To feel, amid the city’s jar,
That there abides2 a peace of thine
Man did not make, and cannot mar3.
Matthew Arnold.
On the south-west side of Tower Hill there stands the oldest parish church in London. But beyond the earliest date that we find any portion of the present building mentioned, it is more than probable that a still more ancient church occupied this piece of ground. Consider the importance of the site. The approach to London from the sea was then, as now, a somewhat dreary4 progress between the mud-flats that fringed the river. On the northern bank the rising ground, now known as Tower Hill, would be the first relief to the eye after the wearying Essex marshes6. Beyond and behind that hill lay the little city, and beside{170} that hill was set a church. But, with the building of the White Tower, the church was eclipsed as a landmark7 for boats on the river, and now it is quite obscured from the water-side by hideous8 brick warehouses9 that only men of the nineteenth century could conceive and erect11. In early days this church stood on the edge of London; now it is in its very centre. Yet few buildings equally well preserved have altered as little as this old building has—this “fair church on Tower Hill”—and we have here handed down to us much that is unique as a record not only of English history but of the progress of architecture. The furnishings of the church, the carvings13 and wrought14-iron work, also carry us through generations of activity in such arts, and the pavement brasses16 and sculptured tombs serve as memorials of many a famous Englishman. The church has an additional interest in being the nearest ancient building outside the Tower walls and in having received, for burial, victims from the block on Tower Hill. Yet the close connection of this ancient church with the Tower and its history has not, hitherto, been sufficiently17 emphasised. It is well, therefore, that we should give Allhallows some of our time when we have explored and examined the Tower itself.{171}
Four hundred years before the Conqueror18 laid the foundation stones of the White Tower, a cluster of cottages on the edge of Tower Hill, and lying not far from the Ald-gate of the old walls of London, constituted the germ of the present parish, and stood within sight of the earlier church. What the history of the church was then we have no means of knowing, but as it would be the first building of importance that Danish invaders19 came upon during their onslaughts on London, it must have passed through exciting times in those old days of raid and turmoil20.
Erkenwald, a seventh-century Bishop22 of London, founded the convent at Barking, in Essex. Of this convent his sister, St. Ethelburga, became first abbess, and the abbesses of Barking were not only mitred, but were in after days peeresses of the realm. Erkenwald made over certain rights of the land, upon which the parish is now spread, to this convent of Barking, and, in return, a priest was supplied from the community to serve the religious needs of the parishioners. It was thus the surname Barking was acquired. It is, however, a surname that is somewhat misleading, as printers, even to this present day, have an awkward habit of placing a comma between “Allhallows” and “Barking”{172} and so send many who would visit the church on an empty quest into Essex. But the poor printer is not altogether to blame. The people here have a way of calling themselves “Barking people” and of referring to the parish as “Barking parish.” This leads to unnecessary confusion. The only alternative would be to retain the term on Tower Hill and ask the good folk of the Essex town to adopt some other name! As it is improbable that either of these suggestions will be taken seriously, a return to the ancient title, “Berkyngechurch by the Tower,” might solve the difficulty.
The parish system in England took its rise under Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 668, and the number and boundaries of the parishes as we know them to-day agree very nearly with the parochial divisions in Doomsday Book. The ground now included in Allhallows parish was undoubtedly23 included in Roman London, which extended from Tower Hill to Dowgate Hill, the present Fenchurch and Lombard Streets forming the line of its northern boundary. Eastward24 of the parish lay marsh5 and forest—the great forest of Essex, of which so wide and unspoilt a portion remains25 to us in Epping Forest.{173}
A True and Exact Draught26 of the TOWER LIBERTIES, furvey in the Year 1597 by GULIELMUS HAIWARD and J. GASCOYNE.
Image unavailable: A True and Exact Draught of the TOWER LIBERTIES, furvey in the Year 1597 by GULIELMUS HAIWARD and J. GASCOYNE. E. Gardner’s Collection.
E. Gardner’s Collection.
Larger image[150 kb] Largest image [1mb]
In 1087, when a great fire devastated27 the city, a church in the Norman style took the place of the Saxon building, and the nave28 pillars of Allhallows date from that time. Of these pillars the one that shows its great age more than the others—which, after successive cleanings, look almost new—is that westernmost pillar on the north side which stands within the choir29 practice-room.
To this Norman building Richard I. added, either where the chancel portion of the north aisle30 now stands, or near at hand, a Chantry Chapel31 known as Capella Beatae Mariae de Berkinge juxta Turrim. This was, for some time, the most famous shrine32 in connection with the building, and became the care of the kings of England. In this Chantry was placed, by Edward I., a statue of the Virgin33, in accordance with a command received by him in a vision, before his father’s death, in which he was assured that he should subdue34 Wales and Scotland, and would be victorious35 while this Berkinge Chapel was kept in repair. Tradition asserts that the heart of the Lion-hearted Richard was placed under the altar of the chapel here, but others maintain that after its removal from Fontevrault, where the king was buried, it was sent to{174} Rouen. Yet in the time of the first Edward, an Indulgence of forty days was obtained for all penitents36 worshipping at the shrine of the Virgin at Berkinge Chapel, and in that instrument prayer is especially asked for the soul of the founder37, Richard I., “whose heart is buried beneath the high altar.”
A little later in the history of the church and its chapels38 we come upon the names of John Tiptoft and Sir John Croke, both of whom, famous in their generations, took especial interest in Allhallows. The former was brought into touch with the place upon his appointment as Constable39 of the Tower. He was created Earl of Worcester by Henry VI., was the friend and supporter of Caxton, and has been called “the nursing father of English printing.” A man of great learning, he had studied under Guarino at Ferrara, had occupied a professor’s chair at Padua, was termed by Walpole “one of the noble authors of England,” is remembered as a good, but ruthless, soldier, lawyer, and politician, and was, in the end, by the influence of Warwick, the king-maker, disgraced and beheaded on Tower Hill. Tiptoft founded a confraternity or guild40 at Berkinge Chapel, and of this guild elected Sir John Croke to be one of the first Wardens41. Of{175} Tiptoft, who was buried at Blackfriars monastery43, no memorial remains here, but Croke’s tomb we shall come upon, later, as we go through the church.
In the time of Richard III. the chantry chapel comes once again into the light of fame, and is known far and wide as “Berkingshaw.” Richard, who, as we have seen, was no saint when dwelling44 in the Tower, seems to have been influenced by the age and sanctity of Allhallows to do good deeds, and is known here only as pious45 benefactor46. He achieved this by “newbuilding this chapel,” and adding to the original foundation a college of priests, consisting of a Dean (Chaderton, a friend of Richard’s), and six Canons. In the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Henry VIII., 10th July, 1514, there is to be found a record of a “confirmation of the Chapel of St. Mary in the C?metary of Barkingchurch London to the Guild of St. Mary.” Provision is also made “for the election of a Master and four Wardens annually47 for the safe custody48 of the said chapel.”
If Berkinge Chapel during its long history had been the peculiar49 care of royalty50, the church, after the upheavals51 in the time of Henry VIII. and Edward VI., became the care, and also the resort, of the prosperous burgesses of the City. It was{176} conveniently near the Tower where the King and his Court were lodged52, and where the King’s Justiciars held their sittings, and so became a meeting-place of representative citizens, where matters could be discussed when the City and Tower happened to be at variance—not by any means an infrequent occurrence. From early times, indeed, we may trace the feelings of affection which dwellers53 in the City, and more especially in the parish, have felt for their historic church. In 1265 we hear of Sir Roger de Leiburn, who was “lodging in the Tower,” meeting the representatives of the City at Berkyngechurche on their proposing to make their submission54 to the king, after the battle of Evesham. To that meeting came the Mayor “and a countless55 multitude of citizens.” Again, in 1280, the burgesses “apparelled in their best attire” gathered at Berkyngechurche and proceeded to the Tower to meet the King’s Justiciars “for the purpose of holding an Inquest, or inquiring into the peace of the City.” “Gregory, the Mayor,” as we read in the Liber Albus of the Corporation of London, “disputing the right of the Crown to hold an Inquest for the City of London, for the honour of the Mayoralty refused to enter the Tower as Mayor, but, laying aside his insignia and seal at the high Altar of{177} Berkyngechurche, as the last church in the City next the Tower, entered the Tower merely as one of the Aldermen, alleging57 that by the ancient liberties he was not bound to attend the Inquests, nor to make appearance therein for judgments59, unless forewarned for forty days.” The King, Edward I., as punishment for this disobedience, “abolished the office of Mayor, appointing a Warden42 in his place; which custom obtained till 26 Ed. I., when the ancient liberties of the City were restored.” Those of the citizens “who had accompanied Rokesly to Berkyngechurche” were confined in the Tower for some days and would, no doubt, on their return to their admiring families, be looked upon with a certain awe60 ever afterwards.
In the archives of the Guildhall we find that in 1302 Allhallows Barking appears as one of the advowsons of the City of London belonging to the Abbess and Convent of Barking. But after the suppression of the convent by Henry VIII. the patronage61 passed to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in whose hands it remains to this day. Another interesting fact we gather from the ancient records of the City is that Allhallows was one of the three churches where the curfew was rung each night as a warning that it was time for all good citizens to{178} be indoors, and as a precaution against fire. This ancient curfew bell, it is believed, is that hung in the small bell-turret on the tower of the church and upon which the hammer of the clock strikes the hours.
Towards the end of the fifteenth century great changes took place with regard to the structure of the church. The chantry chapels had fallen into a state of disrepair, and it became necessary to rebuild the chancel to which they were attached and to strengthen the fabric62 of the nave. It is to this rebuilding that we owe the contrast afforded by the massive pillars of the body of the church with the graceful63, deeply moulded Perpendicular64 pillars of the chancel. The manner in which the one style has been grafted65 on the other, where, as Allen says, “the pillars between the chancel and the nave are singularly composed of half a circular and half a clustered column worked together” attracts the attention of even the most casual observer. Mr. Fleming, in his admirable little pamphlet on the church, sums up the various alterations67 that have taken place in the structure when he says “the view of the stately interior tells at once, and more fully68 than the outside features, the story of the changes that have befallen the church through the{179} centuries since its foundation. For the columns of the nave are Norman, the east window with its intricate tracery was the work of the sumptuous69 Decorated period, whilst the clerestory and aisles70, with the slender clustered shafts71 of the chancel arcading72, belong to the Perpendicular style.... Allhallows is a good instance of the manner in which, entirely73 convinced of the supreme74 merits of their school of building, the architects of the Perpendicular period superimposed their style on what had gone before. The contrast between the light clustered columns of the chancel, with their beautiful splayed arches, and the heavy pillars of the nave, is extremely striking, and almost remorseless in its hint of the supercilious76 ease with which the men of the Tudor period parted from the past and its traditions.”
The interior of the church was at this time embellished77 by mural decorations; and lingering traces of the paint, on one or two of the nave columns, were left undisturbed during the last restoration, in 1904. A rood-screen stood in front of the new chancel, and above it rose the famous Duddyngton organ. Alas78, no traces of either remain to us, even in a museum. While Charles I. was on the throne the interior was again renovated79, and during the{180} long toll80 of subsequent years the history of Allhallows resolves itself into a record of successive restorations. Few churches have been more carefully and lovingly tended than this has been, and its present state of preservation81 is due to this interest which it has always inspired in those who appreciate its worth and beauty. Allhallows, unlike so many other churches, has not lost but gained by its restorations. An old building, such as this, is in constant need of attention. The problem has ever been the vexed82 one of renewing without destroying. But any one who enters Allhallows to-day will feel that the problem has been solved here with complete success. The later restorations, including the reroofing, restoration of the ancient battlements, and preservation of the lower parts of the outer walls, has cost, in round figures, twelve thousand pounds, and every penny has been wisely spent in handing down to future generations so wonderful a memorial of the past.
The period of the Commonwealth83 has left its mark in most sacred buildings as a time of pulling-down; but this church has the singular advantage of remembering it as a time of setting-up. The old stone tower which stood at the south-west corner of the building—the foundations of which{181} were uncovered a few years ago during the erection of that amazing indiscretion, the warehouse10 which now stands upon the site—was severely84 disturbed in 1649, when, on January 4 of that year, “a blow of twenty-seven barrels of gunpowder85, that took fire in a ship-chandler’s house on the south side of the church,” created havoc86 in the immediate87 neighbourhood. The explosion is described in Strype’s edition of Stow’s Survey. “It seems that the chandler was busy in his shop barrelling the powder, about seven o’clock in the evening, when it became ignited and blew up, not merely that house, but fifty or sixty others. The number of persons destroyed was never ascertained88, for the next house but one was a tavern90, known as ‘The Rose,’ which was full of company, in consequence of a parish dinner: it must have been very great, however, judging from the number of limbs and bodies which were dug up from the ruins. The hostess of the tavern, sitting in the bar, and the waiter standing91 by with a tankard in his hand, were found beneath some fallen beams, but were dead from suffocation92. It is recorded that, the morning after this disaster, a female infant was discovered lying in a cradle on the roof of the church neither bruised93 nor singed94.” The parents of the babe were never traced. The{182} child was given the surname “Barking,” adopted by the parish, and “lived to an adult age.” But, while the baby was saved, the heavy tower was doomed95. As a result of the shock it became so insecure that complete demolition96 was necessary. During the Protectorate the present tower was set up, and, though it is about as uninspired a piece of ecclesiastical brickwork as one can imagine, yet it has a certain interest not only for having arisen during the days of Cromwell, but for having just barely escaped destruction when the Great Fire came to its base. It was up this tower that the ever-curious Pepys, who lived near by, in Seething97 Lane, climbed hurriedly to see the devastation98 of Old London. The event will be found recorded in the Diary under the date September 5, 1666.
The building of this tower brings to mind an amusing episode in the records of the church. It appears that over the clock (the “dyall of Barking Church,” mentioned by Pepys) the wardens then in office put up a huge effigy99 of St. Michael, weighing nearly twenty tons. “Its right hand held a trumpet100 and in its left was a leaden scroll101, inscribed102, ‘Arise, ye dead, and come to judgment58.’” St. Michael, having been scorched103 and blistered104 by the Fire of London, was taken down in 1675—there{183} was no “hustling” in those days—repainted, and placed “over the Commandments at the east end of the church.” Two smaller figures which had supported the central effigy on the wall of the tower were put up over the organ in the new organ-loft105 at the west end, where, reclining gracefully106, they remain to this day. St. Michael had a rougher time of it, and was the cause of one of those absurd squabbles that too often mar the harmony of a quiet parish. One or two of the congregation indicted107 the churchwardens “at Old Bailey, under the statute108 of Edward VI., against images,” but the prosecution109 was abandoned on the ground of expense. A Mr. Shearman supported the parishioners, “and upon his own responsibility destroyed the image.” This occasioned “a furious war of words between him and the lecturer, Jonathan Saunders,” acting110 as curate of the parish. Shearman wrote virulent111 pamphlets which were “published by a friend of the Author’s, to prevent false reports,” and addressed them to the Vicar, Dr. Hickes, and his wardens. The latter part of this entertaining publication asserts—as a dig at Saunders as compared with the Vicar—that “men of the least learning are always the most formal.” It goes on to insinuate112 “that Barking parish was{184} then as famous for its love of drinking ceremonies as for its dislike of religious formality.” The drinking ceremonies have certainly passed away. The pamphlet concludes thus: “I hope our parish shall not lose an inch of its reputation, nor be censured113 as irregular, but remain a primitive114 pattern for all London, yea, and all England.” Mr. Saunders replied with double-shotted guns, and the Shearman battery opened fire again with unfailing vigour115. The parishioners soon tired of the troublesome and cantankerous116 Shearman and all his ways. His statements were considered “rude, scurrilous117, and scandalous,” and it was recorded in the minutes of the vestry, held on April 24, 1681, that his attack “tends to the dishonour118 of the Church of England as now established, and is a libel upon the Vicar and the whole parish.” So ends this seventeenth-century turmoil.
Before we enter the church by the north porch, our attention will be attracted by the three carved figures above the doorway119. That in the centre represents the Virgin (the church being dedicated120 to St. Mary and All Saints), with St Ethelburga, Abbess of Barking, on one side and Bishop Andrewes (who was baptised in Allhallows) on the other. This group, as has been well said, “combines in one{185}
Image unavailable: THE TOWER FROM GREAT TOWER STREET (SOUTH PORCH OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING)
THE TOWER FROM GREAT TOWER STREET (SOUTH PORCH OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING)
presentment three periods in the history of the Church, the primitive, the medi?val, and the modern.” Inside the porch the quaint121 chambers122 on the left are restorations of what in earlier times were, it is conjectured124, recesses125 for meditation126 and study. In front of us is the second doorway, delicately carved, and much weather-worn owing to exposure of the soft stone before the building of the porch. The first glance we have of the interior of the church, from just within this doorway, must impress us with a sense of the dignity of the building.
North Aisle.—As we turn to go down the north aisle we will see, set in the pavement, a plain, square brass15 above the grave of George Snayth, auditor127 to Archbishop Laud128, who was buried here, to be near his master, in 1651. The church is singularly rich in pavement brasses, and, before the removals and mutilations of Puritan times, possessed129 an even more remarkable130 collection of these memorials. At the eastern end of the aisle we come upon the curious stone commemorating131 Thomas Virby, seventh vicar. This is the only tomb of a pre-Reformation vicar that remains in the building. Though the slab132 is worn almost smooth by the feet of so many generations, yet the outlines of an elaborate design can still be traced upon it.{186} A rubbing taken recently showed a full-length figure, with a dog lying at the feet to the left. The fragment of brass towards the top of the stone bore, apparently133, an engraving134 of the head and of the hands, raised to the chin, in an attitude of prayer. Virby was a remarkable man. In a fifteenth-century English Chronicle, edited for the Camden Society in 1856, it appears that “in the XIX yr. of King Harry135, the Friday before midsummer, a Priest called Sir Ric. Wyche, a Vicar in Essex, was burnt on Tower Hill for heresy136, for whose death was a great murmuring and many simple people came to the place making their prayers as to a saint and bare away the ashes of his body for reliques. Some were taken to prison [in the Tower]: amongst others the Vicary of Barking Church beside the Tower, in whose parish all this was done.” Virby was charged with scattering137 “powder and spices over the place where the heretic was burnt that it might be believed that the sweet flavour came of the ashes of the dead.” But evidently this was considered no very great offence, for Virby was subsequently set free, restored to his position at Allhallows, and died Vicar in 1453. Nearer the altar steps will be found the beautifully engraved138 brass, in the French style, of John Bacon, who{187} died in 1437. A heart, inscribed with the word “Mercy,” and encircled by a scroll, lies in the upper part of the stone, and the figures of Bacon and his wife, cut out of “latten” or sheet-brass, and two feet one inch in length, occupy the sides. The treatment of the drapery of both figures is quite perfect, giving, too, an excellent idea of the costume of the time. The scroll bears the words, “Mater Dei memento139 mei: Jesu fili Dei miserere mei.” Bacon belonged to the ancient company of Woolmen, which seems to have been the leading guild of the Middle Ages; its members were usually adventurous140 and wealthy men. Brasses dedicated to men of his craft are very numerous; and this need excite no surprise when we remember how much of their trade was continental141 and particularly carried on in those countries where latten was milled. Bacon, we may surmise142 from his will preserved at the Guildhall, was a man of substance and of many acres. Near by will be seen an incised slab over the tomb of the wife of Wm. Denham, Alderman, Sheriff, and Master of the Ironworkers’ Company, who departed this life “on Wednesday at 5 of ye clok at afternown Ester Weke ye last day of Marche A° D° 1540.” The brass has disappeared.{188}
The finely wrought canopied143 altar-tomb against the north wall, close by the Bacon brass, dates back to the fifteenth century. It is carved in Purbeck marble and at the back has two small brasses, one representing a man with five sons and the other a woman with seven daughters, all kneeling. Name and date are both gone, but a shield in the left-hand corner enables us to connect the monument with the family of Croke. Sir John Croke, it will be remembered, was one of the early wardens of Berkinge Chapel, a trustee to whom Edward IV. “conveyed lands for the support of the Chapel of St. Mary” and founder of a chantry here in 1477. This John Croke, “citizen, leather-seller, and alderman of London,” was a generous benefactor to Allhallows, leaving to it at his death many gifts and sundry144 legacies145 “to the altar of Allhallows Bkg., the works of the church, to purchase vestments and books, for the repair of the rood-loft,” and so on. It is quite probable that this memorial was used as a chantry altar, of which there were many in the church until 1547 and the beginning of “the years of spoliation.” A well-carved crest146 will be seen on the pavement stone covering the Marishall tomb, and, nearer the altar-steps, a grey marble slab of the year of the{189} Great Fire lies over the grave of Sir Roger Hatton, Alderman, whose coat-of-arms may be traced near the head of the stone. On the north wall we find a memorial to Charles Wathen, “the indulgent parent of nine children,” one of which, Master William, “received his death-wound in battling with a pirate in the East Indies” and should therefore be somewhat of a hero to all boys in the adventure stage of their careers. A broken pillar on this wall was put up in 1696 in memory of Giles Lytcott, “the first Controller-General of the Customs of England and the English Colonies in America,” whose mother was the daughter of Sir Thomas Overbury, poisoned in the Tower. Pepys, in his account of the Fire of 1666, refers to an “Alderman Starling, a very rich man, without children. The fire at the next door to him in our lane (Seething Lane). After our men had saved his house he did give 2s. 6d. amongst thirty of them, and did quarrel with some that would remove the rubbish out of the way of the fire, saying that they had come to steal.” This “very rich man” was Lord Mayor in 1670, and his arms are depicted147 in stained glass on one of the windows of this aisle “as a remembrance of the escape of the church from the Great Fire.” Attached to the{190} pillar behind the pulpit there remains an interesting relic148 in the form of an elegantly designed hat peg149, the only survivor150 of many such pegs151 on the pillars of this church, dating back, it is believed, to the early seventeenth century. Above the Croke altar-tomb, to the left, there is to be seen the kneeling figure of Jerome Bonalia, an Italian, probably the Venetian Ambassador, who died in 1583 and, in his will, thus indicates his burial-place, “Volendo che il mio corpo sia sepoltra n’ella pariochia d’i Barchin.”
East End.—The eighteenth-century monument that partially152 hides the window at the east end of the north aisle covers the tomb of Thomas Gordon of Tower Liberty, who, according to the inscription153, had the “singular felicity” to command “esteem, confidence, and affection in the tender and more delicate connections of private life.” But his is certainly the misfortune to be remembered by as ugly and depressing a memorial as could be imagined. Even in the year of its erection a vestry minute records “that the monument now erecting154 for the late Mr. Gordon is a nuisance”! In Machin’s Diary, 1556, it is stated that on “the vi day of September was bered at Barking Church Mr. Phelype Dennys, Squyre, with cote of armes.”{191} This Dennis coat-of-arms may still be seen, now somewhat time-worn, on the wall between the Gordon monument and the altar.
The beautiful and softly-toned stained glass of the East window is modern. The work of Mr. J. Clayton, it commemorates155 the incumbency156 of Dr. Mason, the first Head of the present College of Clergy157 attached to this church. The altar-piece beneath, heavy in design and gloomy in effect, is an example of the art of 1686. Some elaborate carving12 is hidden beneath the coverings and frontal of the Communion Table: it is an excellent example of the skilful158 workmanship in wood that has been to some extent neglected since the days of Gibbons. For many years the brass altar-rails, erected159 in 1750, were so blackened by neglect that they were often mistaken for rails of old wood. By their individual gracefulness160 when examined at close quarters, and yet solid appearance when viewed from the nave, these beautiful rails form one of the most striking adornments of the building.
Clergy Vestry.—Permission to enter this room should be obtained from the sacristan, who will show the many interesting documents treasured here. On the wall, to the right as one enters the{192} room, hangs an excellent painting of Dr. Gaskarth, twenty-seventh vicar, who was appointed in 1686. “A highly popular Vicar, generous, and of firm, but conciliatory manners. Under his auspices161 the church was twice thoroughly162 repaired. He was vicar for forty-six years and died in 1732, aged163 86.” Those who have an interest in such matters are recommended to read the beautiful Latin lines inscribed in the registers where, under the date Dec. 1, 1703, Dr. Gaskarth records the burial of his wife. On the wall, to the left of the entrance, there are two interesting old maps, the lower one, which is more of a picture than a map, giving an excellent idea of the appearance of London before the Fire, and the small one, higher on the wall, a representation of Allhallows, standing almost alone on Tower Hill, before the parish consisted of more than a few rows of cottages. This is the valuable “Gascoyne survey, made in 1597.” On the wall to the left of the fireplace will be found a key-plan to all the tombs, brasses, and memorials of the church, placed here through the instrumentality of the then Churchwarden, Mr. Henry Urquhart. Would that earlier churchwardens had taken like interest in the place, and left us such plans of the building in{193} their day! From the windows of the vestry there is to be had a glimpse of the graveyard164, somewhat depressing, with its many ancient and fast-decaying tomb-monuments and headstones.
The registers of the church, stored in an iron room opening off this vestry, contain much that is of very great interest, and time spent in their examination will not be lost. There are thirteen books, the first beginning in 1558, with the accession of Queen Elizabeth, and extending to 1650.
Taking the baptisms first, we are reminded that before the beginning of the records now remaining there was, about the year 1555, the christening ceremony of the famous Bishop Andrewes, “a native of this parish,” in the church. As the Bishop constantly prayed for Allhallows Barking, “where I was baptised,” this fact is beyond dispute though the actual entry is lost. In 1609 we come upon the name of Francis, son of Sir James Bourchier, Knt., under February 5. Bourchier was father-in-law of Oliver Cromwell, and a City merchant of considerable importance. He possessed an estate at Felsted in Essex, and a town house beside Tower Hill, “then a favourite residence of the lesser165 aristocracy.” In 1616 we{194} find that a son of Sir William Apsley, Lieutenant166 of the Tower, was baptised here, showing the close connection that has always existed between this church and the Tower. But the most interesting of all the entries is that against October 23, 1644, when William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, was brought to the font in Allhallows. His father, an officer of high rank in the navy, at that time “dwelt upon the east side of Tower Hill, within a court adjoining to London Wall,” and William, his eldest167 son, was born within that house, now demolished168, within Tower Liberties. It is worth while to note that it was not until quite late in the eighteenth century that double Christian169 names were given to children brought to baptism.
With regard to marriages, the register begins in 1564, and in 1650 there is a curious entry, under March 28, which states that “a cupple being married went away and gave not their names”! In 1763 Samuel Parr, father of the celebrated170 Dr. Parr, married “Margaret Cox of this parish, spinster.” This Margaret was “the daughter of Dr. Cox, formerly171 Head-master of Harrow School.” Another interesting entry is that referring to John Quincy Adams, afterwards sixth President{195} of the United States, who was thirty years old when, on July 26, 1797, he married Louisa Catherine Johnson of this parish. Judge Jeffreys also married his first wife here, but the entry has disappeared.
The Burial Register is most remarkable of all. In 1563, a plague year, there were no less than 284 burials, mostly women and children, and nearly 22,000 people died in that year in London alone. Other periods of plague and consequent excessive mortality were the years 1582, 1593, 1625, and 1665. In 1625 “394 persons died in this parish, being six times the average mortality.” The Calendar of State Papers for this year contains a record of “a petition from the minister and churchwardens of Allhallows Barking, praying that some part of the cloth for mourning for the late King, distributed among the poor of divers172 parishes of London, may be given to this parish, one of the poorest within the city walls and sorely visited by the plague.” The plague of 1665, most disastrous173 of a long series, is too well known, from sundry descriptions, to need more than mere56 mention here. Before the earliest date in this book of burials there was placed “in the graveyard of Barking church the headless{196} body, very indecently interred174,” of Bishop Fisher, executed on the East Smithfield side of Tower Hill in 1535. Reference has already been made to Fisher in connection with his imprisonment175 in the Bell Tower, and the removal of his body, after it had lain for some time in this churchyard, to St. Peter’s, on Tower Green. Another victim of Henry VIII.’s wrath176, Henry Howard, the poet Earl of Surrey, was, in 1547, buried beside the church after a mock trial and subsequent execution on Tower Hill. His remains, also, were removed and taken, in 1614, to Framlingham in Suffolk. Lord Thomas Grey, brother of the Duke of Suffolk and uncle of Lady Jane Grey, was “heddyd on Tower Hill, April 28, 1554, and berried at Allhallows Barking.” In Queen Mary’s luckless reign177, “a plot to rob the Queen’s Exchequer178 was discovered and the leaders sent to the Tower.” Machin’s Diary thus records the event: “On the eighth day of July, Henry Peckham and John Daneel were hanged on Tower Hill. Their bodies were cut down and headed, the heads carried to London Bridge and the bodies buried in Barkin church.” Continuing our inspection179 of the Burial Register, we come upon the most interesting entry of all. Under the date{197} January 11, 1644, we read: “William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, beheaded T——.” The last word has been almost erased180. We can but conjecture123 that the word was “Traitor181,” and that some later hand scratched out all but the initial letter. But why was that letter left if every trace of so hateful a word was to be obliterated182? Laud was buried in the Vicar’s vault183 under the altar, but his body was taken to St. John’s College, Oxford184, in 1663. Laud’s body, “being accompanied to the grave with great multitudes of people, who in love, or curiosity, or remorse75 of conscience had gathered together, was decently interred in Allhallows Barking ... and had the honour of being buried in that church in the form provided by the Common Prayer Book after it had been long disused and almost reprobated in most of the churches in London.”
Some earlier entries in this register are of sufficient interest to attract attention. During 1560 there is a curious reference to the burial of “a poor starved Callis man” which may mean a callisman (a beggar), or a destitute185 refugee from Calais, which had been lost to England two years earlier. In 1591, 1596, and 1599 there were buried in the church two sons and a daughter of the famous{198} Robert, Earl of Essex, favourite of Elizabeth, which Earl “possessed a house in Seething Lane, in this parish.” Entries regarding persons of less fame, but surely of considerable interest to us as suggesting the state of the poor at that time, occur in the seventeenth century. One is “a poore soldier, dying in the streetes in ye night whose name was unknowne” (February 18, 1606); another is “a poore boy that dyed in the streetes” (1620); and yet another is “one unknowne, starved on Tower Hill” (January 15, 1627). With the entries for January 1 and 2, 1644, we are introduced to the period of the Civil War, during which time Tower Hill was the scene of frequent executions and Allhallows Barking received the headless bodies of many of the victims. Against the dates just mentioned there are the names of John Hotham, Esq., “beheaded for betraying his trust to the State,” and Sir John Hotham, Knt., “beheaded for betraying his trust to the Parliament.” Sir John Hotham and his son were beheaded in consequence of a design to deliver up Hull186 to the King, which place they held for the Parliamentary forces. With these melancholy187 entries we may place another of the seventeenth day of the following June, which records the burial of “Dorathie,{199} daughter of Sir John Hotham, Knt., and the Ladie Elizabeth his wife,” and tells of the passing away of the grief-stricken child, “who desired to be buried here with her father.” On April 23, 1650, the entry, “Colonel Andrewes beheaded; buried in ye chancel,” refers to Colonel Eusebius Andrewes, “an old Loyalist, condemned188 to suffer as a traitor. He was beheaded on Tower Hill, dying with much firmness and courage.”
On leaving the vestry we may notice, behind the door leading into the church, a recently discovered and much-damaged piscina, or place of ablution for the priests serving at the altar. This was accidentally found when the walls were stripped of their plaster, in 1904. From its position it would lead one to suppose that the altar rails were at one time carried along on the top of the present altar steps. But of this we have no conclusive189 proof.
The best view of the interior of the church is to be obtained from this standpoint. The high pitch of the excellently restored roof, the grace and lightness of the chancel pillars as contrasted with the massiveness of those in the nave, the imposing190 appearance of the handsome organ case—all these striking features will leave one of the most lingering{200} impressions of the building as a whole, apart from its interest in detail, with those who pause here as before a remarkable picture.
On the easternmost pillar of the chancel there will be noticed the memorial to John Kettlewell, the celebrated Non-juror, who died in 1695, and, by his own desire, was buried “in the same grave where Archbishop Laud was before interred.” His funeral rites191 were solemnised by Bishop Ken21, who read the Burial Office, and the whole Evening Service, at Allhallows Barking on the occasion. Ken, deprived of his see, thus, for the last time, exercised his ministry192 within the Church of England.
South Aisle.—Beneath the window at the east end of this aisle the Colleton monument, “from the chisel193 of Scheemakers,” almost rivals its neighbour in the North Aisle by its heavy dulness, but the altar-tomb against the south wall is an early monument worthy194 of careful examination. Like the Croke altar-tomb already described, it dates back to the fifteenth century and is the more ancient of the two. A gilt195 brass plate at the back of the tomb is graven with a representation of the Resurrection. It is not now possible to ascertain89 to whose memory the tomb was erected: possibly{201} it commemorates the founder of a chantry chapel attached to this chancel aisle.
The beautifully carved font-cover, executed in whitened wood—not plaster, as many suppose—is the work, and some think the masterpiece, of Grinling Gibbons, whose incomparable works of art, the carving of fruit and flowers and decorative196 scroll-work, in wood, are to be seen in other parts of this church, in other City churches, and in many a manor-house and ancient hall throughout England. This font-cover will repay the most careful study. Gibbons’ signature, so to speak, may be found in the “split pea-pod” near the feet of one of the figures.
The brasses in this aisle are of singular interest. The elaborate brass near the altar-tomb, with its ornamental197 border, is a 1546 memorial to William Thynne, one of the Masters of the Household under Henry VIII. He was the first to edit a complete edition of Chaucer’s works, “to show that England had her classics as well as other nations.” When this brass was taken up and restored in 1861 it was found to be engraved on both sides. The supposition is that, at the dissolution of the monasteries198, “when many treasures found their way into the markets”—as one writer puts it, with{202} just a touch of cynicism—a larger brass, which had covered the tomb of some dignitary of the Church, was cut down to the size of the figures we see on this Thynne slab, and the back of the former engraving became the front of the present one. Thynne “married Ann, daughter of William Bonde, Esq., of the city of London, who now lies by his side. He left three daughters and one infant son, Francis, who became a distinguished199 antiquarian, and held the office of Lancaster Herald200. The extreme youth of this child prevented his inheriting his father’s prestige at Court, which in consequence descended201 to his nephews, one of whom was Sir John Thynne of Longleat, founder of the noble house of Bath.” The small circular brass (1389) near by, bearing an inscription in Norman-French, is the oldest in the City, and records the resting-place of William Tonge, a generous benefactor to Allhallows in the fourteenth century. The larger Rusche brass, laid down in 1498, has had its precatory invocation erased by the over-zealous Puritans, but is otherwise in good preservation. The engraving is rough and bold. The details of the costume are true to contemporary drawings of the period, and the position of the dog will recall what was said with regard to the tracings{203}
Image unavailable: CHURCH OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING BY THE TOWER (EAST SIDE OF SOUTH AISLE, WITH GIBBONS’ FONT COVER)
CHURCH OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING BY THE TOWER (EAST SIDE OF SOUTH AISLE, WITH GIBBONS’ FONT COVER)
on the Virby stone in the North Aisle. Farther west lies the Rawson brass, dated 1518, also mutilated by the iconoclasts202 of the mid1 seventeenth century. The central figure is that of Christopher Rawson, “freeman of the ancient Guild of the Mercers,” and the other figures represent “Margaret and Agnes his wyves.” In his will he mentions “a chantry in the chapel of St. Anne in the church of Allhallows Barking” where prayers for “his own soul and the souls of his wyves and children” were to be said. Canon Mason, in an article which appeared in the Nineteenth Century for May 1898, says: “From a theological point of view [this is] perhaps the most interesting monument in the church. From the mouths of the three figures issue scrolls203, which unite over their heads in an invocation to the Blessed Trinity. But these scrolls are in one respect unique.” Reference is made to the wording of the scrolls, “Salva nos, Libera nos, and Iustifica nos, O beata Trinitas.” “‘Save us’ and ‘Deliver us’ are of course expressions common enough; ‘Vivifica nos,’ ‘Quicken us,’ occurs in a similar context in medi?val services; but search may be made without finding anywhere else, I believe, in liturgical204 formulas or in sepulchral205 inscriptions206, another {204}example of ‘Justify us.’... In the year 1518 the controversies207 about justification208 raised on the Continent by Luther had not begun to convulse England; and indeed Rawson’s invocation takes no side in the controversy209. He does not say whether he hopes to be justified210 by faith or justified by works, but he has laid hold upon the long-forgotten word, and craves211 that the blessing212 contained in it, whatever that might consist of, may be given to him and to his wives.” The Basano slab, of 1624, lies above “one of the King’s servants,” and the adjoining tomb of Dame213 Anne Masters, who died in 1719, records the wife of Sir H. Masters, City Alderman, and mother of nineteen children, which goodly company of descendants occupy much burial-space round the Rawson tomb.
On one of the pillars of this aisle a sadly dilapidated brass plate commemorates “William Armer, Governor of the Pages of Honor to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, who died in 1560.” His wife’s burial is entered in the registers against May 1, 1563. She is the lady to whom, according to the Privy214 Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., payments were made “for cambric and makyng ye King’s shirts.”
The daily services of the church were continued{205} in this aisle without intermission during the progress of the work of restoration.
Choir.—As we walk back towards the east end and turn into the choir portion of the chancel we may notice two quaint semicircular seats at the foot of the pillars on the altar steps. These forms were made out of the wood of the old roof removed in 1814. The choir stalls, of solid oak, are comparatively recent additions to the building and bear some fine carving representing “the fellowship of the angelic with the animal world.” These stalls are constructed to accommodate the clergy of the Mission College of Allhallows Barking as well as the members of the choir. The seat of the Warden of the College and Vicar of the parish is that which faces east. In mentioning the vicar and clergy, we may here fitly recall many of the men who have served at the altar of Allhallows and whose names have not been lost to fame. There is preserved a tabular list of the vicars since the presentation to the living of Wm. Colles on March 2, 1387. Chaderton, thirteenth vicar, was, as we have already seen, appointed dean of the “free chaple of Berkynge” by Richard III. Carter, appointed in 1525, was a friend of Wolsey’s, and resigned in the year of the{206} Cardinal’s fall, 1530. Dawes, 1542-1565, was the first Protestant incumbent215 and possessed many of the attributes of the Vicar of Bray216 as sketched217 in the verses of the old song; Wood, 1584-1591, was the first vicar appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury; Ravis, vicar from 1591 to 1598, was one of the translators of the present Authorised Version of the Bible; as was also his successor at Allhallows, Dr. Tighe. The twenty-fifth vicar, Edward Layfield, appointed in 1635, was a nephew of Archbishop Laud. “Layfield was deprived in 1642 [by an ordinance218 of the House of Commons] under circumstances of considerable barbarity. He was interrupted during the performance of divine service, dragged out of church [while the walls of the old church resounded219 to the shrieks220 of an infuriated mob within and without the building], set on a horse with his surplice not removed, the Common Prayer Book tied round his neck; and in this manner forced to ride through the city. Then was he thrown into prison ... and no provision made for his maintenance whatever.” Layfield was restored to his living on the return of Charles II. His contemporaries describe him as “a man of generous and noble spirit, great courage and resolution, and much respected in his{207} parish, though a High Churchman.” Vicar during the Plague and the Fire, he died in 1680, and was buried here in the chancel. Dr. Hickes, appointed in 1681, was “one of the most remarkable and highly educated men of his generation,” and, on the accession of William and Mary, “refused to take the oaths, was deprived of all his preferments,” and became a Non-juror. He was a friend of Pepys, and that volatile221 product of the Restoration period often lamented222 Dr. Hickes’ long and dull sermons. Hickes attended Pepys as he lay on his deathbed, and many references to this Vicar of Allhallows will be found in the Diary.
The present body of mission clergy attached to the church have their College in Trinity Square, on Tower Hill. They do excellent work for the Church at large, travel to all parts of England constantly, and to far parts of the world occasionally to preach and conduct missions. In this way the revenue of Allhallows—a seemingly large sum to the “man in the street” (who usually remains there, to scoff223 at “useless city churches”)—is taken up to the last penny for this most valuable and useful work. The College was established in 1883, and many men known far and wide for their work in the Church—I may instance Dr. Collins, now{208} Bishop of Gibraltar—have been members of it. Its first Head was Dr. A. J. Mason, now Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, to whom Allhallows is indebted for the restoration of the north porch and the gift of the upper schoolroom. His successor, the present Warden, Dr. Arthur W. Robinson, has since carried on the arduous224 duties of the College and has brought all departments of the work in connection with Allhallows as a parish church up to a point of remarkable efficiency. Never was the old building more zealously225 served than it is now, and never has it been better used by parishioners and by others whose daily work lies in the City. A numerous congregation, consisting of those who come up from the eastern suburbs by the early trains and have an hour to spare before beginning work, assembles here every week-day morning at eight o’clock. The service consists of prayers, a hymn226, a short address, and an organ recital227. The Sunday congregations are large for a City church, especially in the evenings, and on two or three occasions during the year the church is crowded beyond the actual seating capacity—an inspiring sight when viewed from the organ loft.
Chancel and Nave.—In the chancel, between the choir stalls, may be seen the James brass, of{209} 1591, with figure about three feet in length; also the brass, of 1612, to “Mary, wife of John Burnell, Mercht.” Burnell presented a communion table to the church in 1613. The last brass, but the most famous and artistic228 of all, is that large square sheet of latten which is set in the pavement to the west of the Litany desk. It dates back to 1530 and is a memorial of “Andrewe Evyngar, Cityzen and Salter, and Ellyn his wife.” The Puritan defacements are only too plain, yet, in spite of this, it is possible to decipher the beaten-out lettering, which ran: “Of youre charite praye for the soules of ... on whoos soulys Jesu have m’cy, Amen.” This brass is one of the finest specimens229 of Flemish workmanship in England. Its only rivals are brasses at Ipswich and at St. Albans. It is unnecessary to describe it in detail; it can best be studied from the framed “rubbing” which stands behind the choir screen in the South Aisle.
The very fine Jacobean pulpit was erected before England had a single colony. There it has stood during the rise of the British Empire, and it has survived many a storm in Church and State. Though the pulpit dates back to 1613 the sounding-board above was erected in 1638, and is termed, in the Vestry minutes of that year, “the new{210} pulpitt hedd.” This sounding-board is inscribed on each of its sides with the motto: “Xtm pdicam crucifixum,” which reminds us that whether the preacher in that pulpit looks south, or east, or west, his one subject is to be Christ crucified. The fine sword-rests, rising above the choir screen behind the Vicar’s stall, were erected by successive Lord Mayors and bear their respective crests230, with the City coat-of-arms. The one on the south side, the smallest of the three, was erected in 1727 by Lord Mayor Eyles. That in the centre commemorates the mayoralty of Slingsby Bethel, Esq., in 1755, while the remaining one was put up in 1760 when Sir Thomas Chitty, a parishioner of Allhallows, was appointed chief citizen. After examining the graceful ironwork of these sword-rests, the delicate wrought-iron design beneath the pulpit-rail should by no means be passed over. The choir screen itself, as well as the screen behind the churchwardens’ pews at the back of the church, is worthy of study by all who are interested in old wood-carving.
West End.—From north to south porch, until the 1904 restoration, there extended an ugly, heavy gallery, which made the entrance to the church, from either side, very gloomy. Now the{211} former organ-loft is rebuilt and the interior of the church, by this alteration66, regains231 the open appearance of earlier times. In the entrance-chamber of the tower there is preserved a very fine leaden water-cistern on which appear the date 1705 and the letters A·H·B, the monogram232 of the church, while in the tower itself there hangs a peal233 of finely toned bells, eight in number, which in 1813 replaced the bells hung, in 1659, when the present tower was new.
The first organ in this church was that one, already spoken of, built by Anthony Duddyngton in 1519. Though all trace of this very early instrument is lost, the original indenture234 still remains. Dr. Hopkins says, “This is the earliest known record of the building of an organ in England.” In 1675-77 the present organ-case was erected by Thomas and Renatus Harris, and the organ then consisted of great and choir manuals only; but a third manual, the swell235, was added in the eighteenth century. Hatton describes the organ-case as he saw it in 1708 as “enriched with Fames, and the figures of Time and Death, carved in basso relievo and painted, above.” The organ was improved by Gerard Smith in 1720, and again in 1813. It was again overhauled236 and enlarged by{212} Bunting in 1872 and 1878, was partially burnt in 1880, and “restored” (very badly indeed) in 1881. On Sunday, 3rd November 1907, during Evensong, this ancient instrument broke down and was not used again. The choral services were sung by the choir either entirely unaccompanied or supported by a pianoforte played in the chancel. The instrument is now being rebuilt by Messrs. Harrison and Harrison, of Durham, and this well-known firm have the problem before them of preserving what is of historic interest in the old organ and incorporating that in the newer and more efficient mechanism237 of the organs of to-day. A complete list of organists of this church, from 1676 to the present day, has been preserved.
The large and fully equipped music-room at the north-west angle of the building is where the daily practices of the choristers are held. In addition to the fittings incidental to the work of the choir, it contains some interesting photos of the church and two old parish plans. The royal arms above the door, on the side of the organ-loft, used, in Georgian days, to hang above the altar. A spacious238 music-, or school-room lies over the north porch, and this portion of the building, though modern, is quite in keeping with the ancient church{213} to which it is attached. Of that old church we now take leave. Though great the history it has already made, there is perhaps as great a history for it yet to make.
The End
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mid
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abides
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| 容忍( abide的第三人称单数 )； 等候； 逗留； 停留 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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warehouse
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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brasses
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| n.黄铜( brass的名词复数 )；铜管乐器；钱；黄铜饰品（尤指马挽具上的黄铜圆片） | |
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sufficiently
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conqueror
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invaders
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turmoil
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ken
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bishop
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undoubtedly
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eastward
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remains
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draught
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devastated
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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choir
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aisle
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chapel
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shrine
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subdue
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victorious
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penitents
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| n.后悔者( penitent的名词复数 )；忏悔者 | |
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37
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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38
chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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39
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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40
guild
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| n.行会，同业公会，协会 | |
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41
wardens
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| n.看守人( warden的名词复数 )；管理员；监察员；监察官 | |
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42
warden
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| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
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43
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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44
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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45
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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46
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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47
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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48
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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49
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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50
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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51
upheavals
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| 突然的巨变( upheaval的名词复数 )； 大动荡； 大变动； 胀起 | |
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52
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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53
dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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54
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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55
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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56
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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57
alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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58
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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59
judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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60
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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61
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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62
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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63
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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64
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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65
grafted
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| 移植( graft的过去式和过去分词 )； 嫁接； 使（思想、制度等）成为（…的一部份）； 植根 | |
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66
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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67
alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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68
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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69
sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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70
aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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71
shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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72
arcading
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| 连拱饰 | |
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73
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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74
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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75
remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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76
supercilious
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| adj.目中无人的，高傲的；adv.高傲地；n.高傲 | |
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77
embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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78
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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79
renovated
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| 翻新，修复，整修( renovate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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80
toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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81
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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82
vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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83
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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84
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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85
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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86
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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87
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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88
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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90
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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91
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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92
suffocation
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| n.窒息 | |
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93
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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94
singed
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| v.浅表烧焦( singe的过去式和过去分词 )；（毛发）燎，烧焦尖端[边儿] | |
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95
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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96
demolition
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| n.破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹 | |
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97
seething
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| 沸腾的，火热的 | |
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98
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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99
effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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100
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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101
scroll
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| n.卷轴，纸卷；(石刻上的)漩涡 | |
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102
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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103
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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104
blistered
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|
| adj.水疮状的，泡状的v.（使）起水泡( blister的过去式和过去分词 )；（使表皮等）涨破，爆裂 | |
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105
loft
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| n.阁楼，顶楼 | |
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106
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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107
indicted
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| 控告，起诉( indict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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109
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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110
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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111
virulent
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|
| adj.有毒的，有恶意的，充满敌意的 | |
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112
insinuate
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| vt.含沙射影地说，暗示 | |
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113
censured
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的过去式 ) | |
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114
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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115
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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116
cantankerous
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| adj.爱争吵的，脾气不好的 | |
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117
scurrilous
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| adj.下流的，恶意诽谤的 | |
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118
dishonour
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|
| n./vt.拒付（支票、汇票、票据等）；vt.凌辱，使丢脸；n.不名誉，耻辱，不光彩 | |
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119
doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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120
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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121
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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122
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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123
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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124
conjectured
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| 推测，猜测，猜想( conjecture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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126
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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127
auditor
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| n.审计员，旁听着 | |
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128
laud
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| n.颂歌；v.赞美 | |
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129
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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130
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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131
commemorating
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的现在分词 ) | |
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132
slab
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| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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133
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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134
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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135
harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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136
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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137
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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138
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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139
memento
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| n.纪念品，令人回忆的东西 | |
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140
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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141
continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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142
surmise
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| v./n.猜想，推测 | |
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143
canopied
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| adj. 遮有天篷的 | |
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144
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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145
legacies
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| n.遗产( legacy的名词复数 )；遗留之物；遗留问题；后遗症 | |
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146
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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147
depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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148
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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149
peg
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| n.木栓，木钉；vt.用木钉钉，用短桩固定 | |
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150
survivor
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| n.生存者，残存者，幸存者 | |
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151
pegs
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| n.衣夹( peg的名词复数 )；挂钉；系帐篷的桩；弦钮v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的第三人称单数 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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152
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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153
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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154
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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155
commemorates
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|
| n.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的名词复数 )v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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156
incumbency
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| n.职责，义务 | |
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157
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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158
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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159
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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160
gracefulness
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161
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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162
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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163
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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164
graveyard
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| n.坟场 | |
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165
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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166
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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167
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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168
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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169
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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170
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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171
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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172
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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173
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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174
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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175
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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176
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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177
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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178
exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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179
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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180
erased
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| v.擦掉( erase的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；清除 | |
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181
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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182
obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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183
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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184
Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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185
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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186
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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187
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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188
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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189
conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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190
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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191
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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192
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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193
chisel
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| n.凿子；v.用凿子刻，雕，凿 | |
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194
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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195
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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196
decorative
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| adj.装饰的，可作装饰的 | |
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197
ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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198
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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199
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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200
herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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201
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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202
iconoclasts
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| n.攻击传统观念的人( iconoclast的名词复数 )；反对崇拜圣像者 | |
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203
scrolls
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| n.（常用于录写正式文件的）纸卷( scroll的名词复数 )；卷轴；涡卷形（装饰）；卷形花纹v.（电脑屏幕上）从上到下移动（资料等），卷页( scroll的第三人称单数 )；（似卷轴般）卷起；（像展开卷轴般地）将文字显示于屏幕 | |
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204
liturgical
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| adj.礼拜仪式的 | |
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205
sepulchral
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| adj.坟墓的，阴深的 | |
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206
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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207
controversies
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| 争论 | |
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208
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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209
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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210
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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211
craves
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| 渴望，热望( crave的第三人称单数 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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212
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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213
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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214
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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215
incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的 | |
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216
bray
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| n.驴叫声, 喇叭声；v.驴叫 | |
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217
sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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218
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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219
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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220
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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221
volatile
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| adj.反复无常的，挥发性的，稍纵即逝的，脾气火爆的；n.挥发性物质 | |
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222
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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223
scoff
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| n.嘲笑，笑柄，愚弄；v.嘲笑，嘲弄，愚弄，狼吞虎咽 | |
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224
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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225
zealously
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| adv.热心地；热情地；积极地；狂热地 | |
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226
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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227
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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228
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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229
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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230
crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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231
regains
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| 复得( regain的第三人称单数 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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232
monogram
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| n.字母组合 | |
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233
peal
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| n.钟声；v.鸣响 | |
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234
indenture
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| n.契约；合同 | |
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235
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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236
overhauled
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| v.彻底检查( overhaul的过去式和过去分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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237
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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238
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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