Weeping At The Ancestral Temple, A Filial Prince Dies;
Marching To The West River Land, Two Leaders Competes.
The news of the fall of Mianzhu and the deaths in battle of Zhuge Zhan and Zhuge Shang, father and son, brought home to the Latter Ruler that danger was very near, and he summoned a council.
Then the officials said, "Panic has seized upon the people, and they are leaving the city in crowds. Their cries shake the very sky!"
Sorely he felt his helplessness. Soon they reported the enemy were actually near the city, and many courtiers advised flight.
"We do not have enough troops to protect the capital. Leave the city and flee south to the seven counties of Nanzhong," said they. "The country is difficult and easily defended. We can get the Mangs to come and help us."
But Minister Qiao Zhou opposed, saying, "No, no, that will not do. The Mangs are old rebels. To go to them would be a calamity1."
Then some proposed seeking refuge in Wu: "The people of Wu are our sworn allies, and this is a moment of extreme danger. Let us go thither2."
But Qiao Zhou also opposed this, saying, "In the whole course of past ages no emperor has ever gone to another state. So far as I can see, Wei will presently absorb Wu, and certainly Wu will never overcome Wei. Imagine the disgrace of becoming a minister of Wu and then having to style yourself minister of Wei. It would double the mortification3. Do neither. Surrender to Wei, and Wei will give Your Majesty4 a strip of land where the ancestral temple can be preserved, and the people will be saved from suffering. I desire Your Majesty to reflect well upon this."
The distracted Latter Ruler retired5 from the council without having come to any decision. Next day confusion had become still worse. Qiao Zhou saw that matters were very urgent and presented a written memorial. The Latter Ruler accepted it and decided6 to yield.
But from behind a screen stepped out the fifth of the Emperor's sons, Liu Chan, Prince of Beidi.
Liu Chan shouted at Qiao Zhou, "You corrupt7 pedant8, unfit to live among people! How dare you offer such mad advice in a matter concerning the existence of a dynasty? Has any emperor ever yielded to the enemy?"
The Latter Ruler had seven sons in all---Liu Rui, Liu Dao, Liu Zhong, Liu Zan, Liu Chan, Liu Xue, and Liu Ju. But the ablest, and the only one above the common level of people, was this Liu Chan.
The Latter Ruler turned feebly to his son and said, "The ministers have decided otherwise: They advise surrender. You are the only one who thinks that boldness may avail, and would you drench9 the city in blood?"
The Prince said, "While the First Ruler lived, this Qiao Zhou had no voice in state affairs. Now he gives this wild advice and talks the most subversive10 language. There is no reason at all in what he says, for we have in the city many legions of soldiers, and Jiang Wei is undefeated in Saber Pass. He will come to our rescue as soon as he knows our straits, and we can help him to fight. We shall surely succeed. Why listen to the words of this dryasdust? Why abandon thus lightly the work of our great forerunner11?"
The Latter Ruler became angry at this harangue12 and turned to his son, saying, "Be silent! You are too young to understand Heaven's will!"
Liu Chan beat his head upon the ground and implored13 his father to make an effort.
"If we have done our best and defeat yet comes, if parents and children, lords and ministers have set their backs to the wall and died in one final effort to preserve the dynasty, then in the shades of the Nine Golden Springs we shall be able to look the First Ruler in the face, unashamed. But what if we surrender?"
The appeal left the Latter Ruler unmoved.
The Prince cried, "Is it not shameful14 in one day to throw down all that our ancestors built up with so great labor15? I would rather die."
The Latter Ruler, now very angry, bade the courtiers thrust the young man out of the Palace. Then he ordered Qiao Zhou to prepare the formal Act of Surrender. After it had been written, three officers---Adviser Zhang Shao, Imperial Son-in-Law Commander Deng Liang, and Minister Qiao Zhou---were sent with it and the Hereditary16 Seal to the camp of Deng Ai to offer submission17.
Every day Deng Ai's horsemen rode to the city to see what was afoot. It was a glad day when they returned reporting the hoisting18 of the flag of surrender. The general had not long to wait. The three messengers soon arrived and presented the letter announcing surrender and the seal therewith. Deng Ai read the letter with great exultation19, and took possession of the seal. He treated the envoys20 courteously22, and by their hands sent back a letter to allay23 any anxiety among the people. In due time they reentered the city and bore this missive to the Latter Ruler, and they told him they had been treated well. The Latter Ruler read the letter with much satisfaction. Then he sent Minister Jiang Xian to order Jiang Wei to surrender.
Then Li Hu, Chair of the Secretariat, carried to the victorious24 Deng Ai the statistical25 documents of the resources of the kingdom:
2,800,000 households, 9,140,000 souls, 102,000 active armed soldiers of all ranks, and 40,000 civil employees. Besides, there were granaries with 4,000,000 carts of grain, treasuries26 with 3,000 pounds of gold and silver and 200,000 rolls of silks of many qualities, and many unenumerated but precious things in the various storehouses.
Li Hu arranged that the ceremony of surrender should take place on the first day of the twelfth month.
The wrath27 of Prince Liu Chan swelled28 high as heaven when he heard that his father had actually arranged the date of his abdication29.
Girding on his sword, he was setting out for the Palace when his Consort30, Lady Cui, stopped him, saying, "My Prince, why does your face bear this look of terrible anger?"
He replied, "The army of Wei is at the gates, and my father has made his Act of Surrender. Tomorrow he and all his ministers are going out of the city to submit formally, and the dynasty will end. But rather than bow the knee to another, I will die and go into the presence of the First Ruler in the realms below."
"How worthy31; how worthy!" replied she. "And if my lord must die, I, thy handmaid, prays that she may die first. Then may my Prince depart."
"But why should you die?"
"The Prince dies for his father and the handmaid for her husband. One eternal principle guides us all."
Thereupon she dashed herself against a pillar, and so she died. Then Liu Chan slew32 his three sons and cut off the head of his Consort that he might sever33 all ties to life lest he be tempted34 to live. Bearing the head of the princess in his hand, he went to the Temple of the First Ruler, where he bowed his head, saying, "Thy servant is ashamed at seeing the kingdom pass to another. Therefore has he slain35 his Consort and his sons that nothing should induce him to live and forego death."
This announcement recited, he made yet another to his ancestors.
"My ancestors, if you have spiritual intelligence, you know the feelings of your descendant."
Then he wept sore till his eyes ran blood, and he committed suicide. The people of Shu grieved deeply for him, and a poet has praised his noble deed.
[hip36, hip, hip]
Both king and courtiers, willing, bowed the knee,
One son alone was grieved and would not live.
The western kingdom fell to rise no more,
A noble prince stood forth37, for aye renowned
As one who died to save his forbears' shame.
With grievous mien38 and falling tears he bowed
His head, declaring his intent to die.
While such a memory lingers none may say
That the Han Dynasty has perished.
[yip, yip, yip]
When the Latter Ruler knew of the death of his son, he sent people to bury him.
Soon the main body of the Wei army came. The Latter Ruler and all his courtiers to the number of sixty went out three miles from the north gate to bow their heads in submission, the Latter Ruler binding39 himself with cord and taking a coffin40 with him. But Deng Ai with his own hands loosened the bonds and raised the Latter Ruler from the ground. The coffin was burned. Then the victorious leader and the vanquished41 Emperor returned into the city side by side.
[hip, hip, hip]
Wei's legions entered Shu,
And the ruler thereof saved his life
At the price of his honor and his throne.
Huang Hao's vicious counsels had brought disaster
Against which Jiang Wei's efforts were vain.
How bright shone the loyalty42 of the faithful one!
How noble was the grandson of the First Ruler!
Alas43! It led him into the way of sorrow.
And the plans of the First Ruler,
Excellent and far-reaching.
Whereby he laid the foundations of a mighty44 state,
Were brought to nought45 in one day.
[yip, yip, yip]
The common people rejoiced at the magnanimity of Deng Ai, and met the returning cavalcade46 with burning incense47 and flowers. The title of General of the Flying Cavalry48 was given to the Latter Ruler and other ranks were given to the ministers who had surrendered.
Deng Ai requested the Latter Ruler to issue one more proclamation from the Palace to reassure49 the people, and then the conquerors51 took formal possession of the state and its granaries and storehouses. Two officers---Governor of Yizhou Zhang Shao and Minister Zhang Jung---were sent into the counties and territories to explain the new situation and pacify52 malcontents, and another messenger was sent to exhort53 Jiang Wei to yield peaceably. A report of the success was sent to Capital Luoyang.
Huang Hao, the eunuch whose evil counsels had wrought54 such ruin to his master, was looked upon as a danger, and Deng Ai decided to put him to death. However, Huang Hao was rich, and he gave bribes55 to Deng Ai's people, and so he escaped the death penalty.
Thus perished the House of Han. Reflecting on its end a poet recalled the exploits of Zhuge Liang the Martial56 Lord, and he wrote a poem.
[hip, hip, hip]
The denizens57 of tree-tops, apes and birds,
Most lawless of crested58 things, yet knew
And feared his mordant59 pen. The clouds and winds
Conspired to aid him to defend his lord.
But nought awaited the leader's precepts60, wise
To save; with base content the erstwhile king
Too soon surrendered, yielding all but life.
In gifts Zhuge Liang was peer with
Guan Zhong and Yue Yi,
His hapless death compared with
Zhang Fei's and Guan Yu's;
Sad sight, his temple on the river's brink61!
It wrings62 the heart more than the tearful verse
Of the Liangfu songs he most loved.
[yip, yip, yip]
In due time Minister Jiang Xian reached the Saber Pass, and gave Jiang Wei the Latter Ruler's command to surrender to the invaders63. Jiang Wei was dumb with amazement64 at the order; his officers ground their teeth with rage and mortification. Their hair stood on end with anger; they drew their swords and slashed65 at stones in their wrath.
Shouted they, "While we are fighting to our death, the Latter Ruler has yielded!"
The roar of their angry lamentation66 was heard for miles.
But Jiang Wei soothed67 them with kindly68 words, saying, "Generals, grieve not. Even yet I can restore the House of Han!"
"How?" cried they.
And he whispered low in their ears.
The flag of surrender fluttered over the ramparts of Saber Pass, and a messenger went to Zhong Hui's camp. When Jiang Wei and his generals drew near, Zhong Hui went out to meet them.
"Why have you been so long in coming?" said Zhong Hui.
Jiang Wei looked him straight in the face and said, without a tremor69, but through falling tears, "The whole armies of the state are under me, and I am here far too soon!"
Zhong Hui wondered about this firm remark, and said nothing more. The two saluted70 each other and took their seats, Jiang Wei being placed in the seat of honor.
Jiang Wei said, "I hear that every detail of your plans, from the time you left the South of River Huai till now, has been accomplished71. The good fortune of the Sima family is owing to you, and so I am the more content to bow my head and yield to you. Had it been Deng Ai, I should have fought to the death, for I would not have surrendered to him!"
Then Zhong Hui broke an arrow in twain, and they two swore close brotherhood72. Their friendship became close-knit. Jiang Wei was continued in command of his own army, at which he secretly rejoiced. He sent Jiang Xian back to Chengdu.
As conqueror50, Deng Ai arranged for the administration of the newly-gained territory. He made Shi Zuan Imperial Protector of Yizhou and appointed Qian Hong, Yang Xin, and many others to various posts. He also built a tower in Mianzhu in commemoration of his conquest.
At a great banquet, where most of the guests were people of the newly-conquered land, Deng Ai drank too freely and in his cups became garrulous73.
With a patronizing wave of his hand, he said to his guests, "You are lucky in that you have had to do with me. Things might well have been otherwise, and you might all have been put to death, if you surrender to other leader!"
The guests rose in a body and expressed their gratitude74. Just at that moment Jiang Xian arrived from his visit to Jiang Wei to say that Jiang Wei and his army had surrendered to Zhong Hui. Deng Ai thereupon conceived a great hatred75 for Zhong Hui, and soon after he wrote to Luoyang a letter something like this:
"I would venture to remark that misleading rumors76 of war should precede actual attack. Now that Shu has been overcome, the manifest next move is against Wu, and in present circumstances victory would easily follow an attack. But after a great effort, both leaders and led are weary and unfit for immediate77 service. Therefore of this army twenty thousand Wei troops should be left west of Longyou, and with them twenty thousand Shu troops, to be employed in boiling salt so as to improve the finances. Moreover, ships should be built ready for an expedition down the river. When these preparations shall be complete, then send an envoy21 into Wu to lay before its ruler the truth about its position. It is possible that matters may be settled without any fighting.
"Further, generous treatment of Liu Shan will tend to weaken Sun Xiu; but if Liu Shan be removed to Luoyang, the people of Wu will be perplexed78 and doubtful about what may happen to them, and they will not be amenable79. Therefore it seems the most fitting to leave the late Ruler of Shu here. Next year, in the winter season, he might be removed to the capital. For the present I would recommend that he be created Prince of Fufeng, and granted a sufficient revenue and suitable attendants. His sons also should receive ducal rank. In this way would be demonstrated that favorable treatment follows upon submission. Such a course would inspire fear of the might of Wei and respect for its virtue80, and the result will be all that could be desired."
Reading this memorial, the thought entered the mind of Sima Zhao that Deng Ai was exaggerating his own importance, wherefore he first wrote a private letter and sent it by the hand of Wei Guan to Deng Ai and then caused the Ruler of Wei to issue an edict promoting Deng Ai. The edict ran thus:
"General Deng Ai has performed a glorious exploit, penetrating81 deeply into a hostile country and reducing to submission a usurping82 potentate83. This task has been quickly performed: The clouds of war have already rolled away, and peace reigns84 throughout Ba and Shu.
[e] Bai Qi a general of Qin. In BC 278, the armies of Qin, led by Bai Qi, conquered Chu and entered her capital Ying, destroying the Palace to the ground. .....
[e] Han Xin (BC ?-197) was a great general of Liu Bang. .....
"The merits of Deng Ai surpass those of Bai Qi*, who subdued85 the mighty state of Chu, and Han Xin*, who conquered the state of Zhao. Deng Ai is created Grand Commander, and we confer upon him a fief of twenty thousand homesteads, and his two sons are ennobled, each with a fief of one thousand homesteads."
After the edict had been received with full ceremonies, Wei Guan produced the private letter, which said that Deng Ai's proposals would have suitable consideration in due time.
Then said Deng Ai, "A general in the field may decline to obey even the orders of his prince. My commission was to conquer the west. Why are my plans hindered?"
So he wrote a reply and sent it to the capital by the hand of the envoy. At that time it was common talk at court that Deng Ai intended to rebel; and when Sima Zhao read the letter, his suspicions turned to certainty, and he feared. This was the letter:
"Deng Ai, General Who Conquers the West, has reduced the chief of the revolt to submission, and must have authority to act according as he sees best in order to settle the early stages of administration of the new territory. To await government orders for every step means long delays. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals a high officer, when abroad, has authority to follow his own judgment86 for the safety of the Throne and the advantage of the state.
"Now seeing that Wu is still unsubdued, all interest centers upon this country, and schemes of settlement should not be nullified by strict adherence87 to rules and formalities. In war advances are made without thought of reputation, retreats without consideration of avoiding punishment. Though I do not possess the fortitude88 of the ancients, I shall not be deterred89 from acting90 for the benefit of the state by craven and selfish fears for my own reputation."
In his perplexity Sima Zhao turned to Jia Chong for advice.
Said he, "Deng Ai presumes upon his services to be haughty91 and imperious. His recalcitrance92 is very evident. What shall I do?"
"Why not order Zhong Hui to reduce him to obedience93?" replied Jia Chong.
Sima Zhao accepted the suggestion and issued an edict raising Zhong Hui to Minister of the Interior. After this he made Wei Guan the Inspector94 of the Forces and set Wei Guan over both armies, with special orders to keep a watch upon Deng Ai and guard against any attempt at insubordination.
The edict sent to Zhong Hui ran as follows:
"Zhong Hui, General Who Conquers the West, against whose might none can stand, before whom no one is strong, whose virtue conquers every city, whose wide net no one escapes, to whom the valiant95 army of Shu humbly96 submitted, whose plans never fail, whose every undertaking97 succeeds, is hereby made Minister of the Interior and raised to the rank of lordship of a fief of ten thousand families. His two sons also have similar rank with a fief of one thousand families."
When this edict reached Zhong Hui, he called in Jiang Wei and said to him, "Deng Ai has been rewarded more richly than I and is a Grand Commander. But Sima Zhao suspects him of rebellion and has ordered Wei Guan and myself to keep him in order. What does my friend Jiang Wei think ought to be done?"
Jiang Wei replied, "They say Deng Ai's origin was ignoble98 and in his youth he was a farmer and breeder of cattle. However, he had good luck and has won a great reputation in this expedition. But this is due not to his able plans, but to the good fortune of the state. If you had not been compelled to hold me in check at Saber Pass, he could not have succeeded. Now he wishes the late Ruler of Shu to be created Prince of Fufeng, whereby he hopes to win the goodwill99 of the people of Shu. But to me it seems that perfidy100 lies therein. The Duke of Jin suspects him, it is evident."
Zhong Hui complimented him. Jiang Wei continued, "If you will send away your people, I have something to say to you in private."
When this had been done and they two were alone, Jiang Wei drew a map from his sleeve and spread it before Zhong Hui, saying, "Long ago, before he had left his humble101 cot. Zhuge Liang gave this to the First Ruler and told him of the riches of Yizhou and how well it was fitted for an independent state. Whereupon Chengdu was seized as a first step towards attaining102 it. Now that Deng Ai has got to the same point, it is small wonder that he has lost his balance."
Zhong Hui asked many questions about the details of the features of the map, and Jiang Wei explained in full. Toward the end, he asked how Deng Ai could be got rid of.
"By making use of the Duke of Jin's suspicions," replied Jiang Wei. "Send up a memorial to say that it looks as if Deng Ai really contemplated103 rebellion. You will receive direct orders to check the revolt."
So a memorial was sent to Luoyang. It said that Deng Ai aimed at independence, nourished base designs, was making friends with the vanquished, and was about to revolt.
At this news the court was much disturbed. Then to support his charges, Zhong Hui's soldiers intercepted104 Deng Ai's letters and rewrote them in arrogant105 and rebellious106 terms. Sima Zhao was greatly angered and sent Jia Chong to lead an expedition into the Xie Valley, he ordered Zhong Hui to arrest Deng Ai, and he himself directing a great march under the leadership of the Ruler of Wei, Cao Huang, whom he compelled to go with him.
Then said Shao Ti, "Zhong Hui's army outnumbers that of Deng Ai by six to one. You need not go. You need only order Zhong Hui to arrest Deng Ai."
"Have you forgotten?" said Sima Zhao, smiling. "You said Zhong Hui was a danger. I am not really going against Deng Ai, but against the other."
"I feared lest you had forgotten," said Shao Ti. "I ventured to remind you, but the matter must be kept secret."
The expedition set out.
By this time Zhong Hui's attitude had aroused Jia Chong's suspicions, and he spoke107 of it to Sima Zhao, who replied, "I have sent you: Should I have doubts about you, too? However, come to Changan and things will clear up."
The dispatch of the army under Sima Zhao was reported to Zhong Hui, who wondered what it might mean. He at once called in Jiang Wei to consult about the seizure108 of Deng Ai.
[hip, hip, hip]
Lo! He is victor here, a king must yield;
And there a threatening army takes the field.
[yip, yip, yip]
The next chapter will relate the plan to arrest Deng Ai.
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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mortification
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| n.耻辱，屈辱 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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8
pedant
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| n.迂儒；卖弄学问的人 | |
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drench
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| v.使淋透，使湿透 | |
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subversive
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| adj.颠覆性的，破坏性的；n.破坏份子，危险份子 | |
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forerunner
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| n.前身，先驱（者），预兆，祖先 | |
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harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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envoy
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courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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victorious
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statistical
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| adj.统计的，统计学的 | |
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treasuries
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| n.（政府的）财政部( treasury的名词复数 )；国库，金库 | |
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wrath
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swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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abdication
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| n.辞职；退位 | |
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consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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sever
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| v.切开，割开；断绝，中断 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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45
nought
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| n.／adj.无，零 | |
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cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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47
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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48
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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reassure
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| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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pacify
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| vt.使(某人)平静(或息怒)；抚慰 | |
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exhort
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| v.规劝，告诫 | |
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54
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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56
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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mordant
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| adj.讽刺的；尖酸的 | |
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precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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wrings
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| 绞( wring的第三人称单数 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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slashed
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| v.挥砍( slash的过去式和过去分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减 | |
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lamentation
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| n.悲叹，哀悼 | |
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soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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tremor
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| n.震动，颤动，战栗，兴奋，地震 | |
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saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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garrulous
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| adj.唠叨的，多话的 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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amenable
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| adj.经得起检验的；顺从的；对负有义务的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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usurping
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| 篡夺，霸占( usurp的现在分词 )； 盗用； 篡夺，篡权 | |
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potentate
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| n.统治者；君主 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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88
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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deterred
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| v.阻止，制止( deter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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92
recalcitrance
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| n.固执，顽抗 | |
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93
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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96
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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97
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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98
ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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99
goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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100
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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101
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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102
attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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103
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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104
intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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105
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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106
rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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107
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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108
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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