While quietly absorbed one day in the pleasures of the angler by the banks of a creek1 not far from the camp, I was startled in my peaceful occupation by the report of fire-arms in that direction. There were rumors3 concerning the depredations4 of a band of robbers in that neighborhood, and therefore I had every reason to suppose they had been bold enough to attack our little band of resolute5 men with a view to plundering6 the camp. To pack up lines and portfolio7 was the work of an instant, and hurrying toward the camp, I arrived breathless and panting with fatigue8 in time to get the last glimpses of the cause of this uproar9 in the shape of a lancha gliding10 quickly down the river. It seems that the boatmen, delighted with the presence of the beloved Chieftain of the Llanos, immediately recurred11 to the usual way of expressing their enthusiasm, whether in peace or war, through the means of the all-potent gunpowder12. In the afternoon of the same day a detachment of horse, composed for the most part of citizens from Calabozo,{461} arrived at the pass to invite the general to their city, and to offer him protection, in case of need, from the band of desperadoes above mentioned; these had already been bold enough to attack the prison guard of Calabozo, with the object of carrying off one of its inmates13, a prominent citizen of the place who had been implicated14 in the robbery of a large drove of mules16. Although it was currently reported that his two sons were the perpetrators of this unworthy act, yet, the fact that the animals were found on his estate, and his stout17 refusal to implicate15 his sons, made him responsible for the robbery; he was therefore incarcerated18 and his trial had commenced when his sons, adding sedition19 to theft, attacked the prison during the night with a band of peons from their own and other cattle estates. The result was most disastrous20 to the assailants; one of the sons having been badly wounded in the strife21 was taken prisoner and shot in the public square; while the other forfeited22 his life soon after during the vigorous persecution23 undertaken by the citizens against his band. Yet, this handful of men, badly armed and without leaders, but with a wide field of forest and savannas24 for retreat, and plenty of cattle for subsistence, continued for a long time to engage the serious attention of the government; and finally, when the following revolution broke out, they formed the nucleus25 around which the rebel party mustered26 very strong. In this manner many depredators not only evade27 the punishment of justice for their crimes, but eventually rise in importance, and even become leading spirits in the land where the laws are powerless in repressing their excesses.{462}
With this encouraging prospect28 before us, we bade adieu to the gay brunettes of La Portuguesa and took the straightest route to Calabozo, across the great estero or swamp of Camaguan. An entire day was spent in wading29 through this refreshing30 transit31 route, which, owing to the increasing rise of the river, had already acquired the aspect of a broad lake. Our horses were most of the time immersed in the water up to the saddle girths, and few of them escaped total submersion, wherever there were any depressions of the ground. Many of the baggage mules especially, having no rider to guide them, lost their footing and rolled in the water, to the great discomfort32 of those who had any articles of apparel in their loads. Toward the afternoon we emerged from this dismal33 swamp and made a landing at a place called Banco Largo34, celebrated35 in the annals of the horse epidemic36 as the cattle estate upon which the wrath37 of Heaven fell after the blasphemous38 boasting of its owner.
We were beginning to appreciate the comfort of riding again upon firm ground, when we observed a group of horsemen emerging from the palmar on our right, galloping39 in the direction of our scouts40, as if threatening to cut them off. Fearing lest they might be the band of robbers whom we had every reason to suspect of evil intentions, we put spurs to our horses in hot chase of them. Mistaking us in turn for those gentry41, the strangers pushed on ahead of us to evade our pursuit. Our scouts observing their retreat cut off by a larger force, were not slow in their endeavors to reach the farm-house, where they could defend themselves against the supposed robbers until we{463} could come up to their assistance. The suspected party being mounted on fresh horses, we found it difficult, however, to overtake them. Fortunately one of their horses stumbled accidentally in a hole, throwing down the rider, which circumstance placed him in our hands; from him we ascertained42 that they were not salteadores, but vaqueros from a neighboring cattle farm, whom the annoyances43 of the mosquilla had compelled to ride through the palmar at robber’s speed. His companions observing that we permitted him to depart in peace, now slackened their pace, and had their fears dispelled44 before they could carry the alarm to other places that the salteadores were close at hand.
At Venegas, a cattle State not far from Calabozo, we parted company with our herds45, abandoning their care and guidance to the efficient caporals, while we proceeded direct to the Palmyra of the Llanos, always escorted by the citizen-guard who had come so far to meet us. Another deputation from the city, composed of the most prominent persons in the place, met us at the pass of the Guárico, and after a few congratulatory compliments, we rode on without stopping until we reached the village of the Mision de Abajo. Here we remained long enough to change our wet garments and partake of a collation46 prepared at the summer residence of an old soldier of Independence. This village is famous on account of several crystalline springs issuing from deep gullies made by the water on a hard conglomerate47 composed of sand, pebbles48, and nodules of beautiful agates50; the whole cemented together by a calcareous substance, consisting probably{464} of minute shells of infusoria.[69] Some of the pools measure several fathoms51 in depth; yet the water is so transparent52, that the smallest pebble49 can be clearly discerned at the bottom; I also noticed many small fish. These sparkling natural fountains were shaded by groves53 of balsamiferous plants, such as copaiferas, amyris, and carob-trees, the dark foliage54 of which was relieved by a carpet of green grass extending for miles around, the whole presenting an appearance of a well-cultivated and beautifully laid out English park. Thither56 resort, during the sultry months of summer, the inhabitants of Calabozo, who now came out in vast numbers to welcome us to their beautiful city.
The procession was formed on the extensive natural lawn, three miles in length, between the village and the city, which rose in the distance amidst the towering foliage of the fan-palms surrounding it in oriental magnificence. As we entered the narrow, but cleanly streets, the firing of muskets57, pistols, and blunderbusses commenced amidst the vivas of the population, while a shower of roses fell on the favored head of the “Lion of the Llanos,”[70] as he passed under the windows of the houses.
The city of Calabozo, capital of the province of El Guárico, is situated58 upon the northern extremity59 of the mesa or plateau of the same name, commanding{465} an extensive view of the picturesque60 country watered by the beautiful river which gives its name to the province. Unlike all the other towns of the Llanos, Calabozo is an extremely well-built city, with streets running at right angles. The houses are neat and commodious61, ranking with the best in the capital of the republic. It contains a number of fine churches, one of which was built at the expense of a wealthy cattle proprietor62 of the place; it is one of the finest temples in the country.
Words cannot do justice to the enthusiastic reception and boundless63 hospitality extended to us on this occasion by the generous inhabitants. In addition to the regular entertainments, such as breakfast and dinner-parties, balls, and fandangos provided daily in their city residences, we were occasionally treated to a fête champêtre, á la llanera, in their quintas or country-houses. Most of these are situated on the banks of the beautiful Guárico, on the slopes of the plateau upon which the city is built; and there, amidst the most luxuriant groves of orange, lemon, and other tropical fruits, the abundant fare was served to us in true Llanero style. In the mean time the trovatori of the Llanos did not fail to enliven the scene with their never-ending trovas llaneras, in which especial mention was made of the most prominent persons to whom we were indebted for this munificent64 hospitality; but more particularly to the past deeds of the personage who prompted it. The broad fan-shaped leaves of the moriche-palm. (Mauritia flexuosa)—the celebrated Tree of Life of the Warraoun Indians—supplied the most appropriate table-cloths on these{466} occasions, spread in the vicinity of some murmuring spring, issuing in most cases from the foot of the palm-trees. The natives believe that this plant possesses the power of pumping water from the ground by means of its matted roots: they evidently confound cause and effect in this, as well as in many other cases; for this luxuriant palm will not thrive except in moist ground. The slopes of the mesa acting65 as a vast drain to the plain above, offer this desideratum to the moriche-palm. Some of the springs are of a thermal66 character, but not too warm to prevent persons enjoying a most refreshing bath. I noticed, in one instance, two springs running side by side, one of which was cold and the other warm. The tide-flooded lands on the Lower Orinoco and Amazon rivers seem to be particularly adapted to the development of this noble[71] species of palm. “In those places,” says Wallace,[72] “there is no underwood to break the view among interminable ranges of huge columnar trunks, rising unbroken by branch or leaf to the height of eighty or a hundred feet, a vast natural temple, which does not yield in grandeur67 and sublimity68 to those of Palmyra or Athens.”
A full-grown leaf of this tree is quite a load for one man to carry. The petiole, or leaf-stock, is a solid beam ten or twelve feet long, while the leaf or fan itself measures nine or ten across. The fruit, in bunches of three hundred and upward, perfectly69 resembles the cones70 of the white pine. When arrived at{467} its maturity71, it is yellow within and scarlet72 without, covered with scales.
The benefits of this life-supporting tree may be reckoned as numerous as the number of days in the year. From the unopened leaves the wild man of the forest obtains a fibre remarkable73 for its toughness, and which he twists into cordage for his bow-string and fishing tackle, or weaves it into elegant hammocks and aprons74 for himself and family; he also plats them neatly75 into mats and cloaks, and even sails for his canoe; when fully55 expanded, these leaves form the best thatch76 for his hut. From the terminal bud or inner layer of leaves, commonly styled the cabbage of the palm, the Indian procures77 a vegetable quite analogous78 to, and more tender and delicious than a similar production of the garden. The fruit in like manner affords a variety of alimentary79 substances, according to the season in which it is gathered, whether its saccharine80 pulp81 is fully mature, or whether it is in a green state. Like the plantain and the celebrated peach-palm of the Rio Negro, it is either eaten raw, when fully ripe, or roasted—in the latter case tasting very much like chestnuts82. Soaked in water and allowed to ferment83, it forms a pleasant drink somewhat resembling pulque. The ripe fruit also yields by boiling in water, an oil which is readily converted into soap by means of the ashes of a Clusia, (quiripití.) “The spathe, too—a fibrous bag which envelops84 the fruit before maturity—is much valued by the Indian, furnishing him with an excellent and durable85 cloth. Taken off entire, it forms bags in which he keeps the red paint for his toilet, or the silk cotton for his arrows,{468} or he even stretches out the larger ones to make himself a cap, cunningly woven by nature without a seam or joining. When cut open longitudinally and pressed flat, it is used to preserve his delicate feather ornaments86 and gala dresses, which are kept in a chest of plaited palm-leaves between layers of smooth bussú cloth.”[73] The trunk of the male tree contains a farinaceous meal, yuruma, resembling sago, and like the fecula of the tapioca-root, it is readily converted into bread by simply drying it on hot earthen plates. Allowed to rot in the stem, this meal gives birth to numerous fat worms, highly esteemed87 by Indian gourmands88. Tapped near the base of the leaves, the trunk yields also an abundance of a sweet liquor, which, when fermented89, forms one of the various kinds of palm-wines. Such are in substance some of the most useful products of this veritable tree of life, with which the existence of a rude people is as intimately connected, as that of civilized90 man is with the luxuries and comforts that surround his home. “When the Tamanacks,” says Humboldt, “are asked how the human race survived the great deluge91, the ‘age of water’ of the Mexicans, they say: ‘a man and a woman saved themselves on a high mountain, called Tamanacu, situated on the banks of the Asiberu, and casting the fruit of the moriche-palm, they saw the seeds contained in these fruits produce men and women who repeopled the earth.’ Thus we find in all its simplicity92, among nations now in a savage93 state, a tradition which the Greeks embellished94 with all the charms of imagination.”{469}
To protect themselves from the attacks of mosquitoes and wild beasts, the tribes roaming over the great delta95 of the Orinoco, are in the habit of raising between the huge trunks of the palm-trees hanging platforms skilfully96 interwoven with the foliage, which allow them to live in the trees like monkeys. The floor of these a?rial habitations is covered with a coating of mud, on which the fires for household purposes are made. Thus when the first explorers of the Orinoco River penetrated98 for the first time into that exuberant99 terra incognita, they were surprised to observe, among the tops of the palm-trees, flames issuing at night as if suspended in the air. “The Guaranis still owe the preservation100 of their physical, and perhaps their moral independence, to the half-submerged, marshy101 soil over which they roam with a light and rapid step, and to their elevated dwellings102 in the trees, a habitation never likely to be chosen from motives103 of religious enthusiasm by an American Stylites.”[74]
I also met for the first time at Calabozo with the most splendid rose-bush, or rather tree, I had ever seen, and which appears to be indigenous104 to that hot region, as I am told that the same grows in great luxuriance at San Fernando and Ciudad Bolívar, but was unknown to the rest of the country previous to our visit to the Llanos. Being passionately105 fond of flowers myself, I did not neglect to bring along with me this beautiful new variety to our home in the Valleys of Aragua, where it soon displayed its countless{470} blossoms to the admiring gaze of the passers by. From thence it was also carried by me to Caracas, where it soon became the general favorite of the fair dames106 of the Capital, who by unanimous accord named it, not as might be supposed after the introducer, but after his father, with which the former was equally well satisfied; and certainly no more beautiful compliment could have been paid their favorite champion, than by associating his name with the acknowledged Queen of Beauty among flowers. The size attained108 by this plant surpasses any thing of the kind with which I am acquainted. When favored by a dry and hot climate like that of Calabozo, its shoots attain107 a height of fifteen to twenty feet with a corresponding thickness; so that a hammock with its usual load can be supported between two trees; and as these put out a great number of branches, each of them loaded with flowers or buds ready to expand, they present a sight truly splendid. A hundred blossoms may be plucked each morning of the year without marring its luxuriant beauty. I have myself counted over one thousand buds on a single plant. These flowers are of a delicate pink color, with very regular petals109 of a deciduous110 nature; so that in detaching themselves from the calix, they cover the ground upon which the parent grows, with a rosy111 carpet.
“Sin flores y sin hermosas
Qué fuera de los mortales?
Bien habeis nacido, rosas,
Sobre el lodo de los males.”
—Arolas.
{471}
TRANSLATION.
“Without beauty, without flowers,
What would be this world of ours?
Well, that e’en in misery112 dire2
Find we roses ’mid the mire113.”
The truth of the above sentiment we soon realized; from this time a succession of misfortunes, commencing with a violent attack of fever which nearly carried us all to the grave, and ending with the destruction of our property and peaceful homes, followed one another without intermission.
The fever was doubtless induced by our previous exposure on the journey and subsequent dissipations at Calabozo, although the city itself is one of the healthiest spots in the republic. Unfortunately, our physician, who was blessed with a very jealous wife, had been summoned home by his better half on hearing of our approach to the fairy metropolis114 of the Llanos. However, there were two or three medical gentlemen in the place, and these, with the unremitting kindness and assistance of the ladies, managed to keep us alive until a skilful97 physician, who had been sent for, arrived from the Valleys of Aragua. The critical condition of our respected Leader and sire particularly gave them serious fears, as the fever in his case had commenced to assume a malignant115 character. Courier after courier was despatched across the miry plains to hasten the arrival of the doctor, while the generous inhabitants vied with each other in the anxious cares with which they surrounded the sick-bed of their beloved guest. Years have rolled on, and many changes have since taken place, both{472} in the affairs of the nation and in the fortunes of the subject of these remarks; yet, their love for the “Martyr of San Antonio,”[75] far from diminishing, seems to have increased during his protracted116 exile; for, as late as 1861, after the overthrow117 of Monagas, a petition addressed to Pres. Tovar asking his recall, and signed by all the inhabitants of Calabozo, has come to hand, protesting in the strongest terms against the impolicy and injustice118 of leaving him still in exile when the nation most needs his counsel and influence. Justly deprecating the horrors of civil war and the want of unity119 which have existed in the republic since the downfall of the Monagas party, the petitioners120 conclude with this feeling outburst of patriotic121 solicitude122 for the absence of their favorite champion: “From the far-off shores of the Arauca, to the sources of our own Guárico, our anxious horsemen watch incessantly123 the far horizon, inquire from the passing breezes of the destinies of the Hero, who has condemned124 himself to voluntary exile, and then exclaim with a sigh: ‘Were he again to lead us on to battle, Victory would be forthcoming, strengthened by Peace, and blessed by the vanquished125.’{473} ”
CONCLUSION.
Here, courteous126 reader, end our rough journeys across the Llanos, and our real troubles commence; for having been involved—contrary to my own inclination127, it must be owned—in the political strifes so prevalent in Spanish America, I have been compelled to wander ever since, from land to land, like the mysterious Jew of the French novelist, Eugene Sue, with neither settled home nor abiding128 place of rest. What I saw and learned worth relating during my peregrinations, hither and thither, will make the subject of the Second Series of these sketches129, which, if your patience is not exhausted130 or my repertoire131 does not give out, I trust to lay before you at no distant day. In the meantime you must excuse any imperfections in the style and composition of this book, considering that I write in a language which is not my own, and which often perplexes even those who have more claims to it than myself, so many are its grammatical irregularities.
The End
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1
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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portfolio
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| n.公事包；文件夹；大臣及部长职位 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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recurred
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| 再发生，复发( recur的过去式和过去分词 )； 治愈 | |
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gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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14
implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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implicate
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| vt.使牵连其中，涉嫌 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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incarcerated
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| 钳闭的 | |
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sedition
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| n.煽动叛乱 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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largo
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| n.广板乐章；adj.缓慢的，宽广的；adv.缓慢地，宽广地 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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blasphemous
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| adj.亵渎神明的，不敬神的 | |
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galloping
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| adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式 | |
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scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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annoyances
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| n.恼怒( annoyance的名词复数 )；烦恼；打扰；使人烦恼的事 | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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collation
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| n.便餐；整理 | |
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conglomerate
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| n.综合商社，多元化集团公司 | |
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48
pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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pebble
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| n.卵石，小圆石 | |
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agates
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| n.玛瑙( agate的名词复数 )；玛瑙制（或装有玛瑙的）工具； （小孩玩的）玛瑙纹玩具弹子；5。5磅铅字 | |
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fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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53
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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55
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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56
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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57
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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58
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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59
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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61
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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62
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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63
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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64
munificent
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| adj.慷慨的，大方的 | |
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65
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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thermal
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| adj.热的，由热造成的；保暖的 | |
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67
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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sublimity
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| 崇高，庄严，气质高尚 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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70
cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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71
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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72
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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73
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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74
aprons
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| 围裙( apron的名词复数 )； 停机坪，台口（舞台幕前的部份） | |
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neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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76
thatch
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| vt.用茅草覆盖…的顶部；n.茅草(屋) | |
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77
procures
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的第三人称单数 )；拉皮条 | |
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78
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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alimentary
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| adj.饮食的，营养的 | |
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80
saccharine
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| adj.奉承的，讨好的 | |
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81
pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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82
chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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83
ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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envelops
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的第三人称单数 ) | |
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durable
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| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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87
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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88
gourmands
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| n.喜欢吃喝的人，贪吃的人( gourmand的名词复数 )；美食主义 | |
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89
fermented
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| v.（使）发酵( ferment的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）激动；骚动；骚扰 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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93
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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delta
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| n.（流的）角洲 | |
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skilfully
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| adv. (美skillfully)熟练地 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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98
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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exuberant
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| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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101
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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102
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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103
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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104
indigenous
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| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
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105
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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106
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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107
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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108
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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109
petals
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| n.花瓣( petal的名词复数 ) | |
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110
deciduous
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| adj.非永久的；短暂的；脱落的；落叶的 | |
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111
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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112
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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113
mire
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| n.泥沼，泥泞；v.使...陷于泥泞，使...陷入困境 | |
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114
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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115
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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116
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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117
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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118
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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119
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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120
petitioners
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| n.请求人，请愿人( petitioner的名词复数 )；离婚案原告 | |
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121
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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122
solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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123
incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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124
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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125
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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126
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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127
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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128
abiding
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| adj.永久的，持久的，不变的 | |
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129
sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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130
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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131
repertoire
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| n.(准备好演出的)节目，保留剧目；(计算机的)指令表，指令系统， <美>(某个人的)全部技能；清单，指令表 | |
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