Considerable hilarity1 has been exhibited by modern visitors when told that the Yosemite and its environs were once the favorite resort of the grizzly2 bear. After these visitors have returned to New York or Boston, they tell the public not to be afraid of bears, as they were quite harmless; rather inclined to become domestic, etc. That is well enough now, perhaps, although grizzlies4 may yet be found; but at the date of the discovery; their trails were as large and numerous, almost, as cow-paths in a western settlement. Several bears were seen by us, and one was killed. The Yo-sem-i-tes used to capture these monsters by lying in wait for them on some rock or in some tree that commanded their thoroughfare, and after the bear had been wounded, all the dogs in the village were turned loose upon him. After being brought to bay, he was dispatched with arrows or the spear. A medium sized terrier or two will so annoy a large grizzly, keeping out of his way in the meantime, that he is apt to become stubborn and stand his ground.
In such cases, there is less danger to the hunter. I have known of two being killed in this way at short range. The approach of the hunter was disregarded by the bear. Their 176 hams had been so bitten by the dogs that they dared not run, for fear of a fresh attack. I killed a large one as he came out of the Merced river, a little above where the town of Merced has since been built, and the same day, being in a whale-boat, I had to back from an old she-bear and her two cubs6, encountered in a short turn of the river. I tried to kill these also, but my rifle had got soaked in the rain that was pouring at the time; as for the pistol shots, fired by some of the oarsmen, they only seemed to increase her speed, and that of her cubs, as they reached the shore and plunged7 through the willows9. I had, previous to the killing10 of the grizzly, killed a large black bear with a rifle of small calibre, and gaining confidence, I attacked the grizzly, and was fortunate in cutting a renal-artery, from which the bear soon bled to death; but upon viewing the huge monster, I fully11 realized the folly12 of an open attack upon this kind of game, and ever afterwards, so far as I could, when alone, avoided their noted14 haunts. With all my caution and dread15 of an unexpected encounter with them, I met several face to face during mountain explorations; but invariably, they seemed as anxious to get away from me as I was that they should do so. Once while man?uvering to get a shot at a deer, a grizzly came out in full view but a few yards in advance of me. I was tempted17 to give him a shot, but as I had no refuge of dog or tree, if I made a poor shot, and knowing that I was not seen by the bear, I did not molest18 him, but felt relieved as he entered a chinquepin thicket19, and if there had been fifty of them, no doubt they might have all gone without my saying a word.
I have seen a good deal of nonsense in print about bears, but will venture to give these incidents. Joel H. Brooks21 and John Kenzie, ex-members of “The Battalion22,” were the least susceptible23 to fear of them, of any persons I ever 177 knew. Their skill as marksmen, was something wonderful. They used to go through a drill on foot, firing at some imaginary grizzly, then with a representative shot, the bear was wounded, and pursuing them; they would turn and flee, loading their rifles as they ran, and then turn and fire with deliberation at the imaginary bear in pursuit.
This theory of bear hunting, they determined24 to put into practice, and after the close of the Indian war, and the disbanding of the battalion, they established themselves in a camp near the Tehon Pass, a locality even more famous for bears than the Yosemite. They were successful, killed a number, and were daily acquiring more confidence in the practicability of their theory and plans of attack; when one day, while Kenzie was out hunting by himself, he unexpectedly met a huge grizzly face to face; both were for a moment startled.
Contrary to the usual, and almost invariable, habit of the bear when surprised or about to attack, he did not rise upon his hind25 feet; but instead of affording Kenzie the advantage of the usual opportunity to aim at the small, light-colored spot on his neck, which, if centered, is instant death to the animal, the bear made a direct dash for the hunter. Seeing his peril26, Kenzie at once fired with all the deliberation the urgency of the occasion would permit. The shot proved a fatal one, but before Kenzie could avoid the furious charge of the animal, he was fatally injured by blows from the terrible monster. His bowels27 were literally28 torn out; he was unfortunate in being tripped by the tangled29 brush, or he might have escaped, as the bear fell dead with his first charge, Kenzie succeeded in dragging himself to their camp. He described the locality of the adventure, and requested Brooks to go and bring in the liver of the bear. He said it would afford him some consolation30 to eat more of the bear than the bear had been able to eat of him. 178 Brooks brought in and cooked some of the liver, fully gratifying Kenzie’s whim31; but it was the hunter’s last poor triumph—he died soon after. Brooks swore off from this method of hunting, at least for a season, and accepted a position offered him at the Indian Agency.
Another member of our battalion killed a grizzly that for a time made him quite famous as a bear-fighter. As this man was an Indian, an attempt has been made to weave the incident into a legend, giving the honor of the combat to one of the Yosemites. The truth is, that a full-blooded Cherokee, known as “Cherokee Bob,” or Robert Brown, wounded a grizzly, and to keep the bear from entering a thicket, set his dog on the game. While “Bob” was re-loading his rifle, and before he could get the cap on, the bear, disregarding the dog, charged upon Bob, and bore him to the ground. The dog instantly attacked the bear, biting his hams most furiously. The grizzly turned from Brown and caught the dog with his paw, holding him as a cat would hold a mouse. By this means Bob was released, and but slightly bruised32. In an instant he drew his hunting knife and plunged it to the heart of the bear, and ended the contest. The dog was seriously injured, but Bob carried him in his arms to camp, and attended his wounds as he would a comrade’s or as he might have done his own. As “Cherokee Bob’s” bear fight was a reality known to his comrades, I have noticed it here.
The various routes to the Yosemite are now so constantly traveled that bears will rarely be seen. They possess a very keen scent33, and will avoid all thoroughfares traveled by man, unless very hungry; they are compelled to search for food. Strange as it may appear to some, the ferocious34 grizzly can be more reliably tamed and domesticated35 than the black bear. A tame grizzly at Monterey, in 1849, was allowed the freedom of the city. Capt. Chas. M. Webber, 179 the original proprietor36 of the site of Stockton, had two that were kept chained. They became very tame. One of these, especially tame, would get loose from time to time and roam at will over the city. The new inhabitants of Stockton seemed not to be inspired by that faith in his docility37 and uprightness of character that possessed38 the owner, for they found him ravenously39 devouring40 a barrel of sugar that belonged to one of the merchants, and refused to give up any portion of it. This offended the grocer, and he sent word to Mr. Webber to come and remove his truant41 thief. The Captain came, paid for the damaged sugar, and giving him, like a spoiled child, some of the sweets he had confiscated42 to induce him to follow, led the bear home. But bruin remembered his successful foray, and breaking his chain again and again, and always returning to the merchant’s premises43 for sugar, Mr. Webber rid himself and the community of the annoyance44 by disposing of his grizzlies.
During a hunt in company with Col. Byron Cole, Messrs. Kent, Long and McBrien of San Francisco, I caught a good sized cub5, and Mr. Long, with a terrier dog, caught another; the mother of which was killed by the unerring aim of McBrien. These cubs were taken by Cole and McBrien to San Francisco on their return, and sent to New York. I was told that they became very tame. I hope they did, for the comfort and security of their keepers; for in my first efforts to tame a grizzly, I became somewhat prejudiced against bear training as an occupation. Not long after my experience, I heard of poor Lola Montez being bitten by one she was training at Grass Valley for exhibition in Europe; and I now lost all faith in their reported docility and domestic inclinations45. The California lion, like the wolf, is a coward, and deserves but little notice. Among the visitors to the Yosemite, some will probably be interested in knowing where to find the game: fish, birds and 180 animals, that may yet remain to gratify the sportsmen’s love of the rod and the chase. Most of the game has been killed or driven off by the approach of civilization. Deer and occasionally a grizzly, cinnamon or black bear may be found on the slopes of the Tuolumne, Merced, Fresno and San Joaquin, and on all the rivers and mountains south of these streams. The cinnamon bear of California is much larger than the common brown bear of the Rocky Mountains.
The blue black-tailed deer of California are distinct from the black tuft-tailed deer of the eastern ranges; a very marked difference will be observed in their horns and ears. This distinction has been noticed by naturalists47; but the species are often confounded in newspaper correspondence. The habits of the California deer are more goat-like; they are wilder, and more easily startled than the “mule49-eared” deer of the Rockies, and when alarmed, they move with the celerity of the white-tailed Virginia deer. The bare, tuft-tailed and big-eared Rocky Mountain deer, seem but little alarmed by the report of a gun; and their curiosity is nearly equal to that of the antelope50.
The California deer are still abundant upon the spurs of the Sierras during their migrations51 to and from the foot-hills. These migrations occur during the Autumn and Spring. As the rainy season sets in, they leave the higher mountains for the foot-hills and plains, keeping near the snow line, and as the Spring advances, they follow back the receding52 snow to the high Sierras and the Eastern Slope, but seldom or never descend53 to the plain below. On account of these migratory54 habits, they will most likely endure the assaults of the sportsmen. The haunts of the grizzly are the same as those of the deer, for they alike prefer the bushy coverts55 to the more open ground, except when feeding. The deer prefer as food the foliage56 of shrubs57 and weeds to the richest grasses, and the bear prefers clover, roots, ants 181 and reptiles58; but both fatten59 principally on acorns60, wild rye and wild oats.
California grouse61 are found in the vicinity of the Yosemite. During the months of July and August they were formerly62 found quite numerous concealed63 in the grass and sedges of the valley and the little Yosemite; but as they are much wilder than the prairie chicken, they shun64 the haunts of man, and are now only found numerous in mid-summer upon or bordering on the mountain meadows and in the timber, among the pine forests, where they feed upon the pine seeds and mistletoe, which also afford them ample concealment65. Their ventriloquial powers are such that while gobbling their discordant66 notes, they are likely to deceive the most experienced ear. It is almost impossible to feel quite sure as to which particular tree the grouse is in without seeing it. He seems to throw his voice about, now to this tree and now to that, concealing67 himself the while until the inexperienced hunter is deluded68 into the belief that the trees are full of grouse, when probably there is but one making all the noise. His attention having been diverted, the hunter is left in doubt from sheer conflicting sounds as to which particular tree he saw a bird alight in. It is generally pretty sure to “fetch the bird,” if you shoot into the bunch of mistletoe into which you supposed you saw the grouse alight.
Beside the mountain grouse and mountain quail69, among the most beautiful of birds, that afford the sportsman a diversity of sport, an occasional flock of pigeons, of much larger size than those of the Atlantic States, will attract attention; though I have never seen them in very large flocks. In most of the mountain streams, and their branches, brook20 trout70 are quite abundant. They are not, however, so ravenously accommodating, as to bite just when they are wanted. I learned from the Indians that they would bite 182 best in foaming71 water, when they were unable to see the angler, or the bait distinctly; their curiosity stimulating72 their appetites. It is important that the trout do not see the angler, and when very wary73, the rod even should not be conspicuous74. Below the ca?on of the Yosemite, young salmon75 were once abundant. The Indians used to catch fish in weirs76 made of brush and stones; but during the extensive mining operations on the Merced and other rivers, the salmon seemed to have almost abandoned their favorite haunts, for the mud covered spawn77 would not hatch. Large salmon were speared by the Indians in all the rivers, with a curious bone spear of but one tine, while the smaller fry were caught in their weirs. In the Tulare lakes and in the San Joaquin, King’s, Kern and other rivers, fish, frogs and turtle are abundant, and water fowl78 literally swarm79 during the winter months in many parts of California.
Among the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, as well as in all the lesser80 mountain ranges, may be found the common California blue quail, and a very curious brush or chapparel cock, known to the Spanish residents of California and Mexico as “El Paisano” (The Countryman), and as the “Correo Camino” (Road-runner), and to ornithologists as the Geo-coc cyx Californicus.14 They have received the name of “countryman” because of their inclination46 to run like country children at the sight of strangers, and that of “road-runner” from the habit of frequenting roads and trails, for the purpose of wallowing in the dust, and when alarmed darting81 off along the road with the speed of an ostrich82 or wild turkey. The object they have in wallowing in the dust is like that of the ruffled83 grouse, which indulge in the same practice—they sun themselves and at the same time are rid of vermin. Trusting to their legs to escape when alarmed, they take the open ground—the road—until outrunning pursuit they hide in the chapparel, and thus 183 acquire the name of “road-runner” or “chapparel cock.”
I have never seen any ruffled grouse in the Sierra Nevada, but a species of these fine birds, are quite abundant in Oregon and Washington territory. I have been able to solve a question regarding them, upon which naturalists have disagreed, that is, as to how they drum. Whether the sound is produced by the wings in concussive blows upon their bodies, the air, logs or rocks? I am able to say from personal and careful observation, that the sound of “drumming,” is made, like the sound of the “night jar,” exclusively by a peculiar84 motion of the wings in the air. It is true, the American “pheasant” or American “partridge,” commonly stands upon a log while drumming, but I have watched them while perched upon a dry small branch or twig86, drum for hours most sonorously87, calling upon their rivals to encounter them, and their mistresses to come and witness their gallantry. Darwin has aptly said: “The season of love, is that of battle.” Notwithstanding the acuteness of observation of Mr. Darwin, he has been led into error in his statement that wild horses “do not make any danger signals.” They snort and paw the earth with impatience89, when they cannot discover the cause of their alarm, and almost invariably circle to the leeward90 of the object that disturbs them. A mule is the best of sentinels to alarm a camp on the approach of danger. Deer and elk91 whistle and strike the earth perpendicularly92 with their feet when jumping up to discover the cause of alarm. Deer and antelope are both so inquisitive93, that if the hunter has not been seen, or has been but imperfectly seen, by dropping into the grass or brush, and raising some object to view and suddenly withdrawing it, the deer or antelope will frequently come up within a few feet of the object. Antelope are especially curious to know what disturbs them.
The coyotes, or small wolves, and the grey or tree climbing 184 foxes of California, make a kind of barking noise, more like the bark of a small dog than the howl of a wolf; and therefore barking is not so much of “an acquired” art as has been supposed, though the “laughter” of dogs is more or less acquired.
The whistle of the elk is as complete a call to his mistress, and is as well understood, as though the female had said, “Whistle and I’ll come to you.” Elk and antelope are still to be found in California, as well as wild horses, but they are now quite timid, and resort to unfrequented ranges. The best hunting now to be found in California, except for water-fowl, is in the region of Kern River. Near its source big-horn or mountain sheep may be killed, and from along the base of the eastern slope, antelope range into the desert. Deer and bear may be found on either slope of the range, and among the broken hills south of the head of Tulare valley.
Wolves, foxes, badgers94, coons, and other fur-clothed animals, are also quite numerous. I have dared to question some of Mr. Darwin’s facts, and as I expect this to be my last literary effort (oh, ye reviewers!), I wish to remind the publishers of Webster’s Dictionary that a beaver95 is not an “amphibious” animal, neither is a muscalonge “an overgrown pickerel.”
A few days after we had moved camp to the south side of the Merced, Captain Boling was prostrated96 with an attack of pneumonia97. From frequent wettings received while crossing the ice-cold torrents98, and a too free use of this snow-water, which did not agree with many, he had for some days complained of slight illness, but after this attack he was compelled to acknowledge himself sick. Although the severe symptoms continued but a few days, his recovery was lingering, and confined him to camp; consequently he knew but little of his rocky surroundings. 185 Although regular reports were made to him by the scouting99 parties, he had but an imperfect conception of the labors100 performed by them in clambering over the rocks of the ca?ons and mountains. He would smile at the reports the more enthusiastic gave of the wonders discovered; patiently listen to the complaints of the more practical at their want of success in, what they termed, their futile102 explorations; and finally concluded to suspend operations until the fast-melting snow had so disappeared from the high mountain passes as to permit our taking a supply-train, in order to make our search thorough. The winter had been an unusually dry and cold one—so said the Indians—and, as a consequence, the accumulations of snow in the passes and lake basins had remained almost intact. A succession of mountain storms added to the drifts, so that when the snow finally began to melt, the volume of water coming from the “High Sierras” was simply prodigious—out of all proportion to the quantity that had fallen upon the plains below.
Sandino persisted in trying to make the Captain believe that most of the Yosemites had already gone through the Mono Pass, and that those remaining hidden, were but the members of Ten-ie-ya’s family. This theory was not accepted by Capt. Boling, and occasional scouting parties would still be sent out. A few of us continued to make short excursions, more for adventure and to gratify curiosity, than with the expectation of discovering the hiding places of the Indians; although we kept up the form of a search. We thus became familiar with most of the objects of interest.
The more practical of our command could not remain quiet in camp during this suspension of business. Beside the ordinary routine of camp duties, they engaged in athletic103 sports and horse-racing. A very fair race track was 186 cleared and put in condition, and some of the owners of fast horses were very much surprised, to see their favorites trailing behind some of the fleet-footed mules104. A maltese Kentucky blooded mule, known as the “Vining Mule,” distanced all but one horse in the command, and so pleased was Capt. Boling with its gracefully105 supple106 movements, that he paid Vining for it a thousand dollars in gold.
For a change of amusement, the members of our “Jockey Club” would mount their animals and take a look at such points of interest as had been designated in our camp-fire conversations as most remarkable107. The scenery in the Yosemite and vicinity, which is now familiar to so many, was at that time looked upon with varied108 degrees of individual curiosity and enjoyment109, ranging from the enthusiastic, to almost a total indifference110 to the sublime111 grandeur112 presented. It is doubtful if any of us could have given a very graphic113 description of what we saw, as the impressions then received were so far below the reality. Distance, height, depth and dimensions were invariably under-estimated; notwithstanding this, our attempts at descriptions after our return to the settlements, were received as exaggerated “yarns.”
While in Mariposa, upon one occasion not very long after the discovery of Yosemite, I was solicited114 by Wm. T. Whitachre, a newspaper correspondent from San Francisco, to furnish him a written description of the Valley. This, of course, was beyond my ability to do; but I disinterestedly115 complied with his request as far as I could, by giving him some written details to work upon. On reading the paper over, he advised me to reduce my estimates of heights of cliffs and waterfalls, at least fifty per centum, or my judgment116 would be a subject of ridicule117 even to my personal friends. I had estimated El Capitan at from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet high; the Yosemite Fall at about fifteen hundred feet, and other prominent points of interest in about the same proportion. 187
To convince me of my error of judgment, he stated that he had interviewed Captain Boling and some others, and that none had estimated the highest cliffs above a thousand feet. He further said that he would not like to risk his own reputation as a correspondent, without considerable modification118 of my statements, etc. Feeling outraged119 at this imputation120, I tore up the manuscript, and left the “newspaper man” to obtain where he could such data for his patrons as would please him. It remained for those who came after us to examine scientifically, and to correctly describe what we only observed as wonderful natural curiosities. With but few exceptions, curiosity was gratified by but superficial examination of the objects now so noted. We were aware that the valley was high up in the regions of the Sierra Nevada, but its altitude above the sea level was only guessed at. The heights of its immense granite121 walls was an uncertainty122, and so little real appreciation123 was there in the battalion, that some never climbed above the Vernal Fall. They knew nothing of the beauties of the Nevada Fall, or the “Little Yosemite.” We, as a body of men, were aware that the mountains, ca?ons and waterfalls were on a grandly extensive scale, but of the proportions of that scale we had arrived at no very definite conclusions.
During our explorations of the Sierras, we noticed the effects of the huge avalanches125 of snow and ice that had in some age moved over the smooth granite rocks and plowed126 the deep ca?ons. The evidences of past glacial action were frequently visible; so common, in fact, as hardly to be objects of special interest to us. The fact that glaciers127 in motion existed in the vast piles of snow on the Sierras, was not dreamed of by us, or even surmised128 by others, until discovered, in 1870, by Mr. John Muir, a naturalist48 and most persistent129 mountain explorer, who by accurate tests verified the same, and gave his facts to the world. Mr. 188 Muir has also brought into prominent notice, by publications in “Scribner’s Monthly Illustrated130 Magazine,” some of the beautiful lakes of the Sierras, having discovered many unknown before. Mr. Muir’s descriptions combine the most delightful132 imagery with the accuracy of a true lover of nature. His article upon the water-auszel, “The humming-bird of the California waterfalls,” in the same magazine, proves him a most accomplished133 observer.
All of the smaller streams that pour their tribute into the valley during the melting of the snow, become later in the season but dry ravines or mere134 rivulets135, but the principal tributaries136, running up, as they do, into the lake and snow reservoirs, continue throughout the dry season to pour their ample supply. After returning from my mountain explorations, I freely questioned Ten-ie-ya of the places we had visited. The old chief had gradually assumed his customary manner of sociability137, and if convinced by outline maps in the sand that we were familiar with a locality, he would become quite communicative, and give the names of the places described in distinct words. Our English alphabet utterly138 fails to express the sounds of many of them, for they were as unpronounceable as Apache. This difficulty is owing more or less to the guttural termination given by the Indians.
Another important fact which causes a confusion of these names is, that owing to the poverty of their language, they use the same word, or what seems to be the same, for several objects, which by accent, comparison and allusion139, or by gestures, are readily understood by them, but which it is difficult for one not familiar with the dialect to comprehend, and still more difficult to illustrate131 or remember. This I shall endeavor to demonstrate in giving the names applied140 to different localities in the valley and vicinity.
While I was endeavoring to ascertain141 the names of localities 189 from Ten-ie-ya, he was allowed some privileges in camp, but was not permitted to leave his guard. The cunning old fellow watched his opportunity, and again made an attempt to escape by swimming the river; but he was again foiled, and captured by the watchfulness142 and surprising strength of Sergeant143 Cameron.
From this time Ten-ie-ya was secured by a rope which was fastened around his waist. The only liberty allowed was the extent of the rope with which he was fastened. He was a hearty144 feeder, and was liberally supplied. From a lack of sufficient exercise, his appetite cloyed145, and he suffered from indigestion. He made application to Captain Boling for permission to go out from camp to the place where the grass was growing, saying the food he had been supplied with was too strong; that if he did not have grass he should die. He said the grass looked good to him, and there was plenty of it. Why then should he not have it, when dogs were allowed to eat it?
The Captain was amused at the application, with its irony146, but surmised that he was meditating147 another attempt to leave us; however, he good humoredly said: “He can have a ton of fodder148 if he desires it, but I do not think it advisable to turn him loose to graze.” The Captain consented to the Sergeant’s kindly149 arrangements to tether him, and he was led out to graze upon the young clover, sorrel, bulbous roots and fresh growth of ferns which were then springing up in the valley, one species of which we found a good salad. All of these he devoured150 with the relish151 of a hungry ox. Occasionally truffles or wood-mushrooms were brought him by Sandino and our allies, as if in kindly sympathy for him, or in acknowledgment of his rank. Such presents and a slight deference152 to his standing88 as a chief, were always received with grunts153 of satisfaction. He was easily flattered by any extra attentions to his pleasure. At 190 such times he was singularly amiable154 and conversational155. Like many white men, it was evident that his more liberal feelings could be the easiest aroused through his stomach.
Our supplies not being deemed sufficient for the expedition over the Sierras, and as those verdureless mountains would provide no forage156 for our animals, nor game to lengthen157 out our rations16 unless we descended158 to the lower levels, Capt. Boling sent a pack train to the Fresno for barley159 and extra rations. All of our Indians except Sandino and Ten-ie-ya were allowed to go below with the detachment sent along as escort for the train. While waiting for these supplies, some of the command who had been exploring up Indian Ca?on, reported fresh signs at the head of that ravine. Feeling somewhat recovered in strength, Captain Boling decided160 to undertake a trip out, and see for himself some of our surroundings. Accordingly, the next morning, he started with some thirty odd men up Indian Ca?on. His design was to explore the Scho-look or Scho-tal-lo-wi branch (Yosemite Creek161) to its source, or at least the Southern exposures of the divide as far east as we could go and return at night. Before starting, I advised the taking of our blankets, for a bivouac upon the ridge85, as from experience I was aware of the difficult and laborious162 ascent163, and intimated that the excursion would be a laborious one for an invalid164, if the undertaking165 was accomplished. The Captain laughed as he said: “Are your distances equal to your heights? If they correspond, we shall have ample time!” Of course, I could make no reply, for between us, the subject of heights had already been exhausted166, although the Captain had not yet been to the top of the inclosing walls.
Still, realizing the sensitive condition of his lungs, and his susceptibility to the influences of the cold and light mountain air, I knew it would not be prudent167 for him to 191 camp at the snow-line; and yet I doubted his ability to return the same day; for this reason I felt it my duty to caution him. A few others, who had avoided climbing the cliffs, or if they had been upon any of the high ridges168, their mules had taken them there, joined in against my suggestion of providing for the bivouac. I have before referred to the Texan’s devotion to the saddle. In it, like Comanche Indians, he will undergo incredible hardships; out of it, he is soon tired, and waddles169 laboriously170 like a sailor, until the unaccustomed muscles adapt themselves to the new service required of them; but the probabilities are against the new exercise being continued long enough to accomplish this result. Understanding this, I concluded in a spirit of jocularity to make light of the toil171 myself; the more so, because I knew that my good Captain had no just conception of the labor101 before him. By a rude process of measurement, and my practical experience in other mountains in climbing peaks whose heights had been established by measurements, I had approximately ascertained172 or concluded that my first estimate of from fifteen hundred to two thousand feet for the height of El Capitan, was much below the reality. I had so declared in discussing these matters. Captain Boling had finally estimated the height not to exceed one thousand feet. Doctor Black’s estimate was far below this. I therefore felt assured that a walk up the ca?on, would practically improve their judgments173 of height and distance, and laughed within myself in anticipation174 of the fun in store. On starting, I was directed to take charge of Ten-ie-ya, whom we were to take with us, and to keep Sandino near me, to interpret anything required during the trip. As we entered Indian Ca?on, the old chief told the Captain that the ravine was a bad one to ascend175. To this the Captain replied, “No matter, we know this ravine leads out of the valley; Ten-ie-ya’s trail might lead us to a warmer locality.” 192
Climbing over the wet, mossy rocks, we reached a level where a halt was called for a rest. As Doctor Black came up from the rear, he pointed177 to a ridge above us, and exclaimed, “Thank God, we are in sight of the top at last.” “Yes, Doctor,” said I, “that is one of the first tops.” “How so?” he inquired; “Is not that the summit of this ravine?” To this I cheerfully replied, “You will find quite a number of such tops before you emerge from this ca?on.” Noticing his absence before reaching the summit, I learned he took the trail back, and safely found his weary way to camp. Captain Boling had over-estimated his strength and endurance. He was barely able to reach the table land at the head of the ravine, where, after resting and lunching, he visited the Falls, as he afterwards informed me. By his order I took command of nine picked men and the two Indians. With these I continued the exploration, while the party with the Captain explored the vicinity of the High Fall, viewed the distant mountains, and awaited my return from above.
With my energetic little squad178, I led the way, old Ten-ie-ya in front, Sandino at his side, through forest openings and meadows, until we reached the open rocky ground on the ridge leading to what is now known as Mt. Hoffman. I directed our course towards that peak. We had not traveled very far, the distance does not now impress me, when as we descended toward a tributary179 of Yosemite creek, we came suddenly upon an Indian, who at the moment of discovery was lying down drinking from the brook. The babbling180 waters had prevented his hearing our approach. We hurried up to within fifty or sixty yards, hoping to capture him, but were discovered. Seeing his supposed danger, he bounded off, a fine specimen181 of youthful vigor182. No racehorse or greyhound could have seemingly made better time than he towards a dense183 forest in the valley of the Scho-look. Several rifles were raised, but I gave the order “don’t shoot,” 193 and compelled the old chief to call to him to stop. The young Indian did stop, but it was at a safe distance. When an attempt was made by two or three to move ahead and get close to him, he saw the purpose and again started; neither threatening rifles, nor the calls of Ten-ie-ya, could again stop his flight.
As we knew our strength, after such a climb, was not equal to the chase of the fleet youth, he was allowed to go unmolested. I could get no information from Ten-ie-ya concerning the object of the exploration; and as for Sandino, his memory seemed to have conveniently failed him. With this conclusion I decided to continue my course, and moved off rapidly. Ten-ie-ya complained of fatigue184, and Sandino reminded me that I was traveling very fast. My reply to both cut short all attempts to lessen185 our speed; and when either were disposed to lag in their gait, I would cry out the Indian word, “We-teach,” meaning hurry up, with such emphasis as to put new life into their movements.
We soon struck an old trail that led east along the southern slope of the divide, and when I abandoned my purpose of going farther towards the Tuolumne, and turned to the right on the trail discovered, Ten-ie-ya once more found voice in an attempt to dissuade186 me from this purpose, saying that the trail led into the mountains where it was very cold, and where, without warm clothing at night, we would freeze. He was entirely187 too earnest, in view of his previous taciturnity; and I told him so.
The snow was still quite deep on the elevated portions of the ridge and in shaded localities, but upon the open ground, the trail was generally quite bare. As we reached a point still farther east, we perceived the trail had been recently used; the tracks had been made within a day or two. From the appearances, we concluded they were made by Ten-ie-ya’s scouts188 who had followed down the ridge and 194 slope west of the North Dome3 to watch our movements. The tracks were made going and returning, thus showing a continued use of this locality. As the tracks diverged189 from the trail at this point, they led out of the direct line of any communication with the valley, and after some reflection, I was satisfied that we had struck a clue to their hiding place, and realizing that it was time to return if we expected to reach the valley before dark, we turned about and started at once on the down grade.
We found the Captain anxiously awaiting our return. He was pleased with our report, and agreed in the conclusion that the Indians were encamped not very far off. Captain Boling had suffered from fatigue and the chill air of the mountains. In speaking of a farther pursuit of our discoveries, he said: “I am not as strong as I supposed, and will have to await the return of the pack train before taking part in these expeditions.”
I told Captain Boling that upon the trip, Sandino had appeared willfully ignorant when questioned concerning the country we were exploring, and my belief that he stood in fear of Ten-ie-ya; that as a guide, no dependence190 could be placed upon him, and that his interpretations191 of Ten-ie-ya’s sayings were to be received with caution when given in the old chief’s presence, as Ten-ie-ya’s Spanish was about equal to his own. Captain Boling instructed me to tell Sandino, that in future, he need only act as interpreter. He seemed satisfied with this arrangement, and said that the country appeared different from what it was when he was a boy and had been accustomed to traverse it.
When we commenced our descent into the valley Ten-ie-ya wanted us to branch off to the left, saying he was very tired, and wanted to take the best trail. Said he, “There is a good trail through the arrow-wood rocks to the left of the ca?on.” I reported this to the Captain, and expressed 195 the opinion that the old chief was sincere for once; he had grumbled192 frequently while we were ascending193 the ca?on in the morning, because we were compelled to climb over the moss176 covered bowlders, while crossing and re-crossing the stream, and he told Sandino that we should have taken the trail along the cliff above. Captain Boling replied: “Take it, or it will be long after dark before we reach camp.” Accordingly I let Ten-ie-ya lead the way, and told him to travel fast. He had more than once proved that he possessed an agility194 beyond his years. As his parole was at a discount, I secured a small cord about his chest and attached the other end to my left wrist to maintain telegraphic communication with him; but as the hidden trail narrowed and wound its crooked195 way around a jutting196 point of the cliff overlooking the valley and ravine, I slipped the loop from my wrist and ordered a halt.
Captain Boling and the men with him came up and took in the view before us. One asked if I thought a bird could go down there safely. Another wanted to know if I was aiding “Old Truthful” to commit suicide. The last question had an echo of suspicion in my own thoughts. I immediately surmised it possible the old sachem was leading us into another trap, where, by some preconcerted signal, an avalanche124 of rocks would precipitate197 us all to the bottom. I asked Ten-ie-ya if this trail was used by his people; he assured me it was, by women and children; that it was a favorite trail of his. Seeing some evidences of it having been recently used, and being assured by Sandino that it was somewhere below on this trail that Ten-ie-ya had descended to the valley when taken a prisoner, a few of us were shamed into a determination to make the attempt to go where the old chief could go.
Most of the party turned back. They expressed a willingness to fight Indians, but they had not, they said, the 196 faith requisite198 to attempt to walk on water, much less air. They went down Indian Ca?on, and some did not reach camp until after midnight, tired, bruised and footsore. We who had decided to take our chances, re-commenced our descent. I told Ten-ie-ya to lead on, and to stop at the word “halt,” or he would be shot. I then dispatched Sandino across the narrow foot-way, which, at this point was but a few inches in width, and which was all there was dividing us from Eternity199 as we passed over it. Telling them both to halt on a projecting bench in view, I crossed this yawning abyss, while Sandino, aided by a very dead shot above, held the old man as if petrified200, until I was able once more to resume my charge of him.
This I found was the only really dangerous place, on what was facetiously201 called, by those who were leaving us, “a very good trail.” The last fifty or sixty feet of the descent was down the sloping side of an immense detached rock, and then down through the top of a black oak tree at the south-westerly base of the vast cliff or promontory202 known as the “Arrow-wood Cliff.” The “Royal Arches,” the “Washington Column,” and the “North Dome,” occupy positions east of this trail, but upon the same vast pile of granite.
I sometime afterward13 pointed out the trail to a few visitors that I happened to meet at its foot. They looked upon me with an incredulous leer, and tapped their foreheads significantly, muttering something about “Stockton Asylum203.” Fearing to trust my amiability204 too far, I turned and left them. Since then I have remained cautiously silent. Now that the impetuosity of youth has given place to the more deliberative counsels of age, and all dangers to myself or others are past, I repeat, for the benefit of adventurous205 tourists, that on the southwesterly face of the cliff 197 overlooking the valley and Indian Ca?on, there is a trail hidden from view, that they may travel if they will, and experience all the sensations that could ever have been felt, while alive, by a Blondin or LaMountain.
This portion of the cliff we designated as Ten-ie-ya’s Trail, and it accords well with the scene in the Jungfrau Mountains, where Manfred, alone upon the cliffs, says:
“And you, ye craigs, upon whose extreme edge
I stand, and on the torrent’s brink206 beneath
Behold207 the tall pines dwindled208 as to shrubs,
In dizziness of distance; when a leap,
A stir, a motion, even a breath, would bring
My breast upon its rocky bosom’s bed
To rest forever—wherefore do I pause?
I feel the impulse—yet I do not plunge8;
I see the peril—yet do not recede209;
And my brain reels—and yet my foot is firm:
There is a power upon me which withholds210,
And makes it my fatality211 to live.”
“And you, ye craigs, upon whose extreme edge
I stand, and on the torrent’s brink206 beneath
Behold207 the tall pines dwindled208 as to shrubs,
In dizziness of distance; when a leap,
A stir, a motion, even a breath, would bring
My breast upon its rocky bosom’s bed
To rest forever—wherefore do I pause?
I feel the impulse—yet I do not plunge8;
I see the peril—yet do not recede209;
And my brain reels—and yet my foot is firm:
There is a power upon me which withholds210,
And makes it my fatality211 to live.”
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收听单词发音
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1
hilarity
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| n.欢乐；热闹 | |
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2
grizzly
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| adj.略为灰色的，呈灰色的；n.灰色大熊 | |
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3
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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4
grizzlies
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| 北美洲灰熊( grizzly的名词复数 ) | |
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5
cub
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| n.幼兽，年轻无经验的人 | |
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6
cubs
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| n.幼小的兽，不懂规矩的年轻人( cub的名词复数 ) | |
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7
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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8
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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9
willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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10
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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11
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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12
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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13
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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14
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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15
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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16
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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17
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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18
molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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19
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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20
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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21
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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22
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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23
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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24
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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25
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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26
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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27
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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28
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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29
tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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30
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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31
whim
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| n.一时的兴致，突然的念头；奇想，幻想 | |
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32
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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33
scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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34
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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35
domesticated
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| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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36
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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37
docility
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| n.容易教，易驾驶，驯服 | |
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38
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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39
ravenously
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| adv.大嚼地，饥饿地 | |
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40
devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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41
truant
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| n.懒惰鬼，旷课者；adj.偷懒的，旷课的，游荡的；v.偷懒，旷课 | |
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42
confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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43
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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44
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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45
inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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46
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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47
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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48
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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49
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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50
antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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51
migrations
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| n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 ) | |
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52
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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53
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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54
migratory
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| n.候鸟，迁移 | |
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55
coverts
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| n.隐蔽的，不公开的，秘密的( covert的名词复数 )；复羽 | |
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56
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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57
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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58
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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59
fatten
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| v.使肥，变肥 | |
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60
acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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61
grouse
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| n.松鸡；v.牢骚，诉苦 | |
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62
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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63
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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64
shun
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| vt.避开，回避，避免 | |
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65
concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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66
discordant
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| adj.不调和的 | |
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67
concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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68
deluded
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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69
quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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70
trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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71
foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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72
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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73
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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74
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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75
salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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76
weirs
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| n.堰，鱼梁（指拦截游鱼的枝条篱）( weir的名词复数 ) | |
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77
spawn
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| n.卵，产物，后代，结果；vt.产卵，种菌丝于，产生，造成；vi.产卵，大量生产 | |
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78
fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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79
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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80
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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81
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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82
ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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83
ruffled
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| adj. 有褶饰边的, 起皱的 动词ruffle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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84
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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85
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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86
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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87
sonorously
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| adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；堂皇地；朗朗地 | |
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88
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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89
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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90
leeward
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| adj.背风的；下风的 | |
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91
elk
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| n.麋鹿 | |
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92
perpendicularly
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| adv. 垂直地, 笔直地, 纵向地 | |
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93
inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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94
badgers
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| n.獾( badger的名词复数 )；獾皮；（大写）獾州人（美国威斯康星州人的别称）；毛鼻袋熊 | |
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95
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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96
prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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97
pneumonia
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| n.肺炎 | |
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98
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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99
scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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100
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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101
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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102
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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103
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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104
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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105
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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106
supple
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| adj.柔软的，易弯的，逢迎的，顺从的，灵活的；vt.使柔软，使柔顺，使顺从；vi.变柔软，变柔顺 | |
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107
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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108
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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109
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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110
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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111
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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112
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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113
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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114
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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115
disinterestedly
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116
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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117
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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118
modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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119
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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120
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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121
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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122
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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123
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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124
avalanche
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| n.雪崩，大量涌来 | |
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125
avalanches
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| n.雪崩( avalanche的名词复数 ) | |
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126
plowed
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| v.耕( plow的过去式和过去分词 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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127
glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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128
surmised
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| v.臆测，推断( surmise的过去式和过去分词 )；揣测；猜想 | |
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129
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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130
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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131
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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132
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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133
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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134
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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135
rivulets
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| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
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136
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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137
sociability
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| n.好交际，社交性，善于交际 | |
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138
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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139
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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140
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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141
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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142
watchfulness
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| 警惕，留心； 警觉（性） | |
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143
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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144
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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145
cloyed
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| v.发腻，倒胃口( cloy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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146
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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147
meditating
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| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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148
fodder
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| n.草料；炮灰 | |
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149
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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150
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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151
relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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152
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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153
grunts
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| （猪等）作呼噜声( grunt的第三人称单数 )； （指人）发出类似的哼声； 咕哝着说； 石鲈 | |
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154
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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155
conversational
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| adj.对话的，会话的 | |
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156
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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157
lengthen
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| vt.使伸长，延长 | |
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158
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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159
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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160
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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161
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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162
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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163
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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164
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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165
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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166
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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167
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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168
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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169
waddles
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| v.（像鸭子一样）摇摇摆摆地走( waddle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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170
laboriously
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| adv.艰苦地；费力地；辛勤地；（文体等）佶屈聱牙地 | |
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171
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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172
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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173
judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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174
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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175
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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176
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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177
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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178
squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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179
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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180
babbling
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| n.胡说，婴儿发出的咿哑声adj.胡说的v.喋喋不休( babble的现在分词 )；作潺潺声（如流水）；含糊不清地说话；泄漏秘密 | |
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181
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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182
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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183
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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184
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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185
lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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186
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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187
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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188
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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189
diverged
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| 分开( diverge的过去式和过去分词 )； 偏离； 分歧； 分道扬镳 | |
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190
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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191
interpretations
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| n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 )；表演；演绎；理解 | |
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192
grumbled
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| 抱怨( grumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 发牢骚； 咕哝； 发哼声 | |
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193
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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194
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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195
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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196
jutting
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| v.（使）突出( jut的现在分词 )；伸出；（从…）突出；高出 | |
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197
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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198
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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199
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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200
petrified
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| adj.惊呆的；目瞪口呆的v.使吓呆，使惊呆；变僵硬；使石化(petrify的过去式和过去分词) | |
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201
facetiously
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| adv.爱开玩笑地；滑稽地，爱开玩笑地 | |
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202
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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203
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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204
amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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205
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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206
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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207
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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208
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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209
recede
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| vi.退(去)，渐渐远去；向后倾斜，缩进 | |
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210
withholds
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| v.扣留( withhold的第三人称单数 )；拒绝给予；抑制（某事物）；制止 | |
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211
fatality
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| n.不幸，灾祸，天命 | |
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