregard for his family or from any desire to disguise himself from them, for, although he last saw them in 1771, he ever continued in correspondence with them, and found means, whatever his circumstances, to make them frequent remittances118 of money during his busy life. To them he left all his property at his death. It is certain, therefore, that for no reason for which he had cause to be ashamed did he affix119 the name of Jones to his birth name, and it may be stated that whatever name he took he honored. Henceforth in this volume he will be known by the name which he made so famous.[2]
One other incident of this period is noteworthy. During his visit to North Carolina he was introduced by the Jones brothers to Joseph Hewes, of Edenton, one of the delegates from North Carolina to the first and second Provincial120 Congresses, and a signer of the great Declaration of Independence. In Congress Hewes was a prominent member of the Committee on Naval Affairs, upon which devolved the work of beginning and carrying on the navy of the Revolution. When the war broke out Paul Jones was still living in Virginia. But when steps were taken to organize a navy for the revolted colonies, attracted by the opportunities presented in that field of service in which he was a master, and glad of the chance for maintaining a cause so congenial to his habit of life and thought, he formally tendered his services to his adopted country. The influence of Willie Jones and Hewes was secured, and on the 7th of December, 1775, Jones was appointed a lieutenant121 in the new Continental122 navy.
Additional note on the assumption of the name of Jones.
Mr. Augustus C. Buell, in his exhaustive and valuable study of Paul Jones, published since this book was written, states that the name was assumed by him in testamentary succession to his brother, who had added the name of Jones at the instance of a wealthy planter named William Jones, who had adopted him. Mr. Buell's authority rests on tradition and the statements made by Mr. Louden, a great-grandnephew of the commodore (since dead), and of the sometime owner of the Jones plantation99. On the other hand, in addition to the letters quoted in the Appendix, I have received many others from different sources, tending to confirm the version given by me. Among them is one from a Fredericksburg antiquarian, who claims that William Paul never bore the name of Jones in Fredericksburg. General Cadwallader Jones (who died in 1899, aged45 eighty-six), in a privately123 published biography, also states explicitly124 that he heard the story from Mrs. Willie Jones herself. Mr. Buell, in a recent letter to me, calls attention to the fact--and it is significant--that absolutely no reference to the North Carolina claim appears in any extant letter of the commodore, and claims that Hewes and Jones were acquainted before John Paul settled in America. As the official records have all been destroyed, the matter of the name will probably never be absolutely determined.
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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calumniated
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| v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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tenaciously
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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memoir
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| n.[pl.]回忆录，自传；记事录 | |
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precursor
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| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
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bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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forsook
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apprentice
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apprenticeship
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| n.学徒身份；学徒期 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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bucolic
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| adj.乡村的；牧羊的 | |
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verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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glade
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| n.林间空地，一片表面有草的沼泽低地 | |
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whitewashed
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| 粉饰，美化，掩饰( whitewash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rugged
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diversified
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| adj.多样化的，多种经营的v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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feudal
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abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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incessant
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toil
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meager
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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rudiments
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| n.基础知识，入门 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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thoroughly
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veraciously
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| adv.诚实地 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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amassed
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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faltered
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| （嗓音）颤抖( falter的过去式和过去分词 )； 支吾其词； 蹒跚； 摇晃 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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54
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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58
indentures
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| vt.以契约束缚（indenture的第三人称单数形式） | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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schooling
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| n.教育；正规学校教育 | |
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probationary
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| 试用的，缓刑的 | |
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vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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reprehended
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| v.斥责，指摘，责备( reprehend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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66
iniquities
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| n.邪恶( iniquity的名词复数 )；极不公正 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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71
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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intensified
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| v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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certify
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| vt.证明，证实；发证书(或执照)给 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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83
frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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smuggler
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| n.走私者 | |
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vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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ratification
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| n.批准，认可 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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100
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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102
illiteracy
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| n.文盲 | |
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103
sneering
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| 嘲笑的，轻蔑的 | |
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104
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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107
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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108
fervidly
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| adv.热情地，激情地 | |
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109
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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111
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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112
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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113
rupture
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| n.破裂；(关系的)决裂；v.(使)破裂 | |
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114
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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115
benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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117
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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118
remittances
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| n.汇寄( remittance的名词复数 )；汇款，汇款额 | |
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119
affix
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| n.附件，附录 vt.附贴，盖(章)，签署 | |
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120
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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121
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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122
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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123
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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124
explicitly
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| ad.明确地，显然地 | |
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