First in majesty1 as in might, the monarch2 of the brute3 creation asserts an undisputed claim to occupy the foremost place in our delineation5 of the inhabitants of this Royal Menagerie. Who is there to whom his stately mien6, his unequalled strength, his tremendous powers of destruction, combined with the ideas generally entertained of his dauntless courage, his grateful affection, and his merciful forbearance, are not familiar “as household words?” When we speak of a Lion, we call up to our imaginations the splendid picture of might unmingled with ferocity, of courage undebased by guile7, of dignity tempered with grace and ennobled by generosity8;[2] in a word, of all that combination of brilliant qualities, the imputation9 of which, by writers of all ages, has placed him by universal consent above other beasts, and invested him with regal attributes.
Such, indeed, is the outline which we have been taught to frame to ourselves of this noble animal; and beautifully has this imaginary sketch11, for such in a great measure it will be found on closer examination, been filled up by the magic pencil of Buffon, who, in this, as in too many other instances, suffered himself to be borne along by the strong tide of popular opinion. Yielding to the current, instead of boldly stemming it, he has added the weighty sanction of his authority to those erroneous notions which were already consecrated12 by their antiquity13, and has produced a history of the Lion, which, however true in its main facts, and however eloquent14 in its details, is, to say the least, highly exaggerated and delusive15 in its colouring. The Lion of Buffon is, in fact, the Lion of popular prejudice; it is not the Lion, such as he appears to the calm observer, nor such as he is delineated in the authentic16 accounts of those naturalists17 and travellers who have had the best means of observing his habits, and recording18 the facts of which they have been themselves eye witnesses.
The Lion, like all the other cats (the genus to which, in a natural arrangement, he obviously belongs) is armed in each jaw19 with six strong and exceedingly sharp cutting-teeth, with two formidable canine20, and with six others, three on each side, occupying the places of the molar or grinding-teeth, but terminating in sharp protuberances to assist in the laceration of the animal food, which is the proper nutriment of his tribe. Besides[3] these, he has, on each side of the upper jaw, a small tooth, or rather tubercle, placed immediately behind the rest. His tongue is covered with innumerable rough and elevated papill?, the points of which are directed backwards23: these also assist in comminuting his food, and not unfrequently leave their traces on the hand which has been offered him to lick. His claws, five in number on the fore4 feet, and four on the hind22, are of great length, extremely hard, and much curved; they are retractile within a sheath enclosed in the skin which covers the extremity24 of his paws; and as they are only exposed when he has occasion to make use of them, they thus preserve the sharpness of their edge and the acuteness of their point unimpaired. In all these particulars the Lion essentially25 agrees with the rest of the cats; and it is these which constitute what naturalists have termed their generic26 character; in other words, they are the points of agreement which are common to the whole group or genus, and form the most prominent and striking characteristics, by which they may be at once connected together and separated from all other animals.
The Lion is distinguished27 from other cats by the uniformity of his colour, which is pale tawny28 above, becoming somewhat lighter29 beneath, and never, except in his young state, exhibiting the least appearance of spots or stripes: by the long and flowing mane of the adult male, which, originating nearly as far forward as the root of his nose, extends backwards over his shoulders, and descends30 in graceful31 undulations on each side of his neck and face; and by the tuft of long and blackish hairs which terminates his powerful tail. These constitute what is termed his specific character, or that which[4] is peculiar32 to the species or race; connecting the individuals together by marks common to them all, and at the same time separating them from the other animals of the same group or genus.
In his moral and intellectual faculties33, as well as in his external and physical characters, the Lion exhibits a close agreement with the strikingly distinct and well marked group to which he belongs, and of which he is unquestionably the first in rank and importance: and perhaps the most effectual means of guarding against the general prejudice, which has delighted in exalting34 him at the expense of his fellow beasts, will be found in the recollection that, both physically35 and morally, he is neither more nor less than a cat, of immense size and corresponding power it is true, but not on that account the less endowed with all the guileful36 and vindictive37 passions of that faithless tribe. His courage is proverbial: this, however, is not derived38 from any peculiar nobility of soul, but arises from the blind confidence inspired by a consciousness of his own superior powers, with which he is well aware that none of the inferior animals can successfully compete. Placed in the midst of arid40 deserts, where the fleet but timid antelope41, and the cunning but powerless monkey fall his easy and unresisting prey42; or roaming through the dense43 forests and scarcely penetrable44 jungles, where the elephant and the buffalo45 find in their unwieldy bulk and massive strength no adequate protection against the impetuous agility46 and fierce determination of his attacks, he sways an almost undisputed sceptre, and stalks boldly forth47 in fearless majesty. But change the scene, and view him in the neighbourhood of populous48 towns, or even[5] near the habitations of uncultivated savages49, and it will then be seen that he recognises his master, and crouches50 to the power of a superior being. Here he no longer shows himself openly in the proud consciousness of his native dignity, but skulks51 in the deepest recesses52 of the forest, cautiously watches his opportunities, and lies in treacherous53 ambush54 for the approach of his unwary prey. It is this innate55 feeling of his incapacity openly to resist the power of man, that renders him so docile56 in captivity57, and gives him that air of mild tranquillity58, which, together with the dignified59 majesty of his deportment, has unquestionably contributed not a little towards the general impression of his amiable60 qualities.
His forbearance and generosity, if the facts be carefully investigated, will be found to resolve themselves into no more than this: that in his wild state he destroys only to satiate his hunger or revenge, and never, like the “gaunt wolves,” and “sullen tigers,” of whom the poet has composed his train, in the wantonness of his power and the malignity61 of his disposition62; and that, when tamed, his hunger being satisfied and his feelings being free from irritation63, he suffers smaller animals to remain in his den39 uninjured, is familiar with, and sometimes fond of, the keeper by whom he is attended and fed, and will even, when under complete control, submit to the caresses64 of strangers.
But even this limited degree of amiability65, which, in an animal of less formidable powers, would be considered as indicating no peculiar mildness of temper, is modified by the calls of hunger, by the feelings of revenge, which he frequently cherishes for a considerable length of time, and by various other circumstances which render it dangerous[6] to approach him unguardedly, even in his tamest and most domesticated66 state, without previously67 ascertaining68 his immediate21 state of mind. On such occasions no keeper possessed69 of common prudence70 would be rash enough to venture upon confronting him: he knows too well that it is no boy’s play to
… seek the Lion in his den,
And fright him there, and make him tremble there;
for in this state of irritation, from whatever cause it may have arisen, he gives free scope to his natural ferocity, unrestrained by that control to which at other times he submits with meek71 and unresisting patience.
Happily for mankind the range of this tremendous animal is limited to the warmer climates of the earth; and even in these the extent of that range is constantly becoming more and more confined by the spread of human civilization, which, at the same time that it drives him to take refuge at a distance from the haunts of men, contributes greatly to thin his numbers and to diminish his power of annoyance72. His true country is Africa, in the vast and untrodden wilds of which, from the immense deserts of the north to the trackless forests of the south, he reigns73 supreme74 and uncontrolled. In the sandy deserts of Arabia, in some of the wilder districts of Persia, and in the vast jungles of Hindostan, he still maintains a precarious75 footing: but from the classic soil of Greece, as well as from the whole of Asia Minor76, both of which were once exposed to his ravages77, he has been utterly78 dislodged and extirpated79.
There is some variation in the different races of Lions from these distant localities; but this is by no means of[7] sufficient importance to establish a distinction between them. The Asiatic Lion, of which we are now treating, seldom attains80 a size equal to that of the full-grown Southern African; its colour is a more uniform and paler yellow throughout; and its mane is, in general, fuller and more complete, being furnished moreover with a peculiar appendage81 in the long hairs, which, commencing beneath the neck, occupy the whole of the middle line of the body below. All these distinctions are, however, modified by age, and vary in different individuals. Their habits are in essential particulars the same: we shall therefore defer82 what we have farther to say on this head until we come to speak of the Cape83 Lion, and proceed to the history of the Asiatic individual now exhibiting in this Menagerie, a striking likeness84 of which is given in the engraving85 at the head of the present article.
This fine animal, although called by the keepers “the Old Lion,” is, in reality, little more than five years old; and that designation was adopted only for the purpose of distinguishing him from the Cape Lion, a comparatively modern resident of the Menagerie. His proper name, or rather that by which he has been known ever since his arrival at the Tower, is George. The following anecdotes86 relative to the mode of his capture, and to his habits and demeanour in his captivity, are given on the authority of Mr. Cops, who derived his information on the first point from General Watson himself, and speaks to the rest from his personal observation.
It was in the commencement of the year 1823, when the General was on service in Bengal, that being out one morning on horseback, armed with a double-barrelled[8] rifle, he was suddenly surprised by a large male Lion, which bounded out upon him from the thick jungle at the distance of only a few yards. He instantly fired, and, the shot taking complete effect, the animal fell dead almost at his feet. No sooner was this formidable foe87 thus disposed of than a second, equally terrible, made her appearance in the person of the Lioness, whom the General also shot at and wounded so dangerously that she retreated into the thicket88. As her following so immediately in the footsteps of her mate afforded strong grounds for suspecting that their den could not be far distant, he determined89 upon pursuing the adventure to the end, and traced her to her retreat, where he completed the work of her destruction, by again discharging the contents of one of the barrels of his rifle, which he had reloaded for the purpose. In the den were found a beautiful pair of cubs90, male and female, supposed to be then not more than three days old. These the General brought away with him, and succeeded by the assistance of a goat, who was prevailed upon to act in the capacity of foster-mother to the royal pair, in rearing them until they attained91 sufficient age and strength to enable them to bear the voyage to England. On their arrival in this country, in September, 1823, he presented them to his Majesty, who commanded them to be placed in the Tower. The male of this pair is the subject of the present, the female that of the succeeding article.
The extreme youth of these Lions at the time of their capture, and the constant control to which they had been accustomed from that early period of their existence, rendered them peculiarly tame and docile, insomuch that, for twelve months after their arrival, they were frequently[9] suffered to walk in the open yard among the visitors, who caressed92 them and played with them with impunity93. The Duke of Sussex, in particular, was highly delighted with the unusual spectacle of a Lion and a Lioness bounding about him at perfect liberty, and with all their natural grace and agility. It must, however, be observed that they were not then fully10 grown, and that it was afterwards thought necessary to place them under greater restraint; but more with the view of guarding against possible mischief94, than in consequence of any positive symptoms of rebellion. Of the change which has taken place in the character of the female, we shall have occasion to speak hereafter: the male still continues perfectly95 docile, and suffers himself to be treated with the greatest familiarity by his keepers and those to whom he is accustomed.
Like all the other carnivorous animals in the Menagerie, he is fed but once in the twenty-four hours; and his meal usually consists of a piece of beef, of eight or nine pounds weight, exclusive of bone. This he seizes with avidity, tears it to pieces instantly with his claws, and ravenously96 devours97 it; contrary to the usual custom of his fellow lions in a state of nature, who are said generally to remain for a considerable time after they have struck the fatal blow, before proceeding98 to glut99 their appetite with the flesh and blood of their victim. This awful pause of suspense100 may, however, under such circumstances, be attributable to an instinctive101 desire completely to finish their work, or at least to preclude102 the possibility of resistance, prior to removing from the body of their prostrate103 prey the weapon with which his destruction has been inflicted104.
[10]
It has been generally remarked, that lions in captivity have certain constant and stated times for roaring: this observation is not, however, strictly105 true with regard to those now in the Tower. It may nevertheless be observed that in the summer time, especially when the atmospheric106 temperature is considerable, they uniformly commence roaring about dawn, one of them taking the lead, and the others joining in the concert in succession; and Mr. Cops has frequently had occasion to remark that whenever any one of them fails in accompanying the rest in their by no means harmonious107 performance, the cessation from the customary roar is an infallible symptom of actual or approaching illness. At no other time is there that regularity108 in their roaring which has been so frequently stated; although the chorus which has just been described is sometimes repeated after feeding, and also when they have been left alone for any length of time; hence it occurs particularly on Sundays, a day on which they have no company except from the occasional visits of the keepers.
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1
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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4
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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delineation
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| n.记述；描写 | |
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mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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7
guile
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| n.诈术 | |
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8
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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9
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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12
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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13
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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14
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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15
delusive
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| adj.欺骗的，妄想的 | |
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16
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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17
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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18
recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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19
jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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20
canine
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| adj.犬的，犬科的 | |
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21
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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23
backwards
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| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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24
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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25
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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26
generic
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| adj.一般的，普通的，共有的 | |
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27
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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28
tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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29
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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30
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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31
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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32
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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33
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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34
exalting
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| a.令人激动的，令人喜悦的 | |
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35
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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36
guileful
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| adj.狡诈的，诡计多端的 | |
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37
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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38
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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39
den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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40
arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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41
antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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42
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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43
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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44
penetrable
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| adj.可穿透的 | |
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45
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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46
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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47
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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48
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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49
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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50
crouches
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| n.蹲着的姿势( crouch的名词复数 )v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的第三人称单数 ) | |
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51
skulks
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| v.潜伏，偷偷摸摸地走动，鬼鬼祟祟地活动( skulk的第三人称单数 ) | |
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52
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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53
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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54
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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55
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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56
docile
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| adj.驯服的，易控制的，容易教的 | |
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57
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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58
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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59
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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60
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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61
malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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62
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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63
irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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64
caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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65
amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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66
domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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67
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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68
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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69
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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70
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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71
meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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72
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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73
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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74
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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75
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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extirpated
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| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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attains
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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appendage
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| n.附加物 | |
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defer
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| vt.推迟，拖延；vi.(to)遵从，听从，服从 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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cubs
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| n.幼小的兽，不懂规矩的年轻人( cub的名词复数 ) | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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ravenously
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| adv.大嚼地，饥饿地 | |
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devours
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| 吞没( devour的第三人称单数 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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glut
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| n.存货过多，供过于求；v.狼吞虎咽 | |
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100
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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101
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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102
preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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103
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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104
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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106
atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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