In Gourd1 Valley, Sima Yi Is Trapped;
In Wuzhang Hills, Zhuge Liang Invokes3 The Stars.
Heavily smitten4 in the battle, Sima Yi fled from the field a lonely horseman. Seeing a thick wood in the distance, he made for its shelter.
Zhang Yi halted the rear division while Liao Hua pressed forward after the fugitive5, whom he could see threading his way among the trees. And Sima Yi indeed was soon in fear of his life, dodging6 from tree to tree as his pursuer neared. Once Liao Hua was actually close enough to slash7 at his enemy, but Liao Hua missed the blow and his sword struck a tree; and before he could pull his sword out of the wood, Sima Yi had got clear away. When Liao Hua got through into the open country, he did not know which way to go. Presently he noticed a golden helmet lying on the ground to the east, just lately thrown aside. He picked it up, hung it on his saddle, and went away eastward8.
But the crafty9 fugitive, having flung away his helmet thus on the east side of the wood, had gone away west, so that Liao Hua was going away from his quarry10. After some time Liao Hua fell in with Jiang Wei, when he abandoned the pursuit and rode with Jiang Wei back to camp.
The wooden oxen and running horses having been driven into camp, their loads were put into the storehouse. The grain that fell to the victors amounted to ten thousand carts or more.
Liao Hua presented the enemy's helmet as proof of his prowess in the field, and received a reward of the first grade of merit. Wei Yan went away angry and discontented; Zhuge Liang noticed this, but he said nothing.
Very sadly Sima Yi returned to his own camp. Bad news followed, for a messenger brought letters telling of an invasion by three armies of Wu. The letters said that forces had been sent against them, and the Ruler of Wei again enjoined11 upon his Commander-in-Chief a waiting and defensive12 policy. So Sima Yi deepened his moats and raised his ramparts.
Meanwhile, when the South Land marched against the Middle Land, Cao Rui sent three armies against the invaders13: Liu Shao led that to save Jiangxia; Tian Du led the Xiangyang force; Cao Rui himself, with Man Chong, went into Hefei. This last was the main army.
Man Chong led the leading division toward Lake Chaohu. Thence, looking across to the eastern shore, he saw a forest of battleships, and flags and banners crowded the sky. So he returned to the main army and proposed an attack without loss of time.
"The enemy think we shall be fatigued15 after a long march, and so they have not troubled to prepare any defense16. We should attack this night, and we shall overcome them."
"What you say accords with my own ideas," said the Ruler of Wei.
Then the Ruler of Wei told off the cavalry17 leader, Zhang Qiu, to take five thousand troops and try to burn out the enemy with combustibles. Man Chong was also to attack from the eastern bank.
In the second watch of that night, the two forces set out and gradually approached the entrance to the lake. They reached the marine18 camp unobserved, burst upon it with a yell, and the soldiers of Wu fled without striking a blow. The troops of Wei set fires going in every direction and thus destroyed all the ships together with much grain and many weapons.
Zhuge Jin, who was in command, led his beaten troops to Miankou, and the attackers returned to their camp much elated.
When the report came to Lu Xun, he called together his officers and said, "I must write to the Emperor to abandon the siege of Xincheng, that the army may be employed to cut off the retreat of the Wei army while I will attack them in front. They will be harassed19 by the double danger, and we shall break them."
All agreed that this was a good plan, and the memorial was drafted. It was sent by the hand of a junior officer, who was told to convey it secretly. But this messenger was captured at the ferry and taken before the Ruler of Wei.
Cao Rui read the dispatch, then said with a sigh, "This Lu Xun of Wu is really very resourceful."
The captive was put into prison, and Liu Shao was told off to defend the rear and keep off Sun Quan's army.
Now Zhuge Jin's defeated soldiers were suffering from hot weather illnesses, and at length he was compelled to write and tell Lu Xun, and ask that his army be relieved and sent home.
Having read this dispatch, Lu Xun said to the messenger, "Make my obeisance21 to the General, and say that I will decide."
When the messenger returned with this reply, Zhuge Jin asked what was doing in the Commander-in-Chief's camp.
The messenger replied, "The soldiers were all outside planting beans, and the officers were amusing themselves at the gates. They were playing a game of skill, throwing arrows into narrow-necked vases."
Alarmed, Zhuge Jin himself went to his chief's camp.
Said he, "Cao Rui himself leads the expedition, and the enemy is very strong. How do you, O Commander, meet this pressing danger?"
Lu Xun replied, "My messenger to the Emperor was captured, and thus my plans were discovered. Now it is useless to prepare to fight, and so we had better retreat. I have sent in a memorial to engage the Emperor to retire gradually."
Zhuge Jin replied, "Why delay? If you think it best to retire, it had better be done quickly."
"My army must retreat slowly, or the enemy will come in pursuit, which will mean defeat and loss. Now you must first prepare your ships as if you meant to resist, while I make a semblance22 of an attack toward Xiangyang. Under cover of these operations we shall withdraw into the South Land, and the enemy will not dare to follow."
So Zhuge Jin returned to his own camp and began to fit out his ships as if for an immediate23 expedition, while Lu Xun made all preparations to march, giving out that he intended to advance upon Xiangyang.
The news of these movements were duly reported in the Wei camps. When the leaders heard it, they wished to go out and fight. But the Ruler of Wei knew his opponent better than they and would not bring about a battle.
So he called his officers together and said to them, "This Lu Xun is very crafty. Keep careful guard, but do not risk a battle."
The officers obeyed.
A few days later the scouts24 brought in news: "The three armies of Wu have retired25!"
The Ruler of Wei doubted and sent out some of his own spies, who confirmed the report.
[e] Sun Zi (aka Sun Wu, Sunzi, Suntzu, Sun-tzu, Sun tzu) the author of the famed treatise26 The Art of War. A general of Wu in the Spring and Autumn period, Sun Zi made her the mightiest27 state during his lifetime by defeating Chu and conquering Yue. His treatise the Art of War is still avidly28 read today by many. .....
[e] Wu Qi, aka Wu Zi, a famous general in the Warring States period. He first served Lu, then went to Wei, his native, and led Wei army against Qin. He made enemies in Wei, so he fled to Chu, where King Dao made him prime minister. Wu Qi made Chu a powerful state; expanded her territory; defended her against Wei, Zhao, and Han; and attacked Qin. Wu Qi is the author of a military treatise named "Wu Qi's Art of War". .....
When he thus knew it was true, he consoled himself with the words, "Lu Xun knows the art of war even as did Sun Zi* and Wu Qi*. The subjugation29 of the southeast is not for me this time."
Thereupon Cao Rui distributed his generals among the various vantage points and led the main army back into Hefei, where he camped ready to take advantage of any change of conditions that might promise success.
Meanwhile Zhuge Liang was at Qishan, where he intended to make a long sojourn30. He made his soldiers mix with the people in Wei and share in the labor31 of the fields, and the crops---the soldiers one-third, the people two-third. He gave strict orders against any encroachment32 on the property of the farmers, and so they and the soldiers lived together very amicably33.
Then Sima Yi's son, Sima Shi, went to his father and said, "These soldiers of Shu have despoiled34 us of much grain, and now they are mingling35 with the people of Qishan and tilling the fields along the banks of River Wei as if they intended to remain there. This would be a calamity36 for us. Why do you not appoint a time to fight a decisive battle with Zhuge Liang?"
His father replied, "I have the Emperor's orders to act on the defensive and may not do as you suggest."
While they were thus talking, one reported that Wei Yan had come near and was insulting the army and reminding them that he had the helmet of their leader. And he was challenging them. The generals were greatly incensed37 and desired to accept the challenge, but the Commander-in-Chief was immovable in his decision to obey his orders.
"The Holy One says: 'If one cannot suffer small things, great matters are imperiled.' Our plan is to defend."
So the challenge was not accepted, and there was no battle. After reviling39 them for some time, Wei Yan went away.
Seeing that his enemy was not to be provoked into fighting, Zhuge Liang gave orders to Ma Dai to build a strong stockade40 in the Gourd Valley and therein to excavate41 pits and to collect large quantities of inflammables. So on the hill they piled wood and straw in the shape of sheds, and all about they dug pits and buried mines. When these preparations were complete, Ma Dai received instructions to block the road in rear of Gourd Valley and to lay an ambush42 at the entrance.
"If Sima Yi comes, let him enter the valley, and then explode the mines and set fire to the straw and the wood," said Zhuge Liang. "Also, set up seven star flags at the mouth of the valley and arrange a night signal of seven lamps on the hill."
After Ma Dai had gone, Wei Yan was called in, and Zhuge Liang said to him, "Go to the camp of Wei with five hundred troops and provoke them to battle. The important matter is to entice43 Sima Yi out of his stronghold. You will be unable to obtain a victory, so retreat that he may pursue. You are to make for the signal, the seven star flags by day or the seven lamps at night. Thus you will lead him into the Gourd Valley, where I have a plan prepared for him."
When Wei Yan had gone, Gao Xiang was summoned.
"Take small herds44, forty or fifty at a time, of the wooden oxen and running horses, load them up with grain and lead them to and fro on the mountains. If you can succeed in getting the enemy to capture them, you will render a service."
So the transport wooden cattle were sent forth45 to play their part in the scheme, and the remainder of the Qishan soldiers were sent to work in the fields.
He gave orders to his generals, saying, "If the enemy under other leaders come to attack, you are to flee the field. Only in the case Sima Yi comes in person, you are to attack most vigorously the south bank of the river and cut off the retreat."
Then Zhuge Liang led his army away to camp next to the Gourd Valley.
Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He went to their chief, Sima Yi, and said, "The enemy have set out camps and are engaged in field work as though they intended to remain. If they are not destroyed now, but are allowed to consolidate47 their position, they will be hard to dislodge."
"This certainly is one of Zhuge Liang's ruses," said the chief.
"You seem very afraid of him, Commander," retorted they. "When do you think you can destroy him? At least let us two brothers fight one battle that we may prove our gratitude48 for the Emperor's kindness."
"If it must be so, then you may go in two divisions," said Sima Yi.
As the two divisions, five thousand troops each, were marching along, they saw coming toward them a number of the transport wooden animals of the enemy. They attacked at once, drove off the escort, captured them, and sent them back to camp. Next day they captured more, with soldiers and horses as well, and sent them also to camp.
Sima Yi called up the prisoners and questioned them.
They told him, saying, "The Prime Minister understood that you would not fight, and so had told off the soldiers to various places to work in the fields, and therefore provide for future needs. We had been unwittingly captured."
Sima Yi set them free and bade them begone.
"Why spare them?" asked Xiahou He.
"There is nothing to be gained by the slaughter49 of a few common soldiers. Let them go back to their own and praise the kindliness50 of the Wei leaders. That will slacken the desire of their comrades to fight against us. That was the plan by which Lu Meng captured Jingzhou."
Then he issued general orders that all Shu prisoners should be well treated and sent away free. However, he kept rewarding those of his army who had done well.
As has been said, Gao Xiang was ordered to keep pretended convoys51 on the move, and the soldiers of Wei attacked and captured them whenever they saw them. In half a month they had scored many successes of this sort, and Sima Yi's heart was cheered. One day, when he had made new captures of soldiers, he sent for them and questioned them again.
"Where is Zhuge Liang now?"
"He is no longer at Qishan, but in camp about three miles from the Gourd Valley. He is gathering52 a great store of grain there."
After he had questioned them fully53, he set the prisoners free.
Calling together his officers, he said, "Zhuge Liang is not camped on Qishan, but near the Gourd Valley. Tomorrow you shall attack the Qishan camp, and I will command the reserve."
The promise cheered them, and they went away to prepare.
"Father, why do you intend to attack the enemy's rear?" asked Sima Shi.
"Qishan is their main position, and they will certainly hasten to its rescue. Then I shall make for the valley and burn the stores. That will render them helpless and will be a victory."
The son exclaimed his admiration54 for the plan.
Sima Yi began to march out, with Zhang Hu and Yue Chen following as the reserves.
From the top of a hill Zhuge Liang watched the Wei soldiers march and noticed that they moved in companies from three to five thousand, observing the front and the rear carefully as they marched. He guessed that their object was the Qishan camp.
So he sent strict orders to his generals: "If Sima Yi leads in person, you are to go off and capture the Wei camp and the south bank of River Wei."
They received and obeyed his orders.
When the troops of Wei had got near and made their rush toward the camp of Shu in Qishan, the troops of Shu ran up also, yelling and pretending to reinforce the defenders55. Sima Yi, seeing the Shu troops rushing to rescure Qishan, suddenly marched his center army's guards with his two sons, changed his direction, and turned off for the Gourd Valley. Here Wei Yan was expecting him; and as soon as he appeared, Wei Yan galloped56 up and soon recognized Sima Yi as the leader.
"Sima Yi, stay!" shouted Wei Yan as he came near.
He flourished his sword, and Sima Yi set his spear. The two warriors57 exchanged a few passes, and then Wei Yan suddenly turned his steed and bolted. As he had been ordered, he made direct for the seven star flags, and Sima Yi followed, the more readily as he saw the fugitive had but a small force. The two sons of Sima Yi rode with him, Sima Shi on the left, Sima Zhao on the right.
Presently Wei Yan and his troops entered the mouth of the valley. Sima Yi halted a time while he sent forward a few scouts.
They returned and reported: "Not a single Shu soldier is seen, but a many straw houses are on the hills."
Sima Yi said, "This must be the store valley!"
He led his army in eagerly. But when he had got well within, Sima Yi noticed that kindling59 wood was piled over the straw huts; and as he saw no sign of Wei Yan, he began to feel uneasy.
"Supposing soldiers seize the entrance. What then?" said he to his sons.
As he spoke60 there arose a great shout, and from the hillside came many torches, which fell all around them and set fire to the straw, so that soon the entrance to the valley was lost in smoke and flame. They tried to get away from the fire, but no road led up the hillside. Then fire-arrows came shooting down, and the earth-mines exploded, and the straw and firewood blazed high as the heavens. The fire caused strong winds, and the winds aided the fire; and the valley became a fiery61 stove.
Sima Yi, scared and helpless, dismounted, clasped his arms about his two sons, and wept, saying, "My sons, we three are doomed62!"
As they stood weeping, a fierce gale63 suddenly sprang up, black clouds gathered, a peal64 of thunder followed, and rain poured down in torrents65, speedily extinguishing the fire all through the valley. The mines no longer exploded, and all the fiery contrivances ceased to work mischief66.
"If we do not break out now, what better chance shall we have?" cried Sima Yi, and he led the soldiers to make a dash for the outlet67.
As they broke out of the valley, they came upon reinforcements under Zhang Hu and Yue Chen, and so were once more safe. Ma Dai was not strong enough to pursue, and the soldiers of Wei got safely to the river.
But there they found their camp in the possession of the enemy, while Guo Huai and Sun Li were on the floating bridge struggling with the troops of Shu. Sima Yi charged up hastily, and the troops of Shu retreated, whereupon Sima Yi crossed the river and ordered the bridges burned. He then occupied the north bank.
The Wei army attacking the Qishan camp were greatly disturbed when they heard of the defeat of their Commander-in-Chief and the loss of the camp on River Wei. The troops of Shu took the occasion to strike with greater vigor46, and so gained a great victory. The beaten army suffered heavy loss. Those who escaped fled across the river.
When Zhuge Liang from the hill-top saw that Sima Yi had been inveigled68 into the trap by Wei Yan, he rejoiced exceedingly; and when he saw the flames burst forth, he thought surely his rival was done for. Then, unhappily for him, Heaven thought it well to send down torrents of rain, which quenched69 the fire and upset all his calculations.
Soon after, the scouts reported the escape of his victims.
Zhuge Liang sighed, saying, "Human proposes; God disposes. We cannot wrest70 events to our will."
[hip14, hip, hip]
Fierce fires roared in the valley,
But the rain quenched them.
Had Zhuge Liang's plan but succeeded,
Where had been the Jins?
[yip, yip, yip]
From the new camp on the north bank of the river, Sima Yi issued an order: "The south shore has been lost. If any of you proposes going out to battle again, he shall be put to death!"
Accordingly no one spoke of attacking, but all turned their energies toward defense.
Guo Huai went to the general to talk over plans.
He said, "The enemy have been carefully spying out the country. They are certainly selecting a new position for a camp."
Sima Yi said, "If Zhuge Liang goes out to Wugong Hills, and thence eastward along the hills, we shall be in grave danger. If he goes westward71 along River Wei, and halts on the Wuzhang Hills, we need feel no anxiety."
They decided72 to send scouts to find out the movements of their enemy. Presently the scouts returned to say that Zhuge Liang had chosen the Wuzhang Hills.
"Our great Emperor of Wei has remarkable73 fortune," said Sima Yi, clapping his hand to his forehead.
Then he confirmed the order to remain strictly74 on the defensive till some change of circumstances on the part of the enemy should promise advantage.
After his army had settled into camp on the Wuzhang Hills, Zhuge Liang continued his attempts to provoke a battle. Day after day, parties went to challenge the army of Wei, but they resisted all provocation75.
One day Zhuge Liang put a dress made of deer hide in a box, which he sent, with a letter, to his rival. The insult could not be concealed76, so the generals led the bearer of the box to their chief. Sima Yi opened the box and saw the deer hide dress. Then he opened the letter, which read something like this:
"Friend Sima Yi, although you are a Commander-in-Chief and lead the armies of the Middle Land, you seem but little disposed to display the firmness and valor77 that would render a contest decisive. Instead, you have prepared a comfortable lair78 where you are safe from the keen edge of the sword. Are you not very like a deer? Wherefore I send the bearer with a suitable gift, and you will humbly79 accept it and the humiliation80, unless, indeed, you finally decide to come out and fight like a warrior58. If you are not entirely81 indifferent to shame, if you retain any of the feelings of a tiger, you will send this back to me and come out and give battle."
Sima Yi, although inwardly raging, pretended to take it all as a joke and smiled.
"So he regards me as a deer," said he.
He accepted the gift and treated the messenger well. Before the messenger left, Sima Yi asked him a few questions about his master's eating and sleeping and hours of labor.
"The Prime Minister works very hard," said the messenger. "He rises early and retires to bed late. He attends personally to all cases requiring punishment of over twenty of strokes. As for food, he does not eat more than a few pints82 of grain daily."
"Indeed, Zhuge Liang eats little and works much," remarked Sima Yi to his generals. "Can he last long?"
The messenger returned to his own side and reported to Zhuge Liang, saying, "Sima Yi took the whole episode in good part and shown no sign of anger. He only asked about the Prime Minister's hours of rest, and food, and such things. He said no word about military matters. I told him that you ate little and worked long hours, and then he said, 'Can he last long?' That was all."
"He knows me," said Zhuge Liang, pensively83.
First Secretary Yang Yong presently ventured to remonstrate84 with his chief.
"I notice," said Yang Yong, "that you check the books personally. I think that is needless labor for a Prime Minister to undertake. In every administration the higher and subordinate ranks have their especial fields of activity, and each should confine his labors85 to his own field. In a household, for example, the male plows86 and the female cooks, and thus operations are carried on without waste of energy, and all needs are supplied. If one individual strives to attend personally to every matter, he only wearies himself and fails to accomplish his end. How can he possibly hope to perform all the various tasks well?
[e] Bing Ji was a prime minister of Western Han. One day, while riding in his cart with attendants, they came across brawling87 people by the road. He continued without concern. They then came across a man with an water buffalo88 panting. He immediately stopped to ask how long they had been traveling. His attendants were puzzled as to why he was more concerned about an ox than injured people. He replied that fighting was a matter for local officials, but an ox panting in early spring (if not traveling for long) suggested unusual heat, which could have disastrous89 results for all. .....
[e] Chen Ping (BC ?-178) a master strategist of Liu Bang. He first served Xiang Yu but then became a follower90 in Liu Bang's camp. Served as Liu Bang's prime minister and Empress Lu's left minister. After the death of Empress Lu, Chen Ping played an important role in returning royal authority to the Liu clan91. .....
"And, indeed, the ancients held this same opinion, for they said that the high officers should attend to the discussion of ways and means, and the lower should carry out details. Of old, Bing Ji* was moved to deep thought by the panting of an ox, but inquired not about the corpses92 of certain brawlers which lay about the road, for this matter concerned the magistrate93. Chen Ping* was ignorant of the figures relating to taxes, for he said these were the concern of the tax controllers. O Prime Minister, you weary yourself with minor94 details and sweat yourself everyday. You are wearing yourself out, and Sima Yi has good reason for what he said."
"I know---I cannot but know," replied Zhuge Liang with tears in his eyes. "But this heavy responsibility was laid upon me, and I fear no other will be so devoted95 as I am."
Those who heard him wept. Thereafter Zhuge Liang appeared more and more harassed, and military operations did not speed.
On the other side the officers of Wei resented bitterly the insult that had been put upon them when their leader had been presented with the deer hide dress.
They wished to avenge96 the taunt97, and went to their general, saying, "We are reputable generals of the army of a great state. How can we put up with such insults from these soldiers of Shu? We pray you let us fight them."
"It is not that I fear to go out," said Sima Yi, "nor that I relish98 the insults, but I have the Emperor's command to hold on and may not disobey."
The officers were not in the least appeased99.
Wherefore Sima Yi said, "I will send your request to the Throne in a memorial. What think you of that?"
They consented to await the Emperor's reply, and a messenger bore to the Ruler of Wei, in Hefei, this memorial:
"I have small ability and high office. Your Majesty100 laid on me the command to defend and not fight till the army of Shu had suffered by the flux101 of time. But Zhuge Liang has now sent me a gift of a deer hide dress, and my shame is very deep. Wherefore I advise Your Majesty that one day I shall have to fight in order to justify102 your kindness to me and to remove the shameful103 stigma104 that now rests upon my army. I cannot express the degree to which I am urged to this course."
Cao Rui read it and turned questioningly to his courtiers seeking an explanation.
Said he, "Sima Yi has been in obstinate105 defense: Why does he want to attack now?"
Commander Xin Pi replied, "Sima Yi has no desire to give battle. This memorial is because of the shame put upon the officers by Zhuge Liang's gift. They are all in a rage. He wishes for an edict to pacify106 them."
Cao Rui understood and gave to Xin Pi an authority ensign and sent him to the River Wei camp to make known that it was the Emperor's command not to fight.
Sima Yi received the messenger with all respect, and it was given out that any future reference to offering battle would be taken as disobedience to the Emperor's especial command in the edict.
The officers could but obey.
Sima Yi said to Xin Pi, "Noble Sir, you interpreted my own desire correctly!"
It was thenceforward understood that Sima Yi was forbidden to give battle.
When it was told to Zhuge Liang, he said, "This is only Sima Yi's method of pacifying107 his army."
Wei Jiang asked, "How do you know, O Prime Minister?"
"Sima Yi has never had any intention of fighting. So he requested the edict to justify his strategy. It is well known that a general in the field takes no command from any person, not even his own prince. Is it likely that he would send a thousand miles to ask permission to fight if that was all he needed? The officers were bitter, and so Sima Yi got the Emperor to assist him in maintaining discipline. All this is meant to slacken our soldiers."
Just at this time Fei Yi came from Capital Chengdu. He was called in to see the Prime Minister, and Zhuge Liang asked the reason for his coming.
He replied, "The Ruler of Wei, Cao Rui, hearing that Wu has invaded his country at three points, has led a great army to Hefei and sent three armies under Man Chong, Tian Du, and Liu Shao, to oppose the invaders. The stores and fight-material of Wu have been burned, and the army of Wu have fallen victims to sickness. A letter from Lu Xun containing a scheme of attack fell into the hands of the enemy, and the Ruler of Wu has marched back into his own country."
Zhuge Liang listened to the end; then, without a word, he fell in a swoon. He recovered after a time, but he was broken.
He said, "My mind is all in confusion. This is a return of my old illness, and I am doomed."
Ill as he was, Zhuge Liang that night went forth from his tent to scan the heavens and study the stars. They filled him with fear.
He returned and said to Jiang Wei, "My life may end at any moment."
"Why do you say such a thing?"
"Just now in the Triumvirate constellation108 the Guest Star was twice as bright as usual, while the Host Star was darkened; the supporting stars were also obscure. With such an aspect I know my fate."
"If the aspect be as malignant109 as you say, why not pray in order to avert110 it?" replied Jiang Wei.
"I am in the habit of praying," replied Zhuge Liang, "but I know not the will of God. However, prepare me forty-nine guards and let each have a black flag. Dress them in black and place them outside my tent. Then will I from within my tent invoke2 the Seven Stars of the North. If my master-lamp remain alight for seven days, then is my life to be prolonged for twelve years. If the lamp goes out, then I am to die. Keep all idlers away from the tent, and let a couple of guards bring me what is necessary."
Jiang Wei prepared as directed.
It was then the eighth month, mid-autumn, and the Milky111 Way was brilliant with scattered112 jade113. The air was perfectly114 calm, and no sound was heard. The forty-nine men were brought up and spaced out to guard the tent, while within Zhuge Liang prepared incense38 and offerings. On the floor of the tent he arranged seven lamps, and, outside these, forty-nine smaller lamps. In the midst he placed the lamp of his own fate.
This done, he prayed:
"Zhuge Liang, born into an age of trouble, would willingly have grown old in retirement115. But His Majesty, Liu Bei the Glorious Emperor, sought him thrice and confided116 to him the heavy responsibility of guarding his son. He dared not do less than spend himself to the utmost in such a task, and he pledged himself to destroy the rebels. Suddenly the star of his leadership has declined, and his life now nears its close. He has humbly indited117 a declaration on this silk piece to the Great Unknowable and now hopes that He will graciously listen and extend the number of his days that he may prove his gratitude to his prince and be the savior of the people, restore the old state of the empire and establish eternally the Han sacrifices. He dares not make a vain prayer: This is from his heart."
This prayer ended, in the solitude118 of his tent Zhuge Liang awaited the dawn.
Next day, ill as he was, he did not neglect his duties, although he spat20 blood continually. All day he labored119 at his plans, and at night he paced the magic steps, the steps of seven stars of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.
Sima Yi remained still on the defensive.
One night as he sat gazing up at the sky and studying its aspect, he suddenly turned to Xiahou Ba, saying, "A leadership star has just lost position: Surely Zhuge Liang is ill and will soon die. Take a reconnoitering party of one thousand to the Wuzhang Hills and find out. If you see signs of confusion, it means that Zhuge Liang is ill. I shall take the occasion to smite120 hard."
Xiahou Ba left with an army.
It was the sixth night of Zhuge Liang's prayers, and the lamp of his fate still burned brightly. He began to feel a secret joy. Presently Jiang Wei entered and watched the ceremonies. He saw Zhuge Liang was loosening his hair, his hand holding a sword, his heels stepping on Ursa Major and Ursa Minor to hold the leadership star.
Suddenly a great shouting was heard outside, and Wei Jiang was about to send someone to inquire when Wei Yan dashed in, crying, "The Wei soldiers are upon us!"
In his haste Wei Yan had knocked over and extinguished the Lamp of Fate.
Zhuge Liang threw down the sword and sighed, saying, "Life and death are foreordained. No prayers can alter them."
Stunned121, Wei Yan fell to the earth and craved122 forgiveness. Jiang Wei got angry and drew his sword to slay123 the unhappy general.
[hip, hip, hip]
Nought is under man's control,
Nor can he with fate contend.
[yip, yip, yip]
The next chapter will unfold what happened.
收听单词发音 |
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gourd
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| n.葫芦 | |
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invoke
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| v.求助于(神、法律)；恳求，乞求 | |
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invokes
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| v.援引( invoke的第三人称单数 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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smitten
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| 猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去分词 ) | |
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5
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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6
dodging
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| n.避开，闪过，音调改变v.闪躲( dodge的现在分词 )；回避 | |
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7
slash
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| vi.大幅度削减；vt.猛砍，尖锐抨击，大幅减少；n.猛砍，斜线，长切口，衣衩 | |
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8
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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9
crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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10
quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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11
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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12
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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13
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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14
hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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15
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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16
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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17
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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18
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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19
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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20
spat
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| n.口角，掌击；v.发出呼噜呼噜声 | |
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21
obeisance
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| n.鞠躬，敬礼 | |
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22
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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23
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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24
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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25
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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26
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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27
mightiest
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| adj.趾高气扬( mighty的最高级 )；巨大的；强有力的；浩瀚的 | |
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28
avidly
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| adv.渴望地，热心地 | |
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29
subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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30
sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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31
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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32
encroachment
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| n.侵入，蚕食 | |
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33
amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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34
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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36
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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37
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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38
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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39
reviling
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| v.辱骂，痛斥( revile的现在分词 ) | |
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40
stockade
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| n.栅栏，围栏；v.用栅栏防护 | |
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41
excavate
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| vt.挖掘，挖出 | |
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42
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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43
entice
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| v.诱骗，引诱，怂恿 | |
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44
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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45
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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46
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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47
consolidate
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| v.使加固，使加强；(把...)联为一体，合并 | |
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48
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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49
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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50
kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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51
convoys
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| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
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52
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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53
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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54
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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55
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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56
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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57
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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58
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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59
kindling
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| n. 点火, 可燃物 动词kindle的现在分词形式 | |
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60
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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61
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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62
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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63
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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64
peal
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| n.钟声；v.鸣响 | |
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65
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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66
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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67
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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68
inveigled
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| v.诱骗，引诱( inveigle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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69
quenched
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| 解（渴）( quench的过去式和过去分词 )； 终止（某事物）； （用水）扑灭（火焰等）； 将（热物体）放入水中急速冷却 | |
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70
wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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71
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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72
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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73
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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74
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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75
provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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76
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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77
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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78
lair
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| n.野兽的巢穴；躲藏处 | |
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79
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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80
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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81
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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82
pints
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| n.品脱( pint的名词复数 )；一品脱啤酒 | |
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83
pensively
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| adv.沉思地，焦虑地 | |
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84
remonstrate
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| v.抗议，规劝 | |
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85
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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86
plows
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| n.犁( plow的名词复数 )；犁型铲雪机v.耕( plow的第三人称单数 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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87
brawling
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| n.争吵，喧嚷 | |
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88
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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89
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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90
follower
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| n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒 | |
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91
clan
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| n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派 | |
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92
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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93
magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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94
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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95
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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96
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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97
taunt
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| n.辱骂，嘲弄；v.嘲弄 | |
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98
relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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99
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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100
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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101
flux
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| n.流动；不断的改变 | |
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102
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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103
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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104
stigma
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| n.耻辱，污名；(花的)柱头 | |
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105
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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106
pacify
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| vt.使(某人)平静(或息怒)；抚慰 | |
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107
pacifying
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的现在分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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108
constellation
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| n.星座n.灿烂的一群 | |
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109
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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110
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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111
milky
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| adj.牛奶的，多奶的；乳白色的 | |
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112
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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113
jade
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| n.玉石；碧玉；翡翠 | |
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114
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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115
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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116
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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117
indited
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| v.写（文章，信等）创作，赋诗，创作( indite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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119
labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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120
smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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121
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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122
craved
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| 渴望，热望( crave的过去式 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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123
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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