Of the commentators2 upon this speech the greater part were Liberals, and these condemned3 his utterances4 with unanimity5 in somewhat violent language. Official unionism was dubious6, uncomfortable, and disapproving7: it remained for the most part dumb. A few voices were raised from this quarter in open reprobation8; a few others proclaimed their independence of party discipline and hastened to approve his sentiments.
There was no doubt of one thing—Lord Roberts's speech had at last aroused public interest. For the first time during the National Service agitation9 {333} blood had been drawn10. This was mainly due to the object-lesson in the consequences of military unpreparedness, which the first Balkan War was just then unfolding before the astonished eyes of Europe. In addition, those people, who for a year past had been puzzling their heads over the true meaning of the Agadir crisis, had become impressed with the urgent need for arriving at a clear decision with regard to the adequacy of our national defences.
NEED FOR NATIONAL SERVICE
The speech was a lucid11 and forcible statement of the need for compulsory12 military training. It was interesting reading at the time it was delivered, and in some respects it is even more interesting to-day. It was compactly put together, not a thing of patches. A man who read any part of it would read it all. Yet in accordance with custom, controversy13 raged around three isolated14 passages.
The first of these runs as follows: "In the year 1912, our German friends, I am well aware, do not—at least in sensible circles—assert dogmatically that a war with Great Britain will take place this year or next; but in their heart of hearts they know, every man of them, that—just as in 1866 and just as in 1870—war will take place the instant the German forces by land and sea are, by their superiority at every point, as certain of victory as anything in human calculation can be made certain. Germany strikes when Germany's hour has struck. That is the time-honoured policy of her Foreign Office. That was the policy relentlessly15 pursued by Bismarck and Moltke in 1866 and 1870. It has been her policy decade by decade since that date. It is her policy at the present hour."
{334}
The second passage followed upon the first: "It is an excellent policy. It is or should be the policy of every nation prepared to play a great part in history. Under that policy Germany has, within the last ten years, sprung, as at a bound, from one of the weakest of naval16 powers to the greatest naval power, save one, upon this globe."
The third passage came later: "Such, gentlemen, is the origin, and such the considerations which have fostered in me the growth of this conviction—the conviction that in some form of National Service is the only salvation17 of this Nation and this Empire. The Territorial18 Force is now an acknowledged failure—a failure in discipline, a failure in numbers, a failure in equipment, a failure in energy."[1]
The accuracy of the first and third of these statements now stands beyond need of proof. It was not truer that Germany would strike so soon as her rulers were of opinion that the propitious19 hour had struck, than it was that, when the British Government came to take stock of their resources at the outbreak of war, they would find the Territorial Army to be lacking in the numbers, equipment, training, and discipline, which alone could have fitted it for its appointed task—the defence of our shores against invasion. Slowly, and under great difficulties, and amid the gravest anxieties these defects had subsequently to be made good, hampering20 the while our military operations in the critical sphere.
The second statement was of a different character, and taken by itself, without reference to the context, lent itself readily to misconception as well as {335} misconstruction. A certain number of critics, no doubt, actually believed, a still larger number affected21 to believe, that Lord Roberts was here advocating the creation of a British army, for the purpose of attacking Germany, without a shred22 of justification23, and at the first favourable24 moment.
The whole tenor25 of this speech, however, from the first line to the last, made it abundantly clear that in Lord Roberts's opinion Britain could have neither motive26 nor object for attacking Germany; that the sole concern of England and of the British Empire with regard to Germany was, how we might defend our possessions and secure ourselves against her schemes of aggression27.
POINTS OF CRITICISM
Lord Roberts, however, had in fact pronounced the intentions which he attributed to Germany to be 'an excellent policy,' and had thereby28 seemed to approve, and recommend for imitation, a system which was revolting to the conscience of a Christian29 community.
The idea that Lord Roberts could have had any such thoughts in his mind seemed merely absurd to any one who knew him; nay32, it must also have seemed inconceivable to any one who had taken the trouble to read the speech itself in an unprejudiced mood. To an ordinary man of sense it did not need Lord Roberts's subsequent letter of explanation[2] to set his opinions in their true light. It was clear that his object, in this 'peccant passage,' had merely been to avoid a pharisaical condemnation33 of German methods and ambitions, and to treat that country as a worthy34, as well as a formidable, antagonist35. Being a soldier, {336} however,—not a practised platform orator36 alive to the dangers of too-generous concession—he went too far. The words were unfortunately chosen, seeing that so many critics were on the watch, not to discover the true meaning of the speech, but to pounce37 on any slip which might be turned to the disadvantage of the speaker.
At first there was an attempt on the part of certain London[3] Liberal journals to boycott38 this speech. Very speedily, however, it seemed to dawn upon them that they had greater advantages to gain by denouncing it. A few days later, accordingly, the torrent39 of condemnation was running free. The ablest attack appeared in the Nation,[4] and as this pronouncement by the leading Radical40 weekly was quoted with approval by the greater part of the ministerial press throughout the country, it may fairly be taken as representing the general view of the party.
A RADICAL ATTACK
The article was headed A Diabolical41 Speech, and its contents fulfilled the promise of the title. "There ought," said the writer, "to be some means of bringing to book a soldier, in the receipt of money from the State, who speaks of a friendly Power as Lord Roberts spoke42 of Germany." He was accused roundly of predicting and encouraging a vast and 'hideous43 conflict' between the two countries. Lord Roberts was a 'successful'[5] {337} soldier; but 'without training in statesmanship.' He 'had never shown any gift for it.' His was 'an average Tory intellect.' He was a 'complete contrast to Wellington, who possessed44 two great qualities; for "he set a high value on peace, and he knew how to estimate and bow to the governing forces of national policy.... Lord Roberts possesses neither of these attributes. He is a mere31 jingo in opinion and character, and he interprets the life and interests of this nation and this Empire by the crude lusts45 and fears which haunt the unimaginative soldier's brain."
We may pause at this breathing-place to take note of the healing influences of time. Radical journalists of 1832, and thereabouts, were wont46 to say very much the same hard things of the Duke of Wellington, as those of 1912 saw fit to apply to Earl Roberts.... We may also remark in passing, upon the errors to which even the most brilliant of contemporary judgments47 are liable. There has never been a man in our time who set a higher value on peace than Lord Roberts did. He realised, however, not only the intrinsic value of peace, but its market cost. His real crime, in the eyes of pacifists, was that he stated publicly, as often as he had the chance, what price we must be prepared to pay, if we wanted peace and not war. It was in this sense, no doubt, that he did not know 'how to estimate and bow to the governing forces of national policy.' His blunt warnings broke in rudely and crudely upon the comfortable discourse48 of the three counsellors—Simple, Sloth49, and Presumption50, who, better than any others, were skilled in estimating the 'governing forces,' and the advantages to be gained by bowing to them.
{338}
The writer in the Nation then proceeded to riddle51 Lord Roberts's theories of defence. "He desires us to remain a 'free nation' in the same breath that he invites us to come under the yoke52 of conscription"—intolerable, indeed, that the citizens of a free nation should be ordered to fit themselves for defending their common freedom—"conscription, if you please, for the unheard-of purpose of overseas service in India and elsewhere...." This invitation does not seem to be contained in this, or any other of Lord Roberts's speeches; but supposing it to have been given, it was not altogether 'unheard-of,' seeing that, under the law of conscription prevalent (for example) in Germany, conscript soldiers can be sent to Palestine, or tropical Africa as lawfully53 as into Luxemburg, Poland, or France. According to the Nation, the true theory of defence was Sea Power; but this, it appeared, could not be relied on for all time.... "While our naval monopoly—like our commercial monopoly—cannot exist for ever, our sea power and our national security depend on our ability to crush an enemy's fleet.... We were never so amply insured—so over-insured—against naval disaster as we are to-day."
A LIBERAL ATTACK
"Lord Roberts's proposition, therefore," the writer continued, "is merely foolish; it is his way of commending it, which is merely wicked. He speaks of war as certain to take place 'the instant' the German forces are assured of 'superiority at every point,' and he discovers that the motto of German foreign policy is that Germany strikes when Germany's hour has struck. Germany does not happen to have struck anybody since 1870, and she struck then to secure national unity30, and to put an end to {339} the standing55 menace of French imperialism56. Since then she has remained the most peaceful and the most self-contained, though doubtless not the most sympathetic, member of the European family.... Germany, the target of every cheap dealer57 in historic slapdash, is in substance the Germany of 1870" (i.e. in extent of territory), "with a great industrial dominion58 superadded by the force of science and commercial enterprise. That is the story across which Lord Roberts scrawls59 his ignorant libel.... By direct implication he invites us to do to Germany what he falsely asserts she is preparing to do to us. These are the morals, fitter for a wolf-pack than for a society of Christian men, commended as 'excellent policy' to the British nation in the presence of a Bishop60 of the Anglican Church."
This was very vigorous writing; nor was there the slightest reason to suspect its sincerity61. In the nature of man there is a craving62 to believe; and if a man happens to have his dwelling-place in a world of illusion and unreality, it is not wonderful that he should believe in phantoms63. The credulity of the Nation might appear to many people to amount to fanaticism64; but its views were fully54 shared, though less tersely65 stated, by the whole Liberal party, by the greater proportion of the British people, and not inconceivably by the bulk of the unionist opposition66 as well. The Government alone, who had learned the true facts from Lord Haldane eight months earlier, knew how near Lord Roberts's warnings came to the mark.
This article set the tone of criticism. The Manchester Guardian67 protested against the "insinuation that the German Government's views of international {340} policy are less scrupulous68 and more cynical69 than those of other Governments." Germany has never been accused with justice "of breaking her word, of disloyalty to her engagements, or of insincerity. Prussia's character among nations is, in fact, not very different from the character which Lancashire men give to themselves as compared with other Englishmen. It is blunt, straightforward70, and unsentimental...." How foolish, moreover, are our fears of Germany when we come to analyse them. "We have no territory that she could take, except, in tropical Africa, which no sane71 man would go to war about. Our self-governing colonies could not in any case be held by force; and Canada is protected in addition by the Monroe doctrine72. Egypt is not ours to cede73. Malta could not be had without war with Italy nor India without war with Russia."[6]
This was a proud statement of the basis of British security, and one which must have warmed the hearts, and made the blood of Cromwell and Chatham tingle74 in the shades. Egypt, which we had rescued from a chaos75 of civil war, bankruptcy76, and corruption77, which during more than thirty years we had administered as just stewards78 for the benefit of her people, which we had saved from conquest and absorption by savage79 hordes80—Egypt was not ours to cede. For the rest our dependencies were not worth taking from us, while our 'colonies' could defend themselves. By the grace of Italy's protection we should be secured in the possession of Malta. India would be preserved to us by the goodwill81 of Russia, and Canada by the strong arm of the United States.... {341} Such at that time were the views of the Liberal journal foremost in character and ability.
A unionIST ATTACK
Somewhat later the Daily News took the field, making up for lost time by an exuberance82 of misconstruction.... "The whole movement as represented by the National Service League is definitely unmasked as an attempt to get up, not defence, but an invasion of German territory. This discovery, which for years has been suspected, is most valuable as showing up the real object of the League, with its glib83 talk about military calisthenics. Lord Roberts may have been indiscreet, but at least he has made it clear that what the League wants is war."[7]
On the same day, in order that the Liberals might not have a monopoly of reprobation, the Evening Standard, in an article entitled A Word with Lord Roberts, rated him soundly for having "made an attack upon Germany and an attack upon the Territorial Force...." "It is mere wanton mischief-making for a man with Lord Roberts's unequalled prestige to use words which must drive every German who reads them to exasperation84." And yet no signs whatsoever85 were forthcoming that so much as a single Teuton had been rendered desperate, or had taken the words as in the least degree uncomplimentary. Up to the day of his death—and indeed after his death[8]—Lord Roberts was almost the only Englishman of his time of whom Germans spoke with consistent respect.... "Do not," continues this lofty and sapient86 mentor87, "Do not let us talk as if the Kaiser could play the part of a Genghis Khan or an Attila, ravening88 round the world at the head of armed {342} hordes to devour89 empires and kingdoms."[9] And yet how otherwise has the whole British Press been talking ever since the middle of August 1914? If during this period of nine months, the Evening Standard has kept all reference to Attila and his Huns out of its columns, its continence is unique.
It would serve no useful purpose to set out further items of criticism and abuse from the leader and correspondence columns of newspapers, or from the speeches of shocked politicians. The Nation, the Manchester Guardian, and the Daily News are entitled, between them, to speak for the Liberal party; and if it cannot be said that the Evening Standard is quite similarly qualified90 in respect of the unionists, there is still no doubt that the views which it expressed with so much vigour91, prescience, and felicity were held by many orthodox members of its party.
Colonel Bromley-Davenport, for example, who had been Financial Secretary to the War Office in the late unionist Government, spoke out strongly against Lord Roberts's comments upon the efficiency of the Territorial Force. 'Compulsory service,' in his opinion, 'was not necessary....' And then, with a burst of illuminating92 candour—"Which of the great parties in the state would take up compulsory service and fight a general election upon it? The answer was that neither of the parties would; and to ask for compulsory military service was like crying for the moon."[10] The power of any proposal for winning elections was to be the touchstone of its truth. It would be impossible to state more concisely93 the attitude of the orthodox politician. {343} Which party, indeed, we may well ask, would have fought a general election on anything, however needful, unless it hoped to win on it?
MINISTERIAL ATTACKS
The attitude of Ministers, however, with regard to Lord Roberts's speech is much more worthy of remark than that of independent journalists and members of Parliament. For the Government knew several very important things which, at that time, were still hidden from the eyes of ordinary men.
It was eight months since Lord Haldane had returned from Germany, concealing94, under a smiling countenance95 and insouciant96 manner, a great burden of care at his heart. If on his return he spoke cheerily on public platforms about the kindness of his entertainment at Berlin, and of the greatness and goodness of those with whom he had there walked and talked, this was merely in order that his fellow-countrymen might not be plunged97 in panic or despondency. He had learned the mind of Germany, and it was no light lesson. He had imparted his dreadful secret to his colleagues, and we have learned lately from Mr. Asquith himself what that secret was.... The rulers of Germany, 'to put it quite plainly,' had asked us for a free hand to overbear and dominate the European world, whenever they deemed the opportunity favourable. They had demanded this of the astounded98 British emissary, "at a time when Germany was enormously increasing both her aggressive and defensive99 resources, and especially upon the sea." To such a demand but one answer was possible, and that answer the British Government had promptly100 given—so we are led to infer—in clear and ringing tones of scorn.[11]
{344}
The Government knew for certain what nobody else did. They knew what the aims of Germany were, and consequently they knew that Lord Roberts had spoken nothing but the truth.
And yet, strange to relate, within a few days we find Mr. Runciman, a member of the Cabinet, administering a severe castigation101 to Lord Roberts. The Manchester speech was "not only deplorable and pernicious,' but likewise 'dangerous.' If it was resented in Germany, Mr. Runciman 'would like Germany to know that it is resented no less in England...." Lord Roberts had been a great organiser of the National Service League, the object of which was 'practically conscription'; but "he knows little of England, and certainly little of the North of England, if he imagines we are ever likely to submit to conscription"—not even apparently102 (for there are no reservations) as an alternative to conquest; or as a security against murder, arson103, and rape104.... "War is only inevitable105 when statesmen cannot find a way round, or through, difficulties that may arise; or are so wicked that they prefer the hellish method of war to any other method of solution; or are so weak as to allow soldiers, armament makers106, or scaremongers to direct their policy."[12] Lord Roberts was not, of course, an armament maker107, but he was a scaremonger and a soldier, and as such had no right to state his views as to how peace might be kept.
When Sir Edward Grey was asked if any representation had been addressed by Germany to the {345} Foreign Office with reference to Lord Roberts's utterances, he deprecated, with frigid108 discretion109, the idea that either Government should make official representation to the other about 'unwise or provocative110 speeches.'[13] When Sir William Byles plied111 the Secretary of State for War, Colonel Seely, with questions as to the revocability of Lord Roberts's pension, the answer was solemn and oracular, but no rebuke112 was administered to the interrogator113.[14]
MR. ACLAND'S PERSISTENCY114
But perhaps the most puzzling thing of all, is the persistency with which Mr. Acland (Sir Edward Grey's Under-Secretary) pursued Lord Roberts for some three weeks after the rest were finished with him. It might have been expected that Mr. Acland's chief, who knew 'the dreadful secret,' would have curbed115 his subordinate's excess of zeal116.
Mr. Acland distorted the Manchester speech into an appeal to the British people to put themselves "in a position to strike at the Germans, and to smash them in a time of profound peace, and without cause." And this fanciful gloss117 he rightly denounces, in accents which remind us not a little of the Reverend Robert Spalding, as 'nothing less than a wicked proposal.'[15] ... For England to adopt compulsory military service would be "an utterly118 criminal and provocative proceeding119 against other countries of the world...." Here, indeed, is much food for wonder. What single country of the world would have regarded the adoption120 of national service by England as 'provocative'? What single country, except Germany, would even have objected to it? And what more right would Germany have had to object {346} to our possessing a formidable army, than we had right to object to her possessing a formidable navy?
When some days later Mr. Acland is reproached with having misrepresented Lord Roberts's original statement, he replies loftily that he "was justified121 at the time in supposing that this was his real meaning."[16] One wonders why. Lord Roberts had said nothing which any careful reader of his whole speech—an Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, for example, quoting and speaking with a due sense of his great responsibilities—could conceivably have understood to bear this interpretation122.
A fortnight later Mr. Acland returns to the charge once more. "Lord Roberts," he says courteously123, "has since explained that he did not mean what his words seemed so plainly to mean"—that is, the smashing of Germany in time of profound peace and without any cause.... Danger to peace, the representative of the Foreign Office assures his audience, "does not come from any action of His Majesty's Government. It arises, if at all, from irresponsible utterances such as those which we heard from Lord Roberts. I very much regret that harm must have been done between the two countries by Lord Roberts's speech."[17]
Although an under-secretary does not always enjoy the full confidence of his official superior, he would presumably obey orders—even an order to hold his tongue—if any were given. Consequently, although Lord Haldane's dreadful secret may have been kept from Mr. Acland, as unfit for his innocent {347} and youthful ears, it is surprising that he was never warned of the dangers of the path in which he was so boldly treading. The discourtesies of youth to age are not easily forgiven, especially where they are founded upon misrepresentation, and when, as in this case, the older man was right and the younger wrong as to the facts.
LORD ROBERTS WAS RIGHT
It will be said—it has indeed been already said—by way of excuse for the reticence124 of the Government with regard to the intentions, which German statesmen revealed to Lord Haldane, at Berlin, in February 1912—that by keeping back from the country the knowledge which members of the Cabinet possessed, they thereby prevented an outbreak of passion and panic which might have precipitated125 war. This may be true or untrue; it can neither be proved nor controverted126; but at any rate it was not in accordance with the principle of trusting the people; nor would it have prevented the Government and their supporters—when war broke out—from making amends127 to Lord Roberts and others whom, on grounds of high policy, they had felt themselves obliged, in the past to rebuke unjustly and to discredit128 without warrant in the facts. This course was not impossible. Peel, a very proud man, made amends to Cobden, and his memory does not stand any the lower for it.
With regard to those journalists and private politicians whose mistakes were not altogether their own fault—being due in part at least, to the concealment129 of the true facts which the Government had practised—it would not have been in the least wounding to their honour to express regret, that they had been unwittingly the means of misleading the people, and traducing130 those who were endeavouring to lead {348} it right. In their patriotic131 indignation some of these same journalists and politicians had overstepped the limits of what is justifiable132 in party polemics133. They had attacked the teaching at the Military Colleges, because it sought to face the European situation frankly134, and to work out in the lecture-room the strategical and tactical consequences which, in case of war, might be forced upon us by our relations with France and Russia. It would have done these high-minded journalists no harm in the eyes of their fellow-countrymen, had they acknowledged frankly that when in former days they had denounced the words of Lord Roberts as 'wicked' and his interpretation of the situation as inspired by "the crude lusts and fears which haunt the unimaginative soldier's brain"—when they had publicly denounced as 'a Staff College Cabal135' teachers who were only doing their duty—they had unwittingly been guilty of a cruel misjudgment.
FAILURE TO MAKE AMENDS
It is not a little remarkable136 that in 1912—indeed from 1905 to 1914—Lord Roberts, who, according to the Nation, possessed but 'an average Tory intellect,' should have trusted the people, while a democratic Government could not bring itself to do so. The Cabinet, which knew the full measure of the danger, concealed137 it out of a mistaken notion of policy. Their henchmen on the platform and in the press did not know the full measure of the danger. They acted either from natural prejudice, or official inspiration—possibly from a mixture of both—when they made light of the danger and held up to scorn any one who called attention to it. The whole body of respectable, word-worshipping, well-to-do Liberals and Conservatives, whom nothing could stir out of {349} their indifference138 and scepticism, disapproved139 most strongly of having the word 'danger' so much as mentioned in their presence. The country would to-day forgive all of these their past errors more easily if, when the crisis came, they had acted a manly140 part and had expressed regret. But never a word of the sort from any of these great public characters!
[1] Manchester, October 22, 1912. Quoted from Lord Roberts's Message to the Nation (Murray), pp. 4-6 and p. 12. The date, however, is there given wrongly as October 25.
[2] Manchester Guardian, November 5, 1912.
[3] This was not so, however, with the Liberal newspaper of greatest influence in the United Kingdom—the Manchester Guardian—which gave a full and prominent report of Lord Roberts's meeting. This journal is honourably141 free from any suspicion of using the suppression of news as a political weapon.
[4] October 26, 1912. Like the Manchester Guardian, the Nation made no attempt to boycott the speech.
[5] 'Successful,' not 'distinguished142' or 'able' is the word. The amiable143 stress would appear to be on luck rather than merit.
[6] Manchester Guardian, October 28, 1912.
[7] Daily News, October 30, 1912.
[8] See Preface.
[9] Evening Standard, October 30, 1912.
[10] Morning Post, October 30, 1912.
[11] Mr. Asquith at Cardiff, October 2, 1914.
[12] Mr. Runciman at Elland, Manchester Guardian, October 26, 1912. Sir Walter Runciman, the father of this speaker, appears to be made of sterner stuff. After the Scarborough raid he denounced the Germans as "heinous144 polecats."
[13] Times, Parliamentary Report, October 30, 1912.
[14] Ibid. November 1, 1912.
[15] Mr. Acland at Taunton, the Times, November 5, 1912.
[16] Letter in the Times, November 11, 1912.
[17] Mr. Acland at Rochdale, the Times, November 25, 1912.
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commentators
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condemned
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utterances
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unanimity
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dubious
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reprobation
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compulsory
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controversy
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relentlessly
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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31
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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32
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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33
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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34
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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35
antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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36
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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37
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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38
boycott
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| n./v.(联合)抵制，拒绝参与 | |
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39
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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40
radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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41
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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42
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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43
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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44
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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45
lusts
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| 贪求（lust的第三人称单数形式） | |
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46
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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47
judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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48
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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49
sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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50
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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51
riddle
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| n.谜，谜语，粗筛；vt.解谜，给…出谜，筛，检查，鉴定，非难，充满于；vi.出谜 | |
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52
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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53
lawfully
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| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
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54
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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55
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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56
imperialism
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| n.帝国主义，帝国主义政策 | |
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57
dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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58
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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59
scrawls
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| 潦草的笔迹( scrawl的名词复数 ) | |
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60
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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61
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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62
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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63
phantoms
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| n.鬼怪，幽灵( phantom的名词复数 ) | |
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64
fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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65
tersely
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| adv. 简捷地, 简要地 | |
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66
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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67
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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68
scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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69
cynical
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| adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的，不信世道向善的 | |
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70
straightforward
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| adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的 | |
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71
sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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72
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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73
cede
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| v.割让，放弃 | |
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74
tingle
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| vi.感到刺痛，感到激动；n.刺痛，激动 | |
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75
chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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76
bankruptcy
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| n.破产；无偿付能力 | |
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77
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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78
stewards
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| （轮船、飞机等的）乘务员( steward的名词复数 )； （俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的）管理员； （大型活动的）组织者； （私人家中的）管家 | |
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79
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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81
goodwill
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| n.善意，亲善，信誉，声誉 | |
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82
exuberance
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| n.丰富；繁荣 | |
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83
glib
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| adj.圆滑的，油嘴滑舌的 | |
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84
exasperation
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| n.愤慨 | |
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85
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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86
sapient
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| adj.有见识的，有智慧的 | |
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87
mentor
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| n.指导者，良师益友；v.指导 | |
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88
ravening
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| a.贪婪而饥饿的 | |
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89
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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90
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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91
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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92
illuminating
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| a.富于启发性的，有助阐明的 | |
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93
concisely
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| adv.简明地 | |
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94
concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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95
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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96
insouciant
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| adj.不在意的 | |
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97
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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98
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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99
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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100
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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101
castigation
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| n.申斥，强烈反对 | |
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102
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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103
arson
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| n.纵火，放火 | |
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104
rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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105
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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106
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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107
maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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108
frigid
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| adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的 | |
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109
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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110
provocative
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| adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的 | |
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111
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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112
rebuke
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| v.指责，非难，斥责 [反]praise | |
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113
interrogator
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| n.讯问者；审问者；质问者；询问器 | |
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114
persistency
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| n. 坚持(余辉, 时间常数) | |
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115
curbed
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| v.限制，克制，抑制( curb的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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116
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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117
gloss
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| n.光泽，光滑；虚饰；注释；vt.加光泽于；掩饰 | |
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118
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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119
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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120
adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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121
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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122
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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123
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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124
reticence
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| n.沉默，含蓄 | |
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125
precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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126
controverted
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| v.争论，反驳，否定( controvert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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128
discredit
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| vt.使不可置信；n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑 | |
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129
concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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130
traducing
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| v.诋毁( traduce的现在分词 )；诽谤；违反；背叛 | |
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131
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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132
justifiable
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| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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133
polemics
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| n.辩论术，辩论法；争论( polemic的名词复数 )；辩论；辩论术；辩论法 | |
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134
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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135
cabal
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| n.政治阴谋小集团 | |
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136
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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137
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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138
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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139
disapproved
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| v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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140
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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141
honourably
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| adv.可尊敬地，光荣地，体面地 | |
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142
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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143
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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144
heinous
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| adj.可憎的，十恶不赦的 | |
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