Lying impatiently before Coleraine since the affair of Dromore, Hamilton, on being joined by the Duke of Berwick, determined2 to renew hostilities3, and immediately proceeded against that important position. Its garrison4 consisted of 3,000 effective men, who were expected to make a determined resistance; but on the approach of the royal troops they destroyed the bridge on their front, and, abandoning the fort, retreated in the direction of Derry. Hamilton soon occupied the place, and, leaving a regiment5 there under Colonel O'Morra, and being joined by de Pusignan, who had captured Moneymore, Magherafelt, Dawson's Bridge, and, in short, all the places on the left of the Bann, marched to Strabane, which he reached on the 15th of April, without meeting any opposition6. Here he halted to rest his troops, and having ascertained7 that the enemy to the number of 12,000 men, from Enniskillen and Derry, under the command of General Lundy, were drawn8 up at Cladiford, behind the river Finn, determined to offer battle. On receipt of this intelligence, Hamilton and Berwick, leaving their main body at Strabane, took 600 horse and 350 foot, and advanced to reconnoitre; but on their appearance the town was evacuated9, and the enemy, destroying the bridge, drew up in a fortified10 camp on the western side of the river.
Neither their force nor the strength of their position had been exaggerated: the river, which was of considerable volume, was found to be unfordable, while their right and left, beyond it, were protected by morasses11 impassable to cavalry12; a strong breastwork had been thrown up in front of the bridge, behind which, in advance of their main body, 2,000 men were arrayed in order of battle. Hamilton, however, determined to attack them, without apprising13 De Pusignan, and setting a party to work on the bridge under cover of his infantry14, he marched the cavalry along the river, determined to cross at the opportune15 moment. The infantry approached the bridge and opened a fire which dislodged the enemy from the trenches16, and the planks17 being laid, they dashed over, and making a lodgment in the abandoned works, drove them back in confusion to the camp. Taking advantage of this diversion, the horse swam the river on their right, and forming on the opposite side, charged the entire body of the rebels, now drawn up on the high grounds to receive them. But the bold front assumed by Hamilton disconcerted them, and observing, at the same time, a squadron of dragoons, which had just arrived under De Rosen, crossing the river to their left, their whole force became panic-stricken, and fled in confusion. Their cavalry was followed up and driven furiously through Raphoe, a distance of five miles; "As for their infantry," says Berwick, "we killed about four hundred of them on the spot, but the rest, being favored by the morasses, found means to escape." The loss of the royal troops in this affair was one officer and two men, drowned in crossing the river.
Hamilton found abundance of provisions and some war materials at Raphoe, where, waiting to rest his troops, he was joined by Lord Galmoy with eight hundred men, and determined to advance on Derry, when his progress was arrested by the arrival of a deputation that came to treat for its surrender. The party were well received, and a conference being arranged to take place within two days, on condition that he should approach no nearer than St. Johnstown, they departed highly satisfied with their reception. Hamilton proceeded to the appointed place, and being impressed with the importance of Derry to the Jacobite cause, offered them the most liberal terms:—"Life, liberty, property, and protection, on condition that the town would be surrendered at twelve o'clock next day. The terms were accepted, and awaited but ratification18 on both sides."
In the mean time, the king had left Dublin on the 8th of April, to take a view of the country. Hearing of the victory at Cladiford, he directed his course to that place, and arrived at the camp on the 18th, on the very hour that Hamilton was in conference with the delegates from Derry. De Rosen, perhaps, jealous of Hamilton's success, or wishing to gain credit with the king, represented to him that his presence before Derry would cause its gates to be at once thrown open, and prevent unnecessary delay, so he prevailed on him to make the experiment. Avoiding the place of conference, he took a circuitous19 route, and appearing before the town, summoned it to surrender. The "defenders20," taking this sudden appearance of the king at such a time as an act of treachery on the part of Hamilton, answered the demand by a cannon21-shot, which killed an officer by his side, and caused him to retire in shame and confusion. The consequence is easily foreseen. The treaty about to be ratified22 was broken off; the alarm was sounded throughout the rebel ranks; the "defenders" determined on more stern resistance; a siege was ordered by the king, and under escort of De Rosen, he returned to Dublin to meet his Parliament, which had been convoked23 for the 7th of May.
The consequences of this ill-advised interference on the part of the king are generally attributed to the Count de Rosen, whose appointment to the command of the army was one of the many unwise proceedings attributed to this very weak or very imprudent monarch24. Speaking of the affair just narrated25, the Duke of Berwick says: "M. de Rosen was the more to blame in persuading the king to the step I have just mentioned with regard to Derry, as he knew and had approved the agreement of M. Hamilton." But, with due respect for established authority, there is ground for a deduction26 different to that drawn by the Duke and other learned contemporaries. From the beginning of this revolution the "defenders" had practised the art of duplicity to a very considerable extent. In the winter of 1688, they sent delegations27 to Dublin and London at the same time with very different objects:—that to Dublin was meant to delay any action on the part of the deputy, while the other went to expedite an invasion by the Prince of Orange. Notwithstanding the short time that had elapsed from their defeat at Cladiford until the conference with Hamilton, they had received a large supply of arms and ammunition29 from England, and had gathered their scattered30 forces into the town; and there is reason to surmise31, that while the king was outraged32 before their walls, Hamilton was outwitted by their delegation28.
But however this may have been, we think that if Hamilton, with his characteristic promptitude, had marched boldly on Derry from Cladiford, he could have dictated33 his terms within its walls. Most of the "regimented men" spoken of by M. Walker in his history of the siege that succeeded, were still outlying in the "far north;" the fugitives34 from the late defeat would have been cut off from any hope of entering the place; and the supplies received during the interval35 would have been intercepted36. There was not then within the town, a force capable of offering any protracted37 resistance, and a surrender would be the probable, nay38, the almost certain consequence. Fewer lives, also, would have been sacrificed on each side, and the whole country would have been reduced to the arms of the king before the arrival of the Duke of Schomberg. But, then, the army was under the command of De Rosen, and whether this delay was occasioned by that general or not, it is now hard to determine.
The success of the royal arms in Monaghan, Leitrim, and Fermanagh, kept pace with the progress of Hamilton and Berwick. The insurgents39 were everywhere driven from the open country, and compelled to take refuge in Crom and Enniskillen. The garrison of Sligo, consisting of 3,000 foot and 1,000 horse, under Lord Kingston, withdrew to Ballyshannon, which commands the entrance to Lough-Erne; and towards the beginning of May, there remained no place of any significance in their possession but the fortified towns of Enniskillen and Derry. But the defenders of the latter place had made good use of the temporary cessation of hostilities after the battle of Cladiford. Their outlying posts were immediately abandoned, and troops came in daily from all quarters. Culmore, a strong post which guarded the entrance of the Foyle, and which they had held through the winter, was evacuated on the approach of the Jacobite army, and its garrison of 1,500 men, under Captain Murray, after a hazardous40 march through the mountainous country to the west of the river, succeeded in getting safely within its walls. The accession of these forces gave a new impulse to the flagging spirit of the defenders. Governor Lundy, being suspected of Jacobite tendencies, was at once deposed41, and a military council was constituted, of which Murray, the Reverend George Walker, and Colonel Baker42, were the ruling spirits.
The town of Derry stands on the western bank of the river Foyle, about five miles above its expansion into a lough of the same name. It is situated43 on an oval-shaped hill; the houses, rising tier over tier, look very picturesque44 to one approaching it from an eastern direction; but to the west it is overlooked by an irregular line of hills, stretching far back into the County of Donegal. Since the time of the Revolution, it has been greatly extended in all directions, but was then confined to the hill already mentioned, and was encompassed45 by a wall of immense strength, and about a mile in circuit. It was founded by King James I., in 1607, as a refuge to the settlers, whom he sent from England and Scotland, to the exclusion46 of the native race; and, by a sort of retributive justice, it helped to complete the ruin of his house, in the person of his grandson, but eighty years later. After the departure of the king for Dublin, the Irish generals proceeded to invest this important position, and, by the 20th of April, had made the following disposition47 of their forces: The fort of Culmore, which stands about five miles below the town, was occupied by a small garrison after its evacuation by Captain Murray, and the river was obstructed48 by a boom a little higher up. Hamilton, with about one thousand horse and foot, established his camp some two miles from the walls of the garrison; General Ramsay, with four battalions49, took up a position at Hollywell Hill, nearly the same distance to the west; Brigadier Wauchop, with two battalions, a squadron of horse and two field-pieces—their only artillery50—made a lodgment on the eastern bank of the river, at a place known as the "Waterside;" while a reserve of three battalions of infantry and nine squadron of cavalry was stationed at Johnstown, about six miles farther up the river, in the direction of Strabane.
The "defenders," from their walls, saw the gradual approach of the Jacobite army, and felt the necessity of prompt and determined action. Every consideration that impels51 men to deeds of daring was heightened by the fiery52 appeals of their leaders. The fall of so many important posts, in such quick succession, had deprived them of the vast stores which they had collected through the preceding winter; the population of the town had increased to twenty thousand within the last month, and famine, at no distant day, would do the work of war, should William fail to succor53 them in the interval. On the other hand, they still outnumbered the beleaguering54 army three to one; were better supplied, and much better armed; they had their city as a last refuge, in case of defeat, and one successful battle before its walls might save them from the horrors of a protracted siege. All these considerations awakened55 them to a consciousness of their true position, and nerved them to action, while it was yet possible to dislodge the enemy; and from this time, until the town was completely invested, they exhibited a courage and determination worthy56 of a better cause.
On the 21st of April, Colonel Hamilton was ordered from General Ramsay's headquarters to occupy the village of Pennyburn, about a mile below the town, in the direction of Culmore; and taking with him a guard of 200 men, he proceeded to the execution of his order. As he passed within sight of the town, he was assailed57 by the enemy, amounting to 1,500 foot and 300 horse; but he gained the village, and occupying the houses and adjacent cover, he kept up a fire, while he dispatched a messenger to de Momont's quarters for assistance. It happened that the Irish cavalry were out on a foraging58 expedition; there being only a guard of forty troopers and the same number of horse dragoons in the camp; and with this force de Momont and Major Taaf rode at once to the rescue. On reaching the scene of action, they found Hamilton still disputing the possession of the town with the enemy's foot, while their horse were drawn up with their right resting on the river to receive them. A fierce conflict ensued; the enemy broke and fled into the town, but de Momont, Major Taaf, and seven of their command, were killed, and "there was not a man left who was not either wounded or had his horse shot under him."13 The loss of the enemy is not stated, but judging from the vast superiority of their force, and its hasty retreat, it must have been much greater.
Pennyburn was then occupied by the royalists, and reinforced from the encampment at Boom Hall14 to the number of 500 men, and a second attack, after such a signal defeat, was little apprehended59. But as that position brought them within cannon range of the city, the enemy, conscious of its importance, determined to risk another effort to dislodge them before it could be secured by intrenchments. Accordingly, on the 25th, they sallied out with a force of 8,000 men, and endeavored to surround this detachment. The Irish disputed every inch of the ground, but were forced back to the last houses in the village, and were on the point of retreat, when Ramsay appeared in the rear of the enemy, and assailed them with great vigor60. Other reinforcements arrived; the action continued from nine o'clock in the morning until seven o'clock in the evening, when the enemy retreated in confusion. In this sally de Pusignan was killed, Brigadier Pointy was wounded, and Berwick received a contusion, which he tells us was the only hurt he ever had, though his after years were spent in continual warfare61.
As the next attack was the last of that series of "brilliant assaults" so greatly extolled62 by the eulogists of the Williamite cause, it is here transcribed63 entire from the Memoirs64 of the Duke of Berwick, who was himself an actor in the affair which he so simply, yet so graphically65, describes:
"They sent us word from Dublin that they were dispatching artillery to us; for which reason we thought it right to possess ourselves immediately of such posts near the town as might be of use in pressing the siege. With this view, Ramsay, with his troops, on the 6th of May, attacked a windmill, which stood on an eminence66 at half-cannon shot from the town, and behind it was a bottom in which he meant to encamp. The enemy defended themselves with great bravery; and, at last, the whole town sallying out upon him, he was driven from his post and obliged to retire. Ramsay himself was killed, with about 200 men; several officers of distinction were made prisoners. Wauchop took the command of Ramsay's troops, and resolved upon another attempt to make himself master of the mill; but the enemy, apprised67 of the importance of it, had covered it with a great intrenchment, which our troops could never force, and we sustained a further loss of several officers, and at least a hundred men." * * * "After this experience, we assembled all our troops, consisting of twelve battalions and fifteen or sixteen squadrons (about 2,800 men), and encamped opposite the front of the place, behind a rising ground, at the distance of a long musket-shot; and we left on the other side of the river two battalions that had been stationed there. A few days after, six large pieces of cannon—four guns and two mortars—arrived: there were thirty in the town. We had, in all, not more than five or six thousand men; the besieged68 had ten thousand, well armed. About the same time arrived M. de Rosen, with some French engineers and matrosses to begin the attack. As I was not pleased with the business, any more than with the new general, * * I asked for the command against Enniskillen, and obtained it, and left the camp on the 21st of June, with four hundred horse dragoons, and marched to Cavan Park."
The Parliament which assembled in Dublin, in obedience69 to the king's call, had high and solemn duties to perform, and seems to have been fully70 impressed with their importance. The country was impoverished71; its treasury72 was empty; its banking-system was completely unhinged; and, as money was the great necessity of the hour, little could be done towards the support of the army until the financial system of the country was established on a satisfactory basis. Though the Williamites of Ulster had fallen away before the national troops, they had still two very important strongholds, Enniskillen and Derry, in their possession; and hostilities might be protracted until the arrival of an invading army, which the king's English agents apprised him might be soon expected, and to raise and equip an army able to cope with it was the real business of the session.
But the Parliament was not constituted for that expeditious73 legislation that the king expected. In the Upper House there were no Catholic prelates, and the Protestant lords, spiritual and temporal, greatly outnumbered the Catholic peers.
In the Lower House the Catholic element greatly preponderated74, and conflicting opinions are never slow to arise in the greatest emergencies. The Protestant representatives very naturally wished to know whither the king's reforms tended; and the Catholic members, with a desire quite as reasonable, wanted to have their rights secured by constitutional guarantees. The discussions arising in consequence of these different views were long, and not free from religious rancor75, and so, much of the time—short enough for the pressing duty of the hour—was wasted on questions that might have been better left for future deliberation. Grattan, in alluding76 to this Parliament eighty years later, says: "Though Papists, they were not slaves; they wrung77 a constitution from King James before they accompanied him to the field."15 This was the view of a great statesman; but yet we think that the first and only duty of that Parliament should have been to grant, even to wring78, money from the country, to remove their king's dependence79 on the bounty80 of France, and enable him to support an army equal to the necessity of the time; and this it undoubtedly81 could have done, had the Catholic members been as liberal in voting supplies to James, as their Protestant colleagues were afterwards in casting the wealth of the country at the feet of William. These rights that Grattan appreciated so much—the rights he won himself—where are they? The great duty was to beat the enemy and leave the rest to time.
The speech of the king to the assembled Parliament was all that could be desired, and went far to secure that general accord so necessary to success. His principles were unaltered. Pardon and protection were again offered to all who, within a certain day, would return to their homes. He pledged himself to secure social harmony through the establishment of civil and religious liberty; to elevate the social condition of the people, and advance the interests of trade and commerce. The address met the approval of both Houses, and, under the best auspices82, they entered on their important duty.... With the exception of the following acts, which appear supplementary83, the measures introduced into this Parliament were the same as those already noticed:
First: An act declaring that all persons should pay tithes84 only to the clergymen of their own communion.
Second: An act repealing85 the act of settlement, and indemnifying Catholics who had been declared innocent by the Court of Claims.
Third: An act of attainder against all persons bearing arms for William, declaring their property, real and personal, forfeited86, unless they surrendered before a certain day.16
Fourth: An act increasing the king's subsidy87 to ￡20,000 per month.
These acts all received the royal sanction, though the third met with considerable opposition; and the fourth was passed over an earnest protest from the Protestant lords, spiritual and temporal. But the great act, the one which concerned the future welfare of the country, far more than all the others, met with the persistent88 opposition of the king, though strenuously89 advocated by the majority; and so the act of Poyning remained unchanged until the days of Grattan and the volunteers of '82.
At last, and towards the end of June, they reached the great, important business of the session—the ways and means of supporting the army. The Catholic gentry90 had maintained the war up to the present time, and their means were totally exhausted91. The Protestant gentry seemed unwilling92 to risk fortune or credit on the issue as between the king and the Prince of Orange. The king's condition was desperate, and called for extraordinary remedies; there was no alternative between exaction93 and abdication94, and he overstepped the limitations of trade for the higher law of preservation95. He doubled his subsidy by proclamation; established a bank restriction96 act by the same authority; issued a million and a half of copper97 coin, and gave it a nominal98 value. These measures were declared arbitrary, but they were also measures of the direst necessity; he pledged himself to revoke99 them when the necessity had passed, and also to redeem100 the coin issued in sterling101 money. The traders demurred102, raised the price of provisions, and rendered the coin almost worthless; the king established a scale of prices, and threatened penalties on those who exacted more. Such was the offence, and such the demand for this "arbitrary assumption." The king in his extremity103, the country in the throes of a revolution, the brave men pouring out their life-blood on the battle-field, were as nothing in comparison to the claims of a self-constituted monopoly.
In criticising those "arbitrary assumptions" of the king, we should bear in mind that free trade was then no established principle of either English or Irish legislation; that the corn laws of England, which are somewhat of a kindred character, have been repealed104 after years of angry agitation105, and within a very recent period; that the people, whose rights were of paramount106 consideration, gave their unqualified approval to those measures; and, even allowing them to have been arbitrary, he could be no patriot107 who would put the claims of trade in opposition to the liberty of the nation. In one measure alone—his interference with the Dublin University—does the king seem to have acted both unwisely and arbitrarily; and of this, the following extract from Taylor's history will afford a sufficient exposition:—"The first step taken by King James in his war on the Dublin University, proved that he gave that body more credit for common sense than it merited. He nominated a Roman Catholic to be professor of the Irish language, and was afterwards astounded108 to hear that no such professorship existed in that venerable institution. Doctor Leland rates James very severely109 for having committed such a blunder, but, truly, the blunder belongs not to him alone. He could scarcely have credited the existence of such a practical jest as an institution whose professed110 design was to instruct the Irish in the doctrines111 of the reformed religion, which yet left the teachers wholly ignorant of the language of those whom they had to instruct. Compared with this, the folly112 of Goldsmith's attempting to teach English in Holland, without first having learned Dutch, sinks into insignificance113."17 The point is well taken, and the oversight114 of the primary duty of the founders115 is, no doubt, of a piece with many others that might be noted116; but candor117 compels the acknowledgment, that neither the king nor the Catholic people should be first to rectify118 a mistake which left the college so harmless in pressing the object of its establishment.
The heads of the institution, alarmed at this interference of the king, endeavored to convert the property of the college into ready money. Tyrconnell ordered the prosecution119 of the purchaser, and seized on the plate so disposed of. Litigation followed, and after some time the property was restored to the institution, on condition that it should not again be sold. The king next appointed a Catholic to a fellowship of the college, and its authorities demurred; but before the matter was pressed to an issue the candidate's incapacity was discovered, and the affair terminated for the time. Such were the encroachments of the king on that venerable institution, antecedent to the invasion; but now that he had become king regnant in Ireland, he pressed those innovations with more rigor120 and less cause. He abolished its original charter, expelled the provost for contumacy, and is even accused of a design to convert the college into a Jesuit seminary. This was all inexcusable; the more so, that it was inconsistent with his avowed121 principles, that it awakened the reasonable apprehensions122 of the loyal Protestant people, and, above all, that it consumed the time and attention which should have been devoted123 to the great and pressing demands of the country.
By this unnecessary and ill-timed delay, the military affairs of the nation were allowed to languish124; the army, dependent on tardy125 and forced supplies, had partaken of the general apathy126; and were it not for the indefatigable127 efforts of Tyrconnell, scarcely the semblance128 of an army could have been maintained to the end of this memorable129 session. But while the king was engaged in angry discussion with his turbulent Parliament, Tyrconnell was engaged in the organization of the forces. He had already sent 2,500 troops to the army before Derry, had in course of training 9,000 more awaiting arms and equipments from France, and a well-appointed force ready, under Lord Mountcashel, to undertake the reduction of Enniskillen.
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1
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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morasses
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| n.缠作一团( morass的名词复数 )；困境；沼泽；陷阱 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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apprising
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的现在分词 )；评价 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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opportune
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| adj.合适的，适当的 | |
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trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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ratification
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| n.批准，认可 | |
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circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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convoked
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| v.召集，召开（会议）( convoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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deduction
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| n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎 | |
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delegations
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| n.代表团( delegation的名词复数 )；委托，委派 | |
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delegation
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| n.代表团；派遣 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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surmise
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| v./n.猜想，推测 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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39
insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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40
hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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41
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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42
baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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43
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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44
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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45
encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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46
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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47
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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48
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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49
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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50
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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51
impels
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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52
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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53
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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54
beleaguering
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| v.围攻( beleaguer的现在分词 )；困扰；骚扰 | |
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55
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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56
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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57
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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58
foraging
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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59
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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60
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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61
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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62
extolled
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| v.赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
transcribed
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| （用不同的录音手段）转录( transcribe的过去式和过去分词 )； 改编（乐曲）（以适应他种乐器或声部）； 抄写； 用音标标出（声音） | |
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64
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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65
graphically
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| adv.通过图表；生动地，轮廓分明地 | |
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66
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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67
apprised
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的过去式和过去分词 )；评价 | |
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68
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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69
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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70
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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71
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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72
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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73
expeditious
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| adj.迅速的，敏捷的 | |
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74
preponderated
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| v.超过，胜过( preponderate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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75
rancor
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| n.深仇，积怨 | |
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76
alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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77
wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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78
wring
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| n.扭绞；v.拧，绞出，扭 | |
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79
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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80
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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81
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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82
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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83
supplementary
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| adj.补充的，附加的 | |
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84
tithes
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| n.（宗教捐税）什一税，什一的教区税，小部分( tithe的名词复数 ) | |
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85
repealing
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的现在分词 ) | |
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86
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
subsidy
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| n.补助金，津贴 | |
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88
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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89
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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90
gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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91
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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92
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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93
exaction
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| n.强求，强征；杂税 | |
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94
abdication
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| n.辞职；退位 | |
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95
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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96
restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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97
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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98
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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99
revoke
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| v.废除，取消，撤回 | |
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100
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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101
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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102
demurred
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| v.表示异议，反对( demur的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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104
repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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106
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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107
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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108
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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109
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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110
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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111
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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112
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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113
insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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114
oversight
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| n.勘漏，失察，疏忽 | |
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115
founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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116
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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117
candor
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| n.坦白，率真 | |
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118
rectify
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| v.订正，矫正，改正 | |
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119
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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120
rigor
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| n.严酷，严格，严厉 | |
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121
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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122
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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123
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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124
languish
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| vi.变得衰弱无力，失去活力，（植物等）凋萎 | |
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125
tardy
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| adj.缓慢的，迟缓的 | |
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126
apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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127
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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128
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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129
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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