Tyrconnell, seeing that a civil war could no longer be averted2 in Ireland, bitterly regretted the loss of those troops that he had sent to England. A few well-equipped regiments4: those of Mountcashel, Clancarty, Lord Antrim, Lord Bellew, and his own, about three thousand,—were all that remained in the country. Men by thousands daily presented themselves for enrollment5, but they were destitute6 of every thing that constitutes the soldier, "excepting courage and good will," and he had neither money nor arms to equip them. The Williamite organization grew more powerful and extended, day by day. Along with the province of Ulster, it soon embraced the counties of Longford, Meath, and Dublin; its leaders, in the mean time, feigning7 to treat with Tyrconnell, while privately8 soliciting9 arms and succors10 from the Prince of Orange. Tyrconnell at last determined11 to make a final appeal to the country, and for this purpose issued colonels' commissions to the heads of the old Catholic houses and the loyal Palesmen of Leinster. The effect was electric. With a common impulse they rushed to his standard, and threw the wrecks12 of their former fortunes in the balance. In a short time, the regiments of McMahon, O'Reilley, MacDonnell, Maguinness, Maguire, O'Donnell, Nugent, Loutrell, Fitzgerald, Felix O'Neil, Gordon O'Neil, Cormac O'Neil, Bryan O'Neil, Sir Neale O'Neil, Clare, Galway, O'Moore, O'Dempsey, and others were in the field, to the number of 20,000, nearly all recruited from their respective households.
But the people having been long deprived of the right to bear arms, were necessarily unprovided with them, and the state to which the country had been reduced by the misgovernment and oppression of the last forty years, rendered them unable to provide any other than the rudest weapons, hastily improvised13. They had, therefore, to be armed and provisioned at the individual expense of their leaders, and it was found impossible to equip and sustain the multitudes that presented themselves for service. The murmurs14 of the people were loud and deep, but there was no remedy. The organizations of the Council, all well armed, and supplied with the necessaries of war, were wide-spread throughout the country, and were levying15, in the name of the Prince of Orange, on the Catholic people of Ulster, and even the eastern and southern provinces had to yield to their exactions. Notwithstanding all this, thousands had to be dismissed to their unprotected homes, with promises that a little time would remove those difficulties. It was represented, as it was indeed believed by all, that an immense armament was fitting out in France, to accompany the king, who was daily expected to arrive; that his presence would rectify18 every thing, and afford them the means and opportunity of giving active proof of their patriotism19; and with these promises, though chafing20 at delay, they retired21 to watch the current of events, and bide22 the arrival of their king. The new regiments were reduced to a limited standard of about 250 each, so that 12,000 men, including those already enrolled23, were rendered fit for service, and with this force Tyrconnell opened the campaign of 1689.
Carrickfergus and Charlemont in the north, and all the forts on the Shannon, from Lough Allen to the estuary24, were still in the possession of the Irish, and each had to be reinforced and put in a better state of defence: the town of Kilkenny, and the cities of Cork25 and Waterford, had each to receive its quota26 of troops; Dundalk, an important seaport27, had to be secured against the excursions of the insurgents28 of Monaghan and Armagh; and the metropolis30 could not dispense31 with the few veteran regiments that had been stationed there since the inauguration32 of the deputy. After the distribution of his forces among these posts, Tyrconnell found at his disposal a small army of 6,000 men available for the field, and, dividing it into three corps33, he gave the command of one to Lieutenant-General Justin McCarthy, to operate in Munster, where Inchiquin had raised the standard of revolt; one to Lieutenant-General Richard Hamilton, for the reduction of the rebel garrisons34 from Dundalk to Derry; and another, a co-operative force of about 1,000 men, was placed under Lord Galmoy, to give countenance36 to the outlying posts around Cavan and Enniskillen.—The limits prescribed these pages preclude37 a detailed38 account of these expeditions, although each presents some of the most striking and agreeable events of that period. McCarthy, at the head of 2,000 regulars and a few hundred followers39, reduced, in a few days, the rebels of Castle-Martyr and Bandon, and turning his attention to Inchiquin, who was plundering40 and laying waste the country, from the Shannon to the Blackwater, he drove him back on his stronghold in Clare, and marched uncontrolled from the Fergus to the Barrow. The Williamites of Munster, surprised by these events and the rapidity of their execution, laid down their arms, returned to their homes, and all apprehension41 of future trouble in that quarter was at an end:—for this important service McCarthy henceforth received the title of "Pacificator of Munster."
When the rumor43 of William's conspiracy44 first became known to the Earl of Tyrconnell in the preceding year, he sent General Hamilton, as already indicated, with about four thousand men, for the service of James in England. After the invasion of William this force was either slain45, dispersed46, or forced into his service, and their general, contrary to the usages of war, and to the terms accorded to the other adherents47 of the king, was detained a prisoner. Being an Irish gentleman by birth, of great family influence, and one of the best cavalry48 officers of his time, William saw in him one who, if weaned from his allegiance to the king, would be a powerful agent of success to his designs on Ireland, and accordingly, 'tis said, made overtures49 to that effect. History, however, is not clear as to the nature of these proposals, nor of the manner in which they were met by Hamilton. This much at least is known, that he was released from captivity50, was sent with proposals of an accommodation to Tyrconnell, but on arriving in Ireland he urged the most determined opposition51 to William, and was appointed to lead the expedition against the rebellion in Ulster.
Leaving Drogheda on the 8th of March, with a force of about two thousand men, he marched through Dundalk and Newry, and on the 13th took up a position between Loughbrickland and the river Bann, and sent out Colonel Butler to take a reconnoissance of the enemy, said to be in force between him and the Laggan. The service was one of extreme peril52, and required the utmost courage and address:—he was in the midst of a mountainous country, surrounded by a wary53 foe54, and the slightest misconduct on his part, was sure to result in the capture or destruction of the main body.
The task was, however, performed to the satisfaction of the general: the enemy were found strongly intrenched at Dromore-Iveagh, on the north side of the Laggan, to the number of 8,000 men, under the command of Hugh Montgomery, Lord Mount Alexander. It was soon decided55 to attack them; so breaking camp with the dawn, on the morning of the 14th, Hamilton crossed the Bann and advanced boldly on their position. The cavalry regiment3 of Montgomery advanced to meet him, but after the first charge of Hamilton's dragoons they fell back in confusion on the main body, and his infantry56 having also crossed the river, a general attack was ordered. The enemy, however, did not wait the assault, for Montgomery himself running away, his men followed the example, and a complete rout57 succeeded. The Irish remained masters of the encampment. Montgomery continued his flight to Hillsborough, into which he threw a few companies, and ordering the bulk of his forces to Coleraine, embarked58 at Donaghadee, and sailed for England. This was the first time the forces of "The Council" met the Irish in the field. They had been organizing and levying on the country for months; they were well armed; had an intrenched position of their own selection, behind a deep and rapid river, and the result was the loss of their camp equipage, four hundred slain, and that disgraceful flight known in the history of the period as "The Break of Dromore."
After stopping here for a day to rest his men and secure the advantages of his victory, Hamilton pushed on to Hillsborough, the headquarters of the Council, while Sir Arthur Rawdon advanced rapidly from Lisburn to its relief, at the head of 4,000 men. Rawdon, however, only arrived in the vicinity to find the place in the possession of Hamilton, and to see its paroled garrison35 making their way home across the country. On learning that Rawdon was in the neighborhood, the Irish troops advanced to meet him, but he, ordering his men to make the best of their way towards Coleraine, abandoned them to their fate, and, like Mount Alexander, embarked for England.
The capture of Hillsborough was of great service to the Irish cause. It had been the headquarters of the "Council" since its formation, and was the repository of its papers, plans, and secret correspondence with William; but, above all, it contained immense stores of provisions, wrung59 from the inhabitants of the surrounding country since the preceding winter. The evacuation of Dungannon, on the west side of Lough Neagh, a fine central position of the Williamites, and one of their chief depots60 for provisions and military stores, followed closely on that of Hillsborough; and Hamilton, pursuing the retreating insurgents through Belfast, Antrim, and Ballymena, drove them in on Coleraine, and halted to recruit his little army in the town of Ballymoney, within a few miles of their only remaining stronghold in Antrim. While here, he was assailed61 by a strong force sent out to cover the movements of a foraging62 party, but he attacked them so vigorously that he drove them within the gates of the town, inflicting63 a severe loss, and capturing all the booty collected in their excursion.
Thus, in less than a fortnight after his departure from Drogheda, all the eastern counties of Ulster—Armagh, Down, Antrim, and the greater part of Tyrone—were reduced to obedience64; but, as he was now about to approach the walled town of Derry, he halted for a few days in his career, to await artillery65 and reinforcements from the capital.
In whatever light this campaign is considered—whether from a Williamite or a Jacobite point of view—it confers immortal66 honor on Hamilton and his little band, for it can scarcely be dignified67 by the name of an army. In a season of unusual severity, in the face of a vigilant68 foe, four times his number, and established in the strongest positions that could be selected, he, by vigilance and audacity69, baffled all attempts at surprise, and with an insignificant70 loss, and without a single repulse71, cleared the greater part of the province from the grasp of an enemy that a few days before had uttered defiance72 before the gates of Dundalk, and bore away their booty undisturbed within sight of the capital.
The co-operative force, under Galmoy, was scarce less successful. The scene of his operations embraced Monaghan, Cavan, and Fermanagh, where the leading rebels, Lord Blaney and Gustavus Hamilton, carried fire and sword wherever they went. The first to arouse the infatuated people, by the cry of religion, they were the persistent73 violators of all religious precepts74. The total extirpation75 of the Catholics could alone appease76 them, and to this end they kept the minds of their followers inflamed77 by every species of misrepresentation and calumny78. The people were driven from their homes, and wholesale79 murder and rapine, with crimes too revolting for detail, marked their course among the doomed80 fugitives81. In the few months that had elapsed since the advent82 of the Prince of Orange in England, this section of country had become almost desolate83. Few were to be seen but the destroyers let loose over it, or the stealthy Rapparees, that tracked their steps, to wreak84 a deadly revenge for the crimes that rendered them at once both homeless and merciless. But the contest was unequal; the unarmed people were forced to give way before the trained-bands of Hamilton and Blaney, when Galmoy entered on the scene, to add fresh fuel to the flame. He soon roused the flagging spirit of the Jacobites. Blaney and Hamilton, now joined by Wolseley, put forth42 all their strength to oppose him, but they were met by measures as arbitrary and effective as their own. "No quarter" became the cry on both sides; but the military skill of Galmoy proclaimed him the master-spirit, and after a few reverses, and a rigorous retaliation85, they fell back wherever he advanced; all opposition in the open country soon ceased, and they were forced to take refuge within the walls of Enniskillen.
The poor countenance shown by the rebels in the field, now emboldened86 Galmoy to attempt the reduction of Enniskillen, which was their chief rendezvous87 in the south-western portion of the province; and for that purpose he approached the Castle of Crom, one of its principal defences, and having driven in its outposts, invested it about the middle of March. This fortress88, which stands on a peninsula in the waters of the Lower Erne, being impregnable to his light-armed infantry, he now had recourse to stratagem89. He got some tin cannon90 constructed, and giving out that artillery had reached him from Dublin, placed them in battery within musket91 range of the castle. On the 21st he summoned it to surrender, but the garrison, having been apprised92 of the ruse93 intended for them, provided themselves with the long guns used in duck-shooting on the lake, and answered his summons with a well-directed fire that killed about forty of his men, and compelled him to retire to a safer distance, leaving his mock cannon behind him. They were soon conveyed into the fort, and were exhibited as trophies94 at many a succeeding celebration of "the glorious and pious95, etc.," furnishing the Enniskilleners with a theme of boastful merriment.9
The name "Enniskilleners," has now become nearly obsolete96, and is only applied97 to a regiment of dragoons in the English army, kept up in perpetuation98 of the part they took in the ruin of their country; but at the time of the Revolution it was applied without distinction to the partisans99 of William, who, when driven before the Jacobites, took refuge within the town of Enniskillen, and held out until the relief of Derry, to which it was next in importance. It is a place of great natural strength, and has many historic memories dating farther back than the unhappy events that have given it such unenviable notoriety. It was originally the stronghold of the Maguires, who held it for centuries against each successive invasion, but had passed into the hands of Sir William Cole, after the civil war of 1641. It stands on a river connecting the upper and lower waters of Lough-Erne, which, lying from the north-west to the south-east of the County Fermanagh, and connecting with Lough-Oughter on the south, extends over a distance of more than forty miles. These lakes and their tributaries100, studded with islands innumerable, render the country for several miles a labyrinth101 almost impassable to all but the natives. There is not, perhaps, in the world, for the same extent of country, a place so well adapted to insurgent29 warfare102. In such a country the people of La Vendée would have exhausted103 all the resources of the French Directory; and the wonder is, not why Galmoy could not take it, but how he even approached it, in the face of such overwhelming odds104.
Meanwhile the exiled king was keenly alive to all that was passing in his late dominions105. Assured of the strenuous106 support of Louis, on the first demonstration107 of popular will in his favor in England, his agents there were active in their endeavors to effect a change of public sentiment; nor did their efforts seem barren of good results. The way of William, since his accession, was not strewn with flowers. Signs of reaction manifested themselves daily, and it required all the efforts of his Dutch and German mercenaries, to check the spirit of disaffection. The people had been taken by surprise. Their subjugation108 to the arms of Holland had been effected by a conspiracy between a few of the nobles and William, in which they had no part, and many of the moderate nobles had begun to regret an action by which they intended only a change of the royal policy, but which had terminated in a change of sovereigns. Nor was the result, in any light, very flattering to their vanity; nor a comparison between the sovereigns favorable to the new incumbent109. It was, however, from the dignitaries of the Established Church that William experienced the greatest opposition. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six others, though active in their opposition to the reforms introduced by James, would never acknowledge any other king, and continued to pray publicly for his welfare and protection. Mary sent to the Archbishop to ask his blessing111, but received for answer: "When she has obtained her father's blessing, I shall be very ready to give her mine." The Prince of Orange was outraged112 by such perverseness113 of spirit, and as an example of the religious liberty that he had established in England, deprived them of their bishoprics. Throughout the country a reaction had really set in. The Dutch guards and the English soldiers came frequently into collision, and the insolence114 of the former, being generally overlooked by William, he became an object of popular disfavor. To silence this disaffection he determined to send the malcontent115 regiments to Holland, and supply their place with Dutch soldiers. A Scotch116 regiment mutinied, and marched northward117 "with drums beating and colors flying," but were overwhelmed by three regiments of Dutch dragoons, under Ginkle, and sent off to the continent. This revolt caused the passage of the famous "Mutiny Bill," which deprives the British soldier of the right of citizenship118, shuts him off from the benefit of civil law, and makes him an alien in his own country.
The Jacobite cause in Scotland was still hopeful, for there, Viscount Dundee kept the field, and refused all terms of compromise, while in Ireland three provinces remained steadfast119 in their allegiance, and the adherents of William in the other province, though still obstinate120 in the course they had adopted, were unable to keep the field. The Earl of Tyrconnell, faithful to his trust, animated121 the people by word and example, and "retained," says the Duke of Berwick, "all the kingdom in obedience;" so James, at last, rousing himself from his apathy122, determined to assume the management of affairs in his Kingdom of Ireland. The state of the country demanded his presence; the people clamored for it; and the French king hastened it by his counsel, and gave promise of adequate military support. Accordingly, James set sail from France, under an escort of thirty-three war-ships, and arrived at Kinsale on the 12th of March, 1689. He was accompanied by his son, the Duke of Berwick, M. de Rosen, M. de Momont, M. de Pusignan, de Lery, Bo?sselau, Lestrade, Guidon, and about one hundred French officers of different grades, and twelve hundred of his guards, who had joined him in his exile.
The people, who expected to see this imposing123 array of ships pour out its thousands of armed men on their shores, were greatly disappointed; but the arrival of the king banished124 every other consideration. His adversity awakened125 all the sympathies of their nature, and he had an abiding-place in every heart. From Kinsale he proceeded to Cork, which he entered amid the greatest rejoicings. After the usual formalities, of which religious ceremonies formed the most solemn and imposing part, he received from the deputy an account of his stewardship126. It exceeded even what he had been led to expect, and as a mark of his approval, Tyrconnell was raised to the rank of Duke, and McCarthy, "The Pacificater of Munster," was created Lord Mountcashel, and honored with a seat in his cabinet. After a short delay here, the king proceeded to the metropolis. His route through the country was one continued ovation127. Crowds of people lined the wayside, invoking128 blessings129 on his cause, while religious ceremonies, pledges, and addresses of loyalty130, arrested his way at every step of his route. The city of Dublin, proverbial in all times for taste and elegance131, and which had never witnessed the advent of a king since the days of Henry II., exhausted every effort that art or fancy could suggest, to grace the royal pageantry. The corporation, headed by the mayor, in all the pomp of office, went forth to meet him, and tender him the keys of the city. Farther on, and near the portals of the castle, the Primate132, crowned with the triple tiara, and holding in his hand the emblem133 of redemption, awaited to receive his obeisance134, and bestow135 the benediction136. As he approached the august dignitary, a general halt of the procession took place, and even the multitude, that surged like a closing sea behind, hushed their acclamations, and bent110 in lowly reverence137, until the king, rising from his genuflection138 before the cross, and, bareheaded, offered them his parting acknowledgments. Then, as the national flag, standing17 out above the castle-gate, revealed to him the terse139 and significant motto:
"Now or Never; Now and Forever,"
one wild and prolonged cheer, deep and fervid140, burst from the hearts of the multitude. The die was cast, and their adherence141 to the discrowned monarch142 was sealed and irrevocable.
Immediately after his arrival in Dublin,10 James proceeded to the construction of his cabinet, the leading members of which were Tyrconnell, Mountcashel, General Nugent, and some of the French officers that formed his escort. He at once issued a proclamation, offering pardon and protection to all who would retire peaceably to their homes, and again announced his unalterable determination to maintain the civil and religious liberty of all religious denominations143. The army, however, demanded his earliest attention, for, whatever was its enthusiasm, its real condition was far from encouraging. The gentlemen who bore the expense of the first levy16 were unable to continue the drain on their slender means, and the soldiers were suffering much privation. It was necessary also to organize a force sufficient to meet events that might now be daily expected, and accordingly the king at once appealed to the country. More than one hundred thousand men, almost simultaneously144, offered their services; "but," says Hume, "not two in every hundred were provided with muskets145 fit for service; the rest were armed with clubs and sticks tipped with iron," and he found himself compelled to decline the service of all but about twenty thousand.11
These, together with those already in the service, constituted an army short of thirty thousand men; the whole artillery in the country was twelve field-pieces and four mortars146; and with this force, in the weakest period it had known since the first invasion, Ireland resolved to measure strength with England, its army of mercenaries, and the most powerful of her own provinces now arrayed on the side of the usurper147. The king had unbounded confidence in the timely assistance of France; but the people had realized the purport148 of this war; for them it was to be a struggle for national life or total extinction149, and though many retired to their homes wherever it was practicable, thousands who had already been rendered homeless, seized on every rude weapon that presented, and, determined to wring150 a subsistence from the enemy, took up the bold and reckless life of the Rapparee. Tyrconnell was now appointed commander-in-chief of the army; M. de Rosen was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, and appointed second in command; M. de Momont was raised to the same rank; de Pusignan and de Lery to that of major-general; Bo?sselau was appointed adjutant-general, Guidon master-general of cavalry, and a reinforcement of about three thousand troops, then the best in the country, was sent to Lieutenant-General, the Viscount of Dundee, who was making head against Mackey, the commander of the Williamite forces in Scotland.
The condition of affairs now brooked151 of no delay; the English Parliament was convened152 for an early day; William had expressed his intention of sending an expedition into Ireland, and only waited its assent153: the suppression of the Ulster rebellion before such an event should take place, was a matter of vital importance to the Jacobite cause, and an active campaign was at once determined on. Accordingly, Major-General, the Duke of Berwick, was dispatched to the assistance of Hamilton, now lying before the fortified154 town of Coleraine, while de Pusignan, with a select body of horse and foot, and two pieces of artillery, was to march through Charlemont and Dungannon, and passing to the west of Lough Neagh, unite with Berwick and Hamilton, and proceed against Derry, the chief stronghold of the rebellion.
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1
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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enrollment
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| n.注册或登记的人数；登记 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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feigning
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| 假装，伪装( feign的现在分词 )； 捏造（借口、理由等） | |
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privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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soliciting
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| v.恳求( solicit的现在分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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succors
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| n.救助，帮助（尤指需要时）( succor的名词复数 )v.给予帮助( succor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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wrecks
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| n.沉船( wreck的名词复数 )；（事故中）遭严重毁坏的汽车（或飞机等）；（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人；状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）v.毁坏[毁灭]某物( wreck的第三人称单数 )；使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉 | |
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improvised
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| a.即席而作的,即兴的 | |
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14
murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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levying
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| 征（兵）( levy的现在分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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rectify
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| v.订正，矫正，改正 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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chafing
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| n.皮肤发炎v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的现在分词 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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bide
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| v.忍耐；等候；住 | |
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enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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estuary
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| n.河口，江口 | |
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cork
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| n.软木，软木塞 | |
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quota
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| n.（生产、进出口等的）配额，（移民的）限额 | |
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seaport
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| n.海港，港口，港市 | |
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insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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insurgent
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| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
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metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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inauguration
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| n.开幕、就职典礼 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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36
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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37
preclude
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| vt.阻止，排除，防止；妨碍 | |
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38
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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39
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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40
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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41
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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42
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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43
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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44
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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45
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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46
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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47
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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48
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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49
overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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50
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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51
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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52
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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53
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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54
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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55
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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56
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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57
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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58
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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59
wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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60
depots
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| 仓库( depot的名词复数 )； 火车站； 车库； 军需库 | |
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61
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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62
foraging
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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63
inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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64
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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65
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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66
immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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67
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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68
vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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69
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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70
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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71
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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72
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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73
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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74
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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75
extirpation
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| n.消灭，根除，毁灭；摘除 | |
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76
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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77
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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79
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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80
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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81
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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82
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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83
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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84
wreak
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| v.发泄；报复 | |
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85
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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86
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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88
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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89
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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90
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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91
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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92
apprised
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| v.告知，通知( apprise的过去式和过去分词 )；评价 | |
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93
ruse
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| n.诡计，计策；诡计 | |
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94
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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95
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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96
obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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97
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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98
perpetuation
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| n.永存，不朽 | |
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99
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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100
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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101
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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102
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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103
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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104
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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105
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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106
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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107
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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108
subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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109
incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的 | |
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110
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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111
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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112
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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113
perverseness
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| n. 乖张, 倔强, 顽固 | |
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114
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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115
malcontent
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| n.不满者，不平者；adj.抱不平的，不满的 | |
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116
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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117
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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118
citizenship
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| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
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119
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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120
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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121
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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122
apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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123
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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124
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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126
stewardship
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| n. n. 管理工作；管事人的职位及职责 | |
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127
ovation
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| n.欢呼，热烈欢迎，热烈鼓掌 | |
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128
invoking
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| v.援引( invoke的现在分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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129
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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130
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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131
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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132
primate
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| n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的 | |
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133
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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134
obeisance
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| n.鞠躬，敬礼 | |
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135
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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136
benediction
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| n.祝福；恩赐 | |
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137
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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138
genuflection
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| n. 曲膝, 屈服 | |
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139
terse
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| adj.(说话，文笔)精炼的，简明的 | |
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140
fervid
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| adj.热情的；炽热的 | |
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141
adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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142
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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143
denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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144
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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145
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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146
mortars
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| n.迫击炮( mortar的名词复数 )；砂浆；房产；研钵 | |
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147
usurper
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| n. 篡夺者, 僭取者 | |
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148
purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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149
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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150
wring
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| n.扭绞；v.拧，绞出，扭 | |
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151
brooked
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| 容忍，忍受（brook的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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152
convened
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| 召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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153
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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154
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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