The British fleet having left Newport in the interim2, on the 24th of April, 1776, the American squadron got under way from New London for Providence, Rhode Island. The ships were in bad condition; sickness had broken out among their crews, and no less than two hundred and two men out of a total of perhaps eight hundred and fifty--at best an insufficient3 complement--were left ill at New London. Their places were in a measure supplied by one hundred and seventy soldiers, lent to the squadron by General Washington, who had happened to pass through New London, en route to New York, on the day after Hopkins' arrival. There was a pleasant interview between the two commanders, and it was then that Jones caught his first glimpse of the great leader.
The voyage to New London was made without incident, except that the unfortunate Alfred grounded off Fisher's Island, and had to lighten ship before she could be floated. This delayed her passage so that she did not arrive at Newport until the 28th of April. The health of the squadron was not appreciably4 bettered by the change, for over one hundred additional men fell ill. Many of the seamen5 had been enlisted6 for the cruise only, and they now received their discharge, so that the crews of the already undermanned ships were so depleted8 from these causes that it would be impossible for them to put to sea. Washington, who was hard pressed for men, and had troubles of his own, demanded the immediate9 return to New York of the soldiers he had lent to the fleet. The captain of the Providence being under orders for a court-martial for his conduct, on the 10th of May Hopkins appointed John Paul Jones to the command of the Providence.
The appointment is an evidence of the esteem10 in which Jones was held by his commanding officer, and is a testimony11 to the confidence which was felt in his ability and skill; for he alone, out of all the officers in the squadron, was chosen for important sea service at this time. Having no blank commissions by him, Hopkins made out the new commission on the back of Jones' original commission as first lieutenant12. It is a matter of interest to note that he was the first officer promoted to command rank from a lieutenancy13 in the American navy. His first orders directed him to take Washington's borrowed men to New York. After spending a brief time in hurriedly overhauling15 the brig and preparing her for the voyage, Jones set sail for New York, which he reached on the 18th of May, after thirty-six hours. Having returned the men, Jones remained at New York in accordance with his orders until he could enlist7 a crew, which he presently succeeded in doing. Thereafter, under supplemental orders, he ran over to New London, took on board such of the men left there who were sufficiently16 recovered to be able to resume their duties, and came back and reported with them to the commander-in-chief at Providence. He had performed his duties, routine though they were, expeditiously17 and properly.
He now received instructions thoroughly18 to overhaul14 and fit the Providence for active cruising. She was hove down, had her bottom scraped, and was entirely19 refitted and provisioned under Jones's skillful and practical direction. Her crew was exercised constantly at small arms and great guns, and every effort made to put her in first-class condition. In spite of the limited means at hand, she became a model little war vessel20. On June 10th a sloop21 of war belonging to the enemy appeared off the bay, and in obedience22 to a signal from the commodore Jones made sail to engage. Before he caught sight of the vessel she sought safety in flight. On the 13th of June the Providence was ordered to Newburyport, Massachusetts, to convoy23 a number of merchant vessels24 loaded with coal for Philadelphia. Before entering upon this important duty, however, Jones was directed to accompany the tender Fly, loaded with cannon25, toward New York, and, after seeing her safely into the Sound, convoy some merchant vessels from Stonington to Newport.
There were a number of the enemy's war vessels cruising in these frequented waters, and the carrying out of Jones' simple orders was by no means an easy task; but by address and skill, and that careful watchfulness26 which even then formed a part of his character, he succeeded in executing all his duties without losing a single vessel under his charge. He had one or two exciting encounters with English war ships, the details of which are unfortunately not preserved. In one instance, by boldly interposing the Providence between the British frigate27 Cerberus and a colonial brigantine loaded with military stores from Hispaniola, he diverted the attention of the frigate to his own vessel, and drew her away from the pursuit of the helpless merchantman, which thereby28 effected her escape. Then the Providence, a swift little brig admirably handled, easily succeeded in shaking off her pursuer, although she had allowed the frigate to come within gunshot range. The brigantine whose escape Jones had thus assured was purchased into the naval29 service and renamed the Hampden.
The coal fleet had assembled at Boston instead of Newburyport, and in pursuance of his original orders Jones brought them safely to the capes30 of the Delaware on the 1st of August. The run to Philadelphia was soon made, and Hopkins' appointment, under which he was acting31, was ratified32 by the Congress, and the commission of captain was given him, dated the 8th of August, 1776.
Hitherto Jones, like all the others engaged in the war, had been a subject of England, a colonist33 in rebellion against the crown. By the Declaration of Independence he had become a citizen of the United States engaged in maintaining the independence and securing the liberty of his adopted country. The change was most agreeable to him. It added a dignity and value to his commission which could not fail to be acceptable to a man of his temperament34. It was pleasant to him also to have the confidence of his commander-in-chief, which had been shown in the appointment to the command of the Providence, justified35 by the government in the commission which had been issued to him.
Jones had made choice of his course of action in the struggle between kingdom and colony deliberately36, not carried away by any enthusiasm of the moment, but moved by the most generous sentiments of liberty and independence. He had much at stake, and he was embarked37 in that particular profession fraught38 with peculiar39 dangers not incident to the life of a soldier. It must have been, therefore, with the greatest satisfaction that he perceived opportunities opening before him in that cause to which he had devoted40 himself, and in that service of which he was a master. A foreigner with but scant41 acquaintance and little influence in America, he had to make his way by sheer merit. The value of what has been subsequently called "a political pull" with the Congress was as well known then as it is now, and nearly as much used, too. He practically had none. Nevertheless, his foot was already upon that ladder upon which he intended to mount to the highest round eventually. He was not destined42 to realize his ambition, however, without a heartbreaking struggle against uncalled-for restraint, and a continued protest against active injustice43 which tried his very soul.
It was first proposed by the Marine44 Committee that he return to New England and assume command of the Hampden, but he wisely preferred to remain in the Providence for the time being. He thoroughly knew the ship and the crew, over which he had gained that ascendency he always enjoyed with those who sailed under his command. Not so much by mistaken kindness or indulgence did he win the devotion of his men--for he was ever a stern and severe, though by no means a merciless, disciplinarian--but because of his undoubted courage, brilliant seamanship, splendid audacity46, and uniform success. There is an attraction about these qualities which is exercised perhaps more powerfully upon seamen than upon any other class. The profession of a sailor is one in which immediate decision, address, resource, and courage are more in evidence than in any other. The seaman45 in an emergency has but little time for reflection, and in the hour of peril48, when the demand is made upon him, he must choose the right course instantly--as it were by instinct.
With large discretion49 in his orders, which were practically to cruise at pleasure and destroy the enemy's commerce, the Providence left the Delaware on the 21st of August. In the first week of the cruise she captured the brigs Sea Nymph, Favorite, and Britannia; the first two laden50 with rum, sugar, etc., and the last a whaler. These rich prizes were all manned and sent in.
On the morning of the 1st of September, being in the latitude51 of the Bermudas, five vessels were sighted to leeward52. The sea was moderately smooth, with a fresh breeze blowing at the time, and the Providence immediately ran off toward the strangers to investigate. It appeared to the observers on Jones' brig that the largest was an East Indiaman and the others ordinary merchant vessels. They were in error, however, in their conclusions, for a nearer approach disclosed the fact that the supposed East Indiaman was a frigate of twenty-eight guns, called the Solebay. Jones immediately hauled his wind and clapped on sail. The frigate, which had endeavored to conceal53 her force with the hope of enticing54 the Providence under her guns, at once made sail in pursuit. The Providence was a smart goer, and so was the Solebay. The two vessels settled down for a long chase. On the wind it became painfully evident that the frigate had the heels of the brig. With burning anxiety Jones and his officers saw the latter gradually closing with them. Shot from her bow-chasers, as she came within range, rushed through the air at the little American sloop of war, which now hoisted55 her colors and returned the fire. Seeing this, the Solebay set an American ensign, and fired one or two guns to leeward in token of amity56, but Jones was not to be taken in by any transparent57 ruse58 of this character. He held on, grimly determined59. As the Solebay drew nearer she ceased firing, confident in her ability to capture the chase, for which, indeed, there appeared no escape.
An ordinary seaman, even though a brave man, would probably have given up the game in his mind, though his devotion to duty would have compelled him to continue the fight until actually overhauled60, but Jones had no idea of being captured then. Already a plan of escape had developed in his fertile brain. Communicating his intentions to his officers, he completed his preparations, and only awaited the favorable moment for action. The Solebay had crept up to within one hundred yards of the lee quarter of the Providence. If the frigate yawed and delivered a broadside the brig would be sunk or crippled and captured. Now was the time, if ever, to put his plan in operation. If the maneuver61 failed, it would be all up with the Americans. As usual, Jones boldly staked all on the issue of the moment. As a preliminary the helm had been put slightly a-weather, and the brig allowed to fall off to leeward a little, so bringing the Solebay almost dead astern--if anything, a little to windward. In anticipation62 of close action, as Jones had imagined, the English captain had loaded his guns with grape shot, which, of course, would only be effective at short range. Should the Englishman get the Providence under his broadside, a well-aimed discharge of grape would clear her decks and enable him to capture the handsome brig without appreciably damaging her.
From his knowledge of the qualities of the Providence, Jones felt sure that going free--that is, with the wind aft, or on the quarter--he could run away from his pursuer. The men, of course, had been sent to their stations long since. The six 4-pounders, which constituted the lee battery, were quietly manned, the guns being double-shotted with grape and solid shot. The studding sails--light sails calculated to give a great increase in the spread of canvas to augment63 the speed of the ship in a light breeze, which could be used to advantage going free and in moderate winds--were brought out and prepared for immediate use. Everything having been made ready, and the men cautioned to pay strict attention to orders, and to execute them with the greatest promptitude and celerity, Jones suddenly put his helm hard up.
The handy Providence spun64 around on her heel like a top, and in a trice was standing65 boldly across the forefoot of the onrushing English frigate. When she lay squarely athwart the bows of the Solebay Jones gave the order to fire, and the little battery of 4-pounders barked out its gallant66 salute67 and poured its solid shot and grape into the eyes of the frigate. In the confusion of the moment, owing to the suddenness of the unexpected maneuver, and the raking he had received, the English captain lost his head. Before he could realize what had happened, the Providence, partially68 concealed69 by the smoke from her own guns, had drawn70 past him, and, covered with great wide-reaching clouds of light canvas by the nimble fingers of her anxious crew, was ripping through the water at a great rate at a right angle to her former direction.
When the Solebay, rapidly forging ahead, crossed the stern of the saucy71 American a few moments after, she delivered a broadside, which at that range, as the guns were loaded with grape shot, did little damage to the brig and harmed no one. The distance was too great and the guns were badly aimed. By the time the Solebay had emulated72 the maneuvers73 of the Providence and had run off, the latter had gained so great a lead that her escape was practically effected. The English frigate proved to be unable to outfoot the American brig on this course, and after firing upward of a hundred shot at her the Solebay gave over the pursuit. This escape has ever been counted one of the most daring and subtle pieces of seamanship and skill among the many with which the records of the American navy abound74. As subsequent events proved, the failure to capture Jones was most unfortunate on the part of the English.
Jones now shaped his course for the Banks of Newfoundland, to break up the fishing industry and let the British know that ravaging75 the coast, which they had begun, was a game at which two could play. On the 16th and 17th of the month he ran into a heavy gale76, so severe in character that he was forced to strike his guns into the hold on account of the rolling of the brig. The gale abated77 on the 19th, and on the 20th of September, the day being pleasant, the Providence was hove to and the men were preparing to enjoy a day of rest and amusement, fishing for cod78, when in the morning two sail appeared to windward. As Jones was preparing to beat up and investigate them, they saved him that trouble by changing their course and running down toward him. They proved to be a merchant ship and a British frigate, the Milford, 32.
Jones kept the Providence under easy canvas until he learned the force of the enemy, and then made all sail to escape. Finding that he was very much faster than his pursuer, he amused himself during one whole day by ranging ahead and then checking his speed until the frigate would get almost within range, when he would run off again and repeat the performance. It was naturally most tantalizing79 to the officers of the Milford, and they vented80 their wrath81 in futile82 broadsides whenever there appeared the least possibility of reaching the Providence. After causing the enemy to expend83 a large quantity of powder and shot, having tired of the game, Jones contemptuously discharged a musket84 at them and sailed away.
On the 21st of September he appeared off the island of Canso, one of the principal fishing depots85 of the Grand Banks. He sent his boat in that night to gain information, and on the 22d he anchored in the harbor. There were three fishing schooners87 there, one of which he burned, one he scuttled88, and the third, called the Ebenezer, he loaded with the fish taken from the two he had destroyed, and manned as a prize. After replenishing his wood and water, on the 23d he sailed up to Isle89 Madame, having learned that the fishing fleet was lying there dismantled90 for the winter. Beating to and fro with the Providence off the island, on that same evening he sent an expedition of twenty-five men in a shallop which he had captured at Canso, accompanied by a fully47 manned boat from the Providence. Both crews were heavily armed. The expedition captured the fishing fleet of nine vessels without loss. The crews of most of them, numbering some three hundred men, were ashore91 at the time, and the vessels were dismantled. Jones promised that if the men ashore would help to refit the vessels he desired to take with him as prizes, he would leave them a sufficient number of boats to enable them to regain92 their homes. By his ready address he actually persuaded them to comply with his request, and the unfortunate Englishmen labored93 assiduously to get the ships ready for sea.
On the 25th of September their preparations were completed, but a violent autumn gale blew up, and their situation became one of great peril. The Providence, anchored in Great St. Peter Channel, rode it out with two anchors down to a long scope of cable. The ship Alexander and the schooner86 Sea Flower, which were heavily laden with valuable plunder94, had also reached the same channel. The Alexander succeeded in making an anchorage under a point of rocks which sheltered her, and enabled her to sustain the shock of the gale unharmed. The Sea Flower was driven on the lee shore, and, being hopelessly wrecked95, was scuttled and fired the next day. The Ebenezer, loaded with fish from Canso, was also wrecked. The gale had abated about noon, when, after burning the ship Adventure, dismantled and in ballast, and leaving a brig and two small schooners to enable the English seamen to reach home, the Providence, accompanied by the Alexander and the brigs Kingston Packet and Success, got under way for home. On the 27th the Providence, in spite of the fact that she was now very short-handed on account of the several prizes she had manned, chased two armed transports apparently96 bound in for Quebec, which managed to make good their escape. The little squadron resumed its course, and arrived safely at Rhode Island without further mishap97 on the 7th of October.
On this remarkable98 cruise Jones had captured sixteen vessels, eight of which he manned and sent in as prizes, destroying five of the remainder, and generously leaving three for the unfortunate fishermen to reach their homes. He had carried out his orders to sink, burn, destroy, and capture with characteristic thoroughness, but without needless cruelty and oppression. He burned no dwelling99 houses, and turned no non-combatants out of their homes in the middle of winter, as Mowatt had done at Falmouth. He had entirely broken up the fishery at Canso, had escaped by the exercise of the highest seamanship from one British frigate, and had led another a merry dance in impotent pursuit. Property belonging to the enemy had been destroyed to the value of perhaps a million of dollars in round numbers, not to speak of the effect upon their pride by the bold cruising of the little brig of twelve 4-pound guns and seventy men.
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1
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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interim
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| adj.暂时的，临时的；n.间歇，过渡期间 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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appreciably
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| adv.相当大地 | |
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seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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depleted
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| adj. 枯竭的, 废弃的 动词deplete的过去式和过去分词 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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10
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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lieutenancy
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| n.中尉之职，代理官员 | |
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overhaul
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| v./n.大修，仔细检查 | |
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overhauling
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| n.大修；拆修；卸修；翻修v.彻底检查( overhaul的现在分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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expeditiously
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| adv.迅速地，敏捷地 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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watchfulness
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| 警惕，留心； 警觉（性） | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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capes
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| 碎谷； 斗篷( cape的名词复数 )； 披肩； 海角； 岬 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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colonist
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| n.殖民者，移民 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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42
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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50
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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leeward
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| adj.背风的；下风的 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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enticing
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| adj.迷人的；诱人的 | |
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hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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ruse
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| n.诡计，计策；诡计 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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overhauled
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| v.彻底检查( overhaul的过去式和过去分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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maneuver
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| n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略 | |
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anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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69
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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70
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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saucy
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| adj.无礼的；俊俏的；活泼的 | |
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72
emulated
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| v.与…竞争( emulate的过去式和过去分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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73
maneuvers
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| n.策略，谋略，花招( maneuver的名词复数 ) | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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ravaging
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| 毁坏( ravage的现在分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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76
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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77
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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78
cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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79
tantalizing
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| adj.逗人的；惹弄人的；撩人的；煽情的v.逗弄，引诱，折磨( tantalize的现在分词 ) | |
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80
vented
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| 表达，发泄（感情，尤指愤怒）( vent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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82
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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83
expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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84
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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85
depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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88
scuttled
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| v.使船沉没( scuttle的过去式和过去分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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90
dismantled
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| 拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 )； 拆卸； 废除； 取消 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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95
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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96
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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97
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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98
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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99
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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