The dead men lay on the shell-scarred plain,
Where death and the autumn held their reign—
Like banded ghosts in the heavens grey
The smoke of the conflict died away.
The boys whom I knew and loved were dead,
Where war's grim annals were writ1 in red,
In the town of Loos in the morning.
The ruined village lay wrapped in the silence of death. It was a corpse2 over which the stars came out like funeral tapers3. The star-shells held the heaven behind Loos, forming into airy constellations4 which vanished at a breath. The road, straight as an arrow, pitted with shell-holes and bearing an incongruous burden of dead mules5, dead men, broken limbers, and vehicles of war, ran in front of us straight up to and across the firing line into the France that was not France. Out there behind the German lines were the French villagers and peasantry, fearing any advance on our part, much more even than the Germans feared it, even as much as the French behind our lines feared a German advance.
[219]
The indefatigable6 shrapnel kills impartially7; how many civilians8 in Loos and Lens have fallen victims to the furious 75's? In France the Allies fight at a disadvantage; a few days previously10 a German ammunition11 depot12 had been blown up in Lille, and upwards13 of a hundred French civilians were killed. How much more effective it would have been if the civilians had been Germans!
Our battalion14 was returning to the trenches16 after a fortnight's rest in H——, a village in the rear. We had handed over the trench15 taken from the Germans to the 22nd London Regiment17 before leaving for H——. In H—— we got a new equipment, fresh clothing, good boots and clean shirts; now we were ready for further work in active warfare18.
We were passing through Loos on the way to the trenches. What a change since we had been there last! The adaptive French had taken the village in hand; they had now been there for three days. Three days, and a miracle had been accomplished19. Every shell-crater in the street was filled up with dead horses, biscuit tins, sandbags and bricks, and the place was made easy for vehicle traffic. Barricades20, behind which machine guns lurked22 privily23, were built at the main crossings. An old bakery was patched up and there bread was baked for the soldiers. In a cellar near the square a neat wine-shop[220] displayed tempting24 bottles which the thirsty might purchase for a few sous.
The ease with which the French can accommodate themselves to any change has been a constant source of wonder to me. In Les Brebis I saw roofs blown off the village houses at dawn, at noon I saw the natives putting them on again; at Cuinchy I saw an ancient woman selling café-au-lait at four sous a cup in the jumble25 of bricks which was once her home. When the cow which supplied the milk was shot in the stomach the woman still persisted in selling coffee, café noir, at three sous a cup. When a civilian9 is killed at Mazingarbe the children of the place sell the percussion26 cap of the death-dealing shell for half a franc. Once when I was there an old crone was killed when washing her feet at a street pump. A dozen or more percussion caps were sold that day; every gar?on in the neighbourhood claimed that the aluminium27 nose-cap in his possession was the one that did the foul28 deed. When I was new to France I bought several of these ghastly relics29, but in a few weeks I was out trying to sell. There was then, however, a slump30 in nose-caps, and I lost heavily.
The apt process of accommodation which these few incidents may help to illustrate31 is peculiar32 to the French; they know how to make the best of a bad job and a ruined[221] village. They paved the streets with dead horses; drew bread from the bricks and stored wine in the litter that was Loos. That is France, the Ph?nix that rises resplendent from her ashes; France that like her Joan of Arc will live for ever because she has suffered; France, a star, like Rabelais, which can cast aside a million petty vices33 when occasion requires it and glow with eternal splendour, the wonder of the world.
The Munster Fusiliers held a trench on the left of Loos and they had suffered severely34. They had been in there for eight days, and the big German guns were active all the time. In one place the trench was filled in for a distance of three hundred yards. Think of what that means. Two hundred men manned the deep, cold alley35 dug in the clay. The shells fell all round the spot, the parados swooped36 forward, the parapet dropped back, they were jaws37 which devoured38 men. The soldiers went in there, into a grave that closed like a trap. None could escape. When we reopened the trench, we reopened a grave and took out the dead.
The night we came to relieve those who remained alive was clear and the stars stood out cold and brilliant in the deep overhead; but a grey haze39 enveloped40 the horizon, and probably we would have rain before the dawn. The trenches here were dug recently, makeshift[222] alleys41 they were, insecure and muddy, lacking dug-outs, fire-places, and every accommodation that might make a soldier's life bearable. They were fringed with dead; dead soldiers in khaki lay on the reverse slope of the parapet, their feet in the grass, their heads on the sandbags; they lay behind the parados, on the levels, in the woods, everywhere. Upwards of eleven thousand English dead littered the streets of Loos and the country round after the victory, and many of these were unburied yet.
A low-lying country, wet fields, stagnant42 drains, shell-rent roads, ruined houses, dead men, mangled43 horses. To us soldiers this was the only apparent result of the battle of Loos, a battle in which we fought at the start, a battle which was not yet ended. We knew nothing of the bigger issues of the fight. We had helped to capture several miles of trenches and a few miles of country. We brought our guns forward, built new emplacements, to find that the enemy knew his abandoned territory so well that he easily located the positions of our batteries. Before the big fight our guns round Les Brebis and Maroc were practically immune from observation; now they were shelled almost as soon as they were placed. We thrust our salient forward like a duck's bill, and our trenches were subject to enfilade fire and in some[223] sectors44 our men were even shelled from the rear.
Our plan of attack was excellent, our preparations vigorous and effective, as far as they went. Our artillery45 blew the barbed wire entanglements47 of the first German trench to pieces, at the second trench the wire was practically untouched.
Our regiment entered this latter trench where it runs along in front of Loos. We followed on the heels of the retreating Germans. Our attack might have been more effective if the real offensive began here, if fresh troops were flung at the disorganised Germans when the second trench was taken. Lens might easily have fallen into our hands.
The fresh divisions coming up on Sunday and Monday had to cope with the enemy freshly but strongly entrenched48 on Hill 70. The Guards Division crossed from Maroc in open order on the afternoon of Sunday, the 26th, and was greeted by a furious artillery fire which must have worked great havoc49 amongst the men. I saw the advance from a distance. I think it was the most imposing50 spectacle of the fight. What struck me as very strange at the time was the Division crossing the open when they might have got into action by coming along through the trenches. On the level the men were under observation all the time. The advance, like[224] that of the London Irish, was made at a steady pace.
What grand courage it is that enables men to face the inevitable51 with untroubled front. Despite the assurance given by the Higher Command about the easy task in front of us, the boys of our regiment, remembering Givenchy and Richebourg, gave little credence52 to the assurance; they anticipated a very strong resistance, in fact none of them hoped to get beyond the first German trench.
It is easy to understand why men are eager "to get there," as the favourite phrase says, once they cross the parapet of the assembly trench. "There," the enemy's line, is comparatively safe, and a man can dodge53 a blow or return one. The open offers no shelter; between the lines luck alone preserves a man; a soldier is merely a naked babe pitted against an armed gladiator. Naturally he wants "to get there" with the greatest possible speed; in the open he is beset54 with a thousand dangers, in the foeman's trench he is confronted with but one or two.
I suppose "the desire to get there," which is so often on the lips of the military correspondent, is as often misconstrued. The desire to get finished with the work is a truer phrase. None wish to go to a dentist, but who would not be rid of an aching tooth?
[225]
The London Irish advance was more remarkable56 than many have realized. The instinct of self-preservation is the strongest in created beings, and here we see hundreds of men whose premier57 consideration was their own personal safety moving forward to attack with the nonchalance58 of a church parade. Perhaps the men who kicked the football across were the most nervous in the affair. Football is an exciting pastime, it helped to take the mind away from the crisis ahead, and the dread59 anticipation60 of death was forgotten for the time being. But I do not think for a second that the ball was brought for that purpose.
Although we captured miles of trenches, the attack in several parts stopped on open ground where we had to dig ourselves in. This necessitated61 much labour and afforded little comfort. Dug-outs there were none, and the men who occupied the trenches after the fight had no shelter from shell-splinters and shrapnel. From trenches such as these we relieved all who were left of the Munster Fusiliers.
The Germans had placed some entanglements in front of their position, and it was considered necessary to examine their labours and see what they had done. If we found that their wire entanglement46 was strong and well fastened our conclusions would be that[226] the Germans were not ready to strike, that their time at the moment was devoted62 to safeguarding themselves from attack. If, on the other hand, their wires were light, fragile and easily removed, we might guess that an early offensive on our lines would take place. Lieutenant63 Y. and two men went across to have a look at the enemy's wires; we busied ourselves digging a deeper trench; as a stretcher-bearer I had no particular work for the moment, so I buried a few of the dead who lay on the field.
On our right was a road which crossed our trench and that of the Germans, a straight road lined with shell-scarred poplars running true as an arrow into the profundities64 of the unknown. The French occupied the trench on our right, and a gallant65 Porthos (I met him later) built a barricade21 of sandbags on the road, and sitting there all night with a fixed66 rifle, he fired bullet after bullet down the highway. His game was to hit cobbles near the German trenches, from there the bullet went splattering and ricochetting, hopping67 and skipping along the road for a further five hundred yards, making a sound like a pebble68 clattering69 down the tiles of a roof. Many a Boche coming along that road must have heartily70 cursed the energetic Porthos.
Suddenly the report of firearms came from[227] the open in front, then followed two yells, loud and agonising, and afterwards silence. What had happened? Curiosity prompted me to rush into the trench, leaving a dead soldier half buried, and make inquiries71. All the workers had ceased their labour, they stood on the fire-steps staring into the void in front of them, their ears tensely strained. Something must have happened to the patrol, probably the officer and two men had been surprised by the enemy and killed....
As we watched, three figures suddenly emerged from the greyness in front, rushed up to the parapet, and flung themselves hastily into the trench. The listening patrol had returned. Breathlessly they told a story.
They had examined the enemy's wire and were on the way back when one of the men stumbled into a shell-hole on the top of three Germans who were probably asleep. The Boches scrambled72 to their feet and faced the intruders. The officer fired at one and killed him instantly, one of our boys ran another through the heart with the bayonet, the third German got a crack on the head with a rifle-butt and collapsed73, yelling. Then the listening patrol rushed hurriedly in, told their story and consumed extra tots of rum when the exciting narrative74 was finished.
The morning country was covered with white fog; Bois Hugo, the wood on our left,[228] stood out an island in a sea of milk. Twenty yards away from the trench was the thick whiteness, the unknown. Our men roamed about the open picking up souvenirs and burying dead. Probably in the mist the Germans were at work, too.... All was very quiet, not a sound broke the stillness, the riot of war was choked, suffocated75, in the cold, soft fog.
All at once an eager breeze broke free and swept across the parapet, driving the fog away. In the space of five seconds the open was bare, the cloak which covered it was swept off. Then we saw many things.
Our boys in khaki came rushing back to their trench, flinging down all souvenirs in their haste to reach safety; the French on our right scampered76 to their burrows77, casting uneasy eyes behind them as they ran. A machine gun might open and play havoc. Porthos had a final shot down the road, then he disappeared and became one with the field.
But the enemy raced in as we did; their indecorous haste equalled ours. They had been out, too. One side retreated from the other, and none showed any great gallantry in the affair. Only when the field was clear did the rifles speak. Then there was a lively ten minutes and a few thousand useless rounds were wasted by the combatants before they sat down to breakfast.
[229]
"A strategic retreat," said Pryor. "I never ran so quickly in all my life. I suppose it is like this every night, men working between the lines, engineers building entanglements, covering parties sleeping out their watch, listening patrols and souvenir hunters doing their little bit in their own particular way. It's a funny way of conducting a war."
"It's strange," I said.
"We have no particular hatred78 for the men across the way," said Pryor. "My God, the trenches tone a man's temper. When I was at home (Pryor had just had ten days' furlough) our drawing-room bristled79 with hatred of some being named the Hun. Good Heavens! you should hear the men past military age revile80 the Hun. If they were out here we couldn't keep them from getting over the top to have a smack81 at the foe55. And the women! If they were out here, they would just simply tear the Germans to pieces. I believe that we are the wrong men, we able-bodied youths with even tempers. It's the men who are past military age who should be out here."
Pryor was silent for a moment.
"I once read a poem, a most fiery82 piece of verse," he continued; "and it urged all men to take part in the war, get a gun and get off to Flanders immediately. Shame on those who did not go! The fellow who wrote that[230] poem is a bit of a literary swell83, and I looked up his name in 'Who's Who,' and find that he is a year or two above military age. If I were a man of seventy and could pick up fury enough to write that poem, I'd be off to the recruiting agent the moment the last line was penned, and I'd tell the most damnable lies to get off and have a smack at the Hun. But that literary swell hasn't enlisted84 yet."
A pause.
"And never will," Pryor concluded, placing a mess-tin of water on a red-hot brazier.
Breakfast would be ready shortly.
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1
writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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2
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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3
tapers
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| （长形物体的）逐渐变窄( taper的名词复数 )； 微弱的光； 极细的蜡烛 | |
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4
constellations
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| n.星座( constellation的名词复数 )；一群杰出人物；一系列（相关的想法、事物）；一群（相关的人） | |
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5
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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6
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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7
impartially
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| adv.公平地，无私地 | |
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8
civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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9
civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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10
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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11
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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12
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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13
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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14
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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15
trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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16
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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17
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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18
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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19
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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20
barricades
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| 路障，障碍物( barricade的名词复数 ) | |
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barricade
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| n.路障，栅栏，障碍；vt.设路障挡住 | |
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lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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privily
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| adv.暗中，秘密地 | |
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24
tempting
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| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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jumble
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| vt.使混乱，混杂；n.混乱；杂乱的一堆 | |
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26
percussion
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| n.打击乐器；冲突，撞击；震动，音响 | |
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27
aluminium
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| n.铝 (=aluminum) | |
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28
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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29
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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30
slump
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| n.暴跌，意气消沉，（土地）下沉；vi.猛然掉落，坍塌，大幅度下跌 | |
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31
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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33
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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35
alley
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| n.小巷，胡同；小径，小路 | |
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swooped
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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alleys
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| 胡同，小巷( alley的名词复数 )； 小径 | |
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stagnant
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| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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sectors
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| n.部门( sector的名词复数 )；领域；防御地区；扇形 | |
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45
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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46
entanglement
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| n.纠缠，牵累 | |
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entanglements
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| n.瓜葛( entanglement的名词复数 )；牵连；纠缠；缠住 | |
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entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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51
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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52
credence
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| n.信用，祭器台，供桌，凭证 | |
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53
dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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54
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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55
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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56
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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57
premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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58
nonchalance
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| n.冷淡，漠不关心 | |
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59
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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60
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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61
necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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63
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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64
profundities
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| n.深奥，深刻，深厚( profundity的名词复数 )；堂奥 | |
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65
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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66
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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67
hopping
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| n. 跳跃 动词hop的现在分词形式 | |
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68
pebble
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| n.卵石，小圆石 | |
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69
clattering
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| 发出咔哒声（clatter的现在分词形式） | |
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70
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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71
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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72
scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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73
collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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suffocated
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| （使某人）窒息而死( suffocate的过去式和过去分词 )； （将某人）闷死； 让人感觉闷热； 憋气 | |
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scampered
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| v.蹦蹦跳跳地跑，惊惶奔跑( scamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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bristled
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| adj. 直立的，多刺毛的 动词bristle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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80
revile
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| v.辱骂，谩骂 | |
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81
smack
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| vt.拍，打，掴；咂嘴；vi.含有…意味；n.拍 | |
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82
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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83
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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84
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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