We left Ortiz as usual, very early the next morning, stumbling here and there amidst the mass of loose stones which paved the way all along the winding1 bed of the quebrada. In proportion as we advanced on our route, the hills decreased in size, while the loose stones seemed to increase in quantity. The splendid groves2 of hardy3 and balsamiferous trees, which near Ortiz formed an almost impenetrable forest, gradually became less imposing4 in appearance, until they were replaced by thickets5 of thorny6 bushes, chiefly composed of several species of mimosas, with a delicate and feathery foliage7. The traveller accustomed to the shade of a luxuriant vegetation, and to the sight of cultivated valleys, is struck by the rapid diminution8 of the former, and the total disappearance9 of the latter, as he emerges from the Galeras of Ortiz: yet he is somewhat compensated10 by the almost overpowering perfume shed by masses of the canary-colored blossoms with which these shrubs11 are loaded, from the
Image unavailable: THE LLANOS.
THE LLANOS.
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summits down to the bending branches that trail the ground at every passing breeze.
Suddenly we entered a widely-extended tract12 of level land almost destitute13 of vegetation. With the exception of a few clumps14 of palm-trees with fan-like leaves, nothing but short grass covered its entire surface, almost realizing the idea of “an ocean covered with sea-weed.” A dense15 mass of vapor16 pervading17 the atmosphere obscured the horizon, while the fan-palms, seen from afar, appeared like ships enveloped18 in a fog. Gradually the circle of the heavens seemed to close around us, until we became, as it were, encompassed19 by the sky. We were, in fact, treading the shores of the great basin of the Llanos, over one of the ancient shoals or Mesas, which, like successive terraces, now form the borders of those grassy20 oceans known as the Pampas. This was the Mesa de Paya, the seat of one of the cattle-farms to which we were bound.
After wandering for nearly three hours over this monotonous21 landscape without compass, and guided only by certain landmarks22 known to the vaqueanos, we came unexpectedly upon the borders of the Mesa, which commands an extensive view of the lower savannas23. As if by magic the dreary24 scene changed to one of the most glorious panoramas26 in existence. At our feet lay a beautiful expanse of meadow, fresh and smooth as the best cultivated lawn, with troops of horses and countless27 herds28 of cattle dispersed30 all over the plain. Several glittering ponds, alive with all varieties of aquatic31 birds, reflected upon their limpid32 surface the broad-leaved{28} crowns of the fan-palms, towering above verdant33 groves of laurel, amyris, and elm-like robles. Further beyond, and as far as the eye could reach, the undulating plain appeared like a petrified34 ocean, after the sweeping35 tempest.
But I feel that my descriptions fall short of the reality, and that I am unable to depict36 the harmonious37 effects of light and shade, and the blending of the various tints38 of green, blue and purple, dispersed over this extensive panorama25; the gentle undulations of the plain; the towering palms gracefully39 fanning the glowing atmosphere with their majestic40 crowns of broad and shining leaves; and myriad41 other beauties difficult to enumerate42.
I could scarcely tear myself away from the spot, so fascinated was I with the novelty of the scene. My companions, more concerned for the speedy termination of the journey than the beautiful in nature, set off at a brisk trot43 towards the house, which was at no great distance. Fearing to lose my way among the intricate paths leading to it, I was compelled to follow in their wake, stopping occasionally to gaze once more upon those enchanting44 groves, which seemed to return me to the highly cultivated fields and green meadows of glorious “Old England,” whence I had just returned.
On descending45 to the plain below, my attention was attracted to an unsightly group of palm-thatched huts, looking more like huge bee-hives than the abode46 of human beings. A formidable fence of palm trunks surrounded the premises47, and several acres of ground beyond. These were the corrals, or enclosures{29} where the training of the fierce herds was practised by the hardy dwellers48 of the Llanos; but no signs of cultivation49, or aught else connected with the rural occupations of the farmer, were visible in the neighborhood. Presently the cavalcade50 stopped before the gate, and all the individuals composing it dismounted and began to unsaddle their horses amidst the barking of a legion of dogs, and the braying51 of all the donkeys in the vicinity.
This was the hato or cattle-farm of San Pablo we were in quest of, famous in the annals of the civil wars in Venezuela, as the occasional head-quarters of the constitutional armies, commanded by the owner of this farm. Our leader was received at the entrance of his estate, by a grave and elderly negro slave, who acted as overseer, and had under his control all the men and property attached to it. Kneeling upon the stony52 court-yard, he kissed the hand extended to him in friendly greeting, after which he proceeded to unsaddle his master’s horse, which he led to a pond within the enclosure, where the horses were watered.
We purposed remaining a few days at San Pablo, with the object of incorporating some fresh relays of mules53 and horses from the abundant stock of this estate: so we of the staff installed ourselves under the palm-roof of our rustic54 mansion55, while the rank and file of the expedition found accommodation in the open barracoons adjoining it; although none of the party had reason to boast of being better off than their neighbor.
“It is sad when pleasing first impressions are obliterated,” remarks a sentimental56 writer; “always{30} painful to become desenchanté on a more intimate acquaintance with either people or places.” I soon found that I was not in the fairy land I had imagined, abounding58 in grottos59 and refreshed by sparkling fountains, but in the region of the Llanos where the French adage60, chacun pour soi et Dieu pour tous, is verified to its fullest extent. San Pablo, with its vaunted prestige, and in spite of its proximity61 to several important marts, was no better provided with accommodations than the untidy douar of the wandering Arab of the Desert. A rickety table standing62 against the wall for fear of tumbling down, two or three clumsy cedar63 chairs covered with raw-hide, and a couple of grass hammocks, serving the double purpose of beds and lounges, constituted all the furniture of the great farm. As a substitute for wardrobes and hat-stands, we were shown a number of deer-antlers and bull-horns imbedded in the walls of reeds and mud, on which to hang our pouches64, bridles65, &c. I searched in vain, on our arrival, for something like a bowl in which to lave my hands and face, covered with dust and parched66 by the broiling67 sun of the savannas. Even water was so scarce that it was served to us sparingly from a large calabash gourd68 used in bringing it from the river, nearly a mile distant. It is true there was, within the enclosure of the houses, a pond or excavation69, made while searching for the remains70 of a brave officer who fell fighting for his country’s freedom. Sufficient water had accumulated there during the rainy season to entitle it to the name of Laguna, or Lake of Genaro Vazquez, the name of the afore-mentioned hero; but it was so filled with{31} Bavas—a small species of alligator,—terrapins, and toads71, as to render the water undrinkable.
But to return to our head-quarters, the structure of which struck me so forcibly at first as a bee-hive of vast proportions, naturally suggesting the idea of a “land of milk and honey.” Unfortunately neither of these could be obtained either for love or money, although the woods and pastures of the estate abounded72 in both the creatures that produced them. So we were compelled to resort to our reserved stock of papelon to sweeten our coffee, and to its own delicious natural aroma73 in the place of milk. As to the house itself, it only differed from the rest in that region in being larger, and perhaps in better order than are the generality. Imagine a pyramidal structure, thatched with palm leaves, the roof slanting74 to within a few feet of the ground, and supported on stout75 posts of live timber, which served also as framework for the walls, and you will have some idea of the style of architecture peculiar76 to the country. Doors and windows are of no account in a country uniformly warm throughout the year, and where the inhabitants possess few articles capable of tempting77 the cupidity78 of light-fingered gentry79. Therefore, an ox-hide stretched across the openings left in the walls to admit light and the inmates80, is all that is required to keep off uninvited guests. As an exception, to this rule, our mansion of San Pablo had one or two rooms set apart for invalids81, provided with doors and windows of solid planks82 of timber in the rough; the other apartments had the upper half of the walls purposely left open, to admit full and free entrance of light and air. A{32} narrow piazza83 or corridor, formed by the slanting of the roof to within five feet of the ground, ran along the entire length of the main building, and was intended more as a protection to the rooms against the sun and rains, than as a resort for the inmates.
The first step, on arriving, was to secure a place in the open reception room, for my own chattels84 and hammock, before all the spare posts and hooks had been appropriated by my companions. This accomplished85, I proceeded to a thorough examination of my saddle and its accoutrements, so as to have them adapted to the peculiar mode of travelling in the Llanos. This care I left to the good judgment86 of our attendants, not being myself sufficiently87 skilled in the art of mending, greasing, and putting in order the complicated gear of our riding equipment. In the same predicament were also my two English companions, and our worthy88 doctor; a kind word, however, addressed to the good-natured Llaneros—especially if accompanied with a drop of aguardiente—never failed of enlisting89 their services in our favor.
Habit, as well as necessity, is sometimes the mother of invention, as my experience soon taught me that, to get along in my new quarters, it would be requisite90 to set aside the airs and insignia of civilization. Divesting91 myself, therefore, of all such superfluities as coat, cravat92, pants, and shoes, I adopted the less cumbrous attire93 of the Llaneros, consisting mainly of breeches tightly buttoned at the knee, and a loose shirt, usually of a bright checkered94 pattern. Shoes are altogether dispensed95 with in a country like the Llanos, subject to drenching96 rains, and covered with{33} mud during a great portion of the year, besides the inconvenience they offer to the rider in holding the stirrup securely when in chase of wild animals. The leg, however, is well protected from the thorns and cutting grass of the savannas by a neat legging or botin, made of buffskin, tightly buttoned down the calf97 by knobs or studs of highly polished silver. Another characteristic article of dress, and one in which the wearers take great pride, is the linen98 checkered handkerchief, loosely worn around the head. Its object is ostensibly to protect it from the intensity99 of the sun’s rays; but the constant habit of wearing it has rendered the handkerchief as indispensable a headdress to the Llaneros as is the cravat to the neck of the city gentleman.
One angle of the building was devoted100 to the kitchen, and rooms for the overseer and his family; the other was set apart for a store-room, suggesting hidden treasures of good things for the comfort of the inner man. Being naturally inquisitive101, I lost no time in investigating the contents of the bodega; but instead of sweetmeats, fresh cheese, or even bread, and butter,—articles of easy manufacture in the Llanos, on which I had feasted my imagination,—I found the place filled with roaches, pack-saddles, old bridles, lazos, and tasajo or jerked beef. This last is prepared by cutting fresh beef into long strips, and exposing them to dry in the sun, first rubbing them thoroughly102 with salt. Animal substances spoil so readily in tropical climates, that unless this precaution is taken immediately after a bullock is slaughtered103, the meat becomes tainted105 in a short time. Two{34} or three days’ exposure to the hot sun of the Llanos, is sufficient to render the beef as dry and tough as leather; in this state, it may be stored away for six months without spoiling. The older the better; age imparting to it that peculiar rank flavor which makes tasajo so highly prized by people of all ranks in Cuba and other West India Islands. Large shipments of this beef have been made from Venezuela to those places; but the competition of Buenos Ayres has reduced of late the profits arising from this branch of our exports. The manner of killing106 and quartering an animal in the Llanos deserves particular mention. The cattle being usually some distance from the house, two horsemen are despatched after the victim; one of them gallops108 close to the animal’s rear, and throwing his unerring lazo at its head, drags it along, while his companion urges it on by means of his garrocha or goad109, until they reach the sacrificial post: one or two turns of the lazo around this, bring the animal close to the botalon; the matador110 then plunges111 the point of his dagger112 into the vertebr? back of the head, and the struggling beast drops as if struck by an electric spark; a second thrust of the bloody113 dagger into his throat severs114 the artery115, and the blood gushes116 in torrents117 through the wound from every part of his body. The prostrate118 victim is now turned upon its back, and a long incision119 made lengthwise of the belly120, preparatory to flaying121 and cutting up the carcass. When the animal is not intended to be immediately slaughtered, he is tied to the post by a succession of coils from the lazo around his horns, and left there until the fatal moment comes to despatch107 him.{35}
One night I was awakened122 by a terrific bellowing123 proceeding124 from the botalon; but, as I knew there was no bullock there for slaughter104 at the moment, I was at a loss how to account for this uproarious serenade. Curiosity led me to inquire into the cause, and directing my steps towards the spot, I beheld125 a group of about a dozen bulls, smelling at the blood of their former companions, and ploughing up the gore126 with their hoofs127, evidently in great distress128. This continued for some time, until, finding their bewailing by moonlight rather too touching129 even for artists’ ears, we ordered them to be driven away, in spite of the sublimity130 of the scene. I had other opportunities of witnessing similar testimonials of respect, whenever a herd29 of cattle approached the place of execution, which never failed to impress me deeply with a feeling of compassion131 for their sorrows.
Every morning an animal was slaughtered for us. Our meals consisted of roast beef, without either vegetables or wheaten bread. Indian corn we had in abundance, both in the grain and in the husk; but before it could be converted into arepas—the favorite bread of the country—it required to be passed through a variety of operations each day, which made the process rather tedious, as the grain must first be hulled132 by pounding it in large wooden mortars133, adding a handful of sand and a little water: next the grain must be separated from the chaff134, thoroughly washed, and then boiled over a slow fire. In doing this, care must be used, for if too soft it will not answer the purpose. Finally it is ground to a paste between two stones, formed into flat cakes, and baked in shallow pans of{36} earthenware135. The result of all this labor136 is bread exceedingly white and nourishing; but it has the disadvantage of becoming tough and unpalatable when cold. Under the popular name of tortillas, this bread is also extensively used in Mexico and Central America, although inferior to our own.
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Even this was considered a great luxury at San Pablo, few other cattle-farms being provided with the necessary utensils137 for its manufacture, and still fewer the number of those that will grow sufficient corn for the consumption of their inmates. The Llaneros are essentially138 a pastoral people, and trouble themselves but little with the cultivation of the land, considering it rather derogatory to bend their heads, even to mother Earth. Hence their homes are usually in a state of utter wretchedness, being unprovided even{37} with the commonest necessaries. Although the land is extremely fertile, and would well repay the labor with abundant crops of every kind of grain, they do not consider bread an essential, using instead a piece of boiled liver, which in their estimation answers just as well. Therefore the divine command, which enjoins139 us to earn our daily bread by the sweat of the brow, is not much regarded by them. In the midst of countless herds, and surrounded with the most munificent140 gifts of a bountiful Providence141, they are often even without fresh meat; not because they are sparing of their cattle, which in that country bears a nominal142 value, but because they are naturally abstemious143; and as for milk and butter, they despise both as food only fit for children. Cheese, however, is a favorite article of food with them, and in its preparation, they display considerable ability, especially the delicious kind termed queso de manos, a species of boiled cheese. As some of my readers may wish to experiment in making it, I will give them the recipe. Curd144 the milk in the usual way, and boil the curd in its own whey. When about the consistency145 of molasses candy, stretch it out repeatedly with the hands until cold. Add a little salt to the mass; roll it into flat cakes, and hang the cheese to drain in nets suspended from the ceiling. When pulled, it will separate in layers which look like parchment, retaining all the flavor of the milk.
The cows, being half wild in most cases, require to be milked by main force. To accomplish this, one of the dairymen throws a noose146 around the horns of the animal, and holds it secure by means of a long{38} pole attached to the thong147, while another proceeds to milk it in the usual way; but none will yield a drop, unless the calf is first allowed to suck a little, and then tied to the mother’s knee.
Every cow is distinguished148 by a fancy name, such as Clavellina, Flor del Campo, Marabilla, and others equally euphonious149 and poetical150. When called to be milked, the tame ones immediately answer in suppressed bellowings, and come forward of their own accord, while the calves151 confined in the pen, on hearing their mothers’ names, run along the fence in search of the gate; a boy, stationed there for the purpose, lets fall one of the bars, and off they bound after the mothers.
The men perform there altogether the occupations allotted152 to women in other countries, such as milking the cows, curding the milk, and turning out the cheese when ready. They do not even disdain153 cooking their own food, and washing their own garments, when occasion requires. Of the women, I may be permitted to quote here what Sir Francis Head, in his quaint57 style, says with reference to those in the Pampas of Buenos Ayres, as being equally applicable to their sisters of the Llanos: “The habits of the women are very curious: they have literally154 nothing to do, the great plains which surround them offer no motive155 to work, they seldom ride, and their lives certainly are very indolent and inactive. They all have families, however, whether married or not; and once when I inquired of a young woman employed in nursing a very pretty child, who was the father of the ‘criatura,’ she replied ‘Quien sabe?’ ”[20]
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But it is time to introduce my reader to a more intimate acquaintance with this singular race of people, whose manliness156, bravery, and skill in waging a constant war, not only with the wild animals of the field, but against the proud legions of Iberia, entitle them to a place among the heroes of the earth.
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1 winding | |
n.绕,缠,绕组,线圈 | |
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2 groves | |
树丛,小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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3 hardy | |
adj.勇敢的,果断的,吃苦的;耐寒的 | |
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4 imposing | |
adj.使人难忘的,壮丽的,堂皇的,雄伟的 | |
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5 thickets | |
n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 );丛状物 | |
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6 thorny | |
adj.多刺的,棘手的 | |
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7 foliage | |
n.叶子,树叶,簇叶 | |
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8 diminution | |
n.减少;变小 | |
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9 disappearance | |
n.消失,消散,失踪 | |
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10 compensated | |
补偿,报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 ); 给(某人)赔偿(或赔款) | |
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11 shrubs | |
灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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12 tract | |
n.传单,小册子,大片(土地或森林) | |
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13 destitute | |
adj.缺乏的;穷困的 | |
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14 clumps | |
n.(树、灌木、植物等的)丛、簇( clump的名词复数 );(土、泥等)团;块;笨重的脚步声v.(树、灌木、植物等的)丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 );(土、泥等)团;块;笨重的脚步声 | |
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15 dense | |
a.密集的,稠密的,浓密的;密度大的 | |
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16 vapor | |
n.蒸汽,雾气 | |
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17 pervading | |
v.遍及,弥漫( pervade的现在分词 ) | |
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18 enveloped | |
v.包围,笼罩,包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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19 encompassed | |
v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 );包围;包含;包括 | |
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20 grassy | |
adj.盖满草的;长满草的 | |
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21 monotonous | |
adj.单调的,一成不变的,使人厌倦的 | |
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22 landmarks | |
n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 );目标;(标志重要阶段的)里程碑 ~ (in sth);有历史意义的建筑物(或遗址) | |
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23 savannas | |
n.(美国东南部的)无树平原( savanna的名词复数 );(亚)热带的稀树大草原 | |
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24 dreary | |
adj.令人沮丧的,沉闷的,单调乏味的 | |
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25 panorama | |
n.全景,全景画,全景摄影,全景照片[装置] | |
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26 panoramas | |
全景画( panorama的名词复数 ); 全景照片; 一连串景象或事 | |
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27 countless | |
adj.无数的,多得不计其数的 | |
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28 herds | |
兽群( herd的名词复数 ); 牧群; 人群; 群众 | |
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29 herd | |
n.兽群,牧群;vt.使集中,把…赶在一起 | |
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30 dispersed | |
adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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31 aquatic | |
adj.水生的,水栖的 | |
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32 limpid | |
adj.清澈的,透明的 | |
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33 verdant | |
adj.翠绿的,青翠的,生疏的,不老练的 | |
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34 petrified | |
adj.惊呆的;目瞪口呆的v.使吓呆,使惊呆;变僵硬;使石化(petrify的过去式和过去分词) | |
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35 sweeping | |
adj.范围广大的,一扫无遗的 | |
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36 depict | |
vt.描画,描绘;描写,描述 | |
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37 harmonious | |
adj.和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的 | |
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38 tints | |
色彩( tint的名词复数 ); 带白的颜色; (淡色)染发剂; 痕迹 | |
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39 gracefully | |
ad.大大方方地;优美地 | |
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40 majestic | |
adj.雄伟的,壮丽的,庄严的,威严的,崇高的 | |
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41 myriad | |
adj.无数的;n.无数,极大数量 | |
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42 enumerate | |
v.列举,计算,枚举,数 | |
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43 trot | |
n.疾走,慢跑;n.老太婆;现成译本;(复数)trots:腹泻(与the 连用);v.小跑,快步走,赶紧 | |
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44 enchanting | |
a.讨人喜欢的 | |
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45 descending | |
n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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46 abode | |
n.住处,住所 | |
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47 premises | |
n.建筑物,房屋 | |
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48 dwellers | |
n.居民,居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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49 cultivation | |
n.耕作,培养,栽培(法),养成 | |
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50 cavalcade | |
n.车队等的行列 | |
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51 braying | |
v.发出驴叫似的声音( bray的现在分词 );发嘟嘟声;粗声粗气地讲话(或大笑);猛击 | |
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52 stony | |
adj.石头的,多石头的,冷酷的,无情的 | |
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53 mules | |
骡( mule的名词复数 ); 拖鞋; 顽固的人; 越境运毒者 | |
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54 rustic | |
adj.乡村的,有乡村特色的;n.乡下人,乡巴佬 | |
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55 mansion | |
n.大厦,大楼;宅第 | |
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56 sentimental | |
adj.多愁善感的,感伤的 | |
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57 quaint | |
adj.古雅的,离奇有趣的,奇怪的 | |
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58 abounding | |
adj.丰富的,大量的v.大量存在,充满,富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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59 grottos | |
n.(吸引人的)岩洞,洞穴,(人挖的)洞室( grotto的名词复数 ) | |
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60 adage | |
n.格言,古训 | |
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61 proximity | |
n.接近,邻近 | |
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62 standing | |
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的 | |
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63 cedar | |
n.雪松,香柏(木) | |
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64 pouches | |
n.(放在衣袋里或连在腰带上的)小袋( pouch的名词复数 );(袋鼠等的)育儿袋;邮袋;(某些动物贮存食物的)颊袋 | |
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65 bridles | |
约束( bridle的名词复数 ); 限动器; 马笼头; 系带 | |
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66 parched | |
adj.焦干的;极渴的;v.(使)焦干 | |
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67 broiling | |
adj.酷热的,炽热的,似烧的v.(用火)烤(焙、炙等)( broil的现在分词 );使卷入争吵;使混乱;被烤(或炙) | |
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68 gourd | |
n.葫芦 | |
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69 excavation | |
n.挖掘,发掘;被挖掘之地 | |
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70 remains | |
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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71 toads | |
n.蟾蜍,癞蛤蟆( toad的名词复数 ) | |
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72 abounded | |
v.大量存在,充满,富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73 aroma | |
n.香气,芬芳,芳香 | |
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74 slanting | |
倾斜的,歪斜的 | |
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76 peculiar | |
adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的 | |
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77 tempting | |
a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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78 cupidity | |
n.贪心,贪财 | |
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79 gentry | |
n.绅士阶级,上层阶级 | |
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80 inmates | |
n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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81 invalids | |
病人,残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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82 planks | |
(厚)木板( plank的名词复数 ); 政纲条目,政策要点 | |
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83 piazza | |
n.广场;走廊 | |
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84 chattels | |
n.动产,奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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85 accomplished | |
adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的 | |
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86 judgment | |
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见 | |
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87 sufficiently | |
adv.足够地,充分地 | |
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88 worthy | |
adj.(of)值得的,配得上的;有价值的 | |
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89 enlisting | |
v.(使)入伍, (使)参军( enlist的现在分词 );获得(帮助或支持) | |
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90 requisite | |
adj.需要的,必不可少的;n.必需品 | |
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91 divesting | |
v.剥夺( divest的现在分词 );脱去(衣服);2。从…取去…;1。(给某人)脱衣服 | |
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92 cravat | |
n.领巾,领结;v.使穿有领结的服装,使结领结 | |
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93 attire | |
v.穿衣,装扮[同]array;n.衣着;盛装 | |
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94 checkered | |
adj.有方格图案的 | |
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95 dispensed | |
v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 );施与;配(药) | |
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96 drenching | |
n.湿透v.使湿透( drench的现在分词 );在某人(某物)上大量使用(某液体) | |
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97 calf | |
n.小牛,犊,幼仔,小牛皮 | |
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98 linen | |
n.亚麻布,亚麻线,亚麻制品;adj.亚麻布制的,亚麻的 | |
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99 intensity | |
n.强烈,剧烈;强度;烈度 | |
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100 devoted | |
adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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101 inquisitive | |
adj.求知欲强的,好奇的,好寻根究底的 | |
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102 thoroughly | |
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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103 slaughtered | |
v.屠杀,杀戮,屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104 slaughter | |
n.屠杀,屠宰;vt.屠杀,宰杀 | |
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105 tainted | |
adj.腐坏的;污染的;沾污的;感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 );使污染;败坏;被污染,腐坏,败坏 | |
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106 killing | |
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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107 despatch | |
n./v.(dispatch)派遣;发送;n.急件;新闻报道 | |
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108 gallops | |
(马等)奔驰,骑马奔驰( gallop的名词复数 ) | |
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109 goad | |
n.刺棒,刺痛物;激励;vt.激励,刺激 | |
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110 matador | |
n.斗牛士 | |
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111 plunges | |
n.跳进,投入vt.使投入,使插入,使陷入vi.投入,跳进,陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 );暴跌;骤降;突降 | |
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112 dagger | |
n.匕首,短剑,剑号 | |
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113 bloody | |
adj.非常的的;流血的;残忍的;adv.很;vt.血染 | |
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114 severs | |
v.切断,断绝( sever的第三人称单数 );断,裂 | |
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115 artery | |
n.干线,要道;动脉 | |
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116 gushes | |
n.涌出,迸发( gush的名词复数 )v.喷,涌( gush的第三人称单数 );滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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117 torrents | |
n.倾注;奔流( torrent的名词复数 );急流;爆发;连续不断 | |
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118 prostrate | |
v.拜倒,平卧,衰竭;adj.拜倒的,平卧的,衰竭的 | |
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119 incision | |
n.切口,切开 | |
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120 belly | |
n.肚子,腹部;(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分,膛 | |
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121 flaying | |
v.痛打( flay的现在分词 );把…打得皮开肉绽;剥(通常指动物)的皮;严厉批评 | |
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122 awakened | |
v.(使)醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 );(使)觉醒;弄醒;(使)意识到 | |
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123 bellowing | |
v.发出吼叫声,咆哮(尤指因痛苦)( bellow的现在分词 );(愤怒地)说出(某事),大叫 | |
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124 proceeding | |
n.行动,进行,(pl.)会议录,学报 | |
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125 beheld | |
v.看,注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 );瞧;看呀;(叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现)哎哟 | |
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126 gore | |
n.凝血,血污;v.(动物)用角撞伤,用牙刺破;缝以补裆;顶 | |
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127 hoofs | |
n.(兽的)蹄,马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.(兽的)蹄,马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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128 distress | |
n.苦恼,痛苦,不舒适;不幸;vt.使悲痛 | |
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129 touching | |
adj.动人的,使人感伤的 | |
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130 sublimity | |
崇高,庄严,气质高尚 | |
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131 compassion | |
n.同情,怜悯 | |
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132 hulled | |
有壳的,有船身的 | |
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133 mortars | |
n.迫击炮( mortar的名词复数 );砂浆;房产;研钵 | |
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134 chaff | |
v.取笑,嘲笑;n.谷壳 | |
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135 earthenware | |
n.土器,陶器 | |
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136 labor | |
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦 | |
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137 utensils | |
器具,用具,器皿( utensil的名词复数 ); 器物 | |
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138 essentially | |
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
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139 enjoins | |
v.命令( enjoin的第三人称单数 ) | |
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140 munificent | |
adj.慷慨的,大方的 | |
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141 providence | |
n.深谋远虑,天道,天意;远见;节约;上帝 | |
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142 nominal | |
adj.名义上的;(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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143 abstemious | |
adj.有节制的,节俭的 | |
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144 curd | |
n.凝乳;凝乳状物 | |
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145 consistency | |
n.一贯性,前后一致,稳定性;(液体的)浓度 | |
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146 noose | |
n.绳套,绞索(刑);v.用套索捉;使落入圈套;处以绞刑 | |
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147 thong | |
n.皮带;皮鞭;v.装皮带 | |
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148 distinguished | |
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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149 euphonious | |
adj.好听的,悦耳的,和谐的 | |
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150 poetical | |
adj.似诗人的;诗一般的;韵文的;富有诗意的 | |
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151 calves | |
n.(calf的复数)笨拙的男子,腓;腿肚子( calf的名词复数 );牛犊;腓;小腿肚v.生小牛( calve的第三人称单数 );(冰川)崩解;生(小牛等),产(犊);使(冰川)崩解 | |
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152 allotted | |
分配,拨给,摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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153 disdain | |
n.鄙视,轻视;v.轻视,鄙视,不屑 | |
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154 literally | |
adv.照字面意义,逐字地;确实 | |
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155 motive | |
n.动机,目的;adv.发动的,运动的 | |
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156 manliness | |
刚毅 | |
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