Although no visits were made during the year 1854 to the Yosemite Valley, it was at this time that the existence of such a locality began to be generally known outside of the limits of Mariposa county. Many of the inhabitants of that county, however, were still incredulous of its being any more remarkable2 than some other localities among the Sierras. As a matter of early history, I will give a few details of occurrences indirectly3 connected with the bringing of this valley to the attention of the public as a wonderful natural curiosity.
During the year 1854 an effort was made by a party of engineers from Tuolumne county, to explore a route by which water could be brought from the South Fork of the Merced river into the “dry diggings.” After a reconnoissance, the route was pronounced too expensive to be profitable, as the supply of water would be insufficient4, unless the ditch should be extended to the main river, which was not considered practicable.
Notwithstanding this adverse6 report, the Mariposa “Chronicle” continued to advocate the practicability of the proposed plan, and made some effort to induce capitalists to take an interest in the enterprise, claiming that like investments 302 had proved profitable in the northern mines. To test the feasibility of such a project, Colonel Caruthers and Angevine Reynolds, then of Stockton, came up to explore and run a line of levels over the route. They brought with them, as engineer, Capt. Kiel, a practical surveyor, and a most accomplished7 mathematician8. Captain Boling, having referred these gentlemen to me as one most likely to aid in their undertaking9, and practically familiar with that part of the country, I joined them in their enterprise. We started our survey at the “Snow Creek10” divide. Col. Caruthers was enthusiastic over the prospect11 of success, as we advanced, but after rounding the point at “Devil’s Gulch12,” and while Mr. Reynolds and myself were establishing a flag station on the opposite side, the Colonel collapsed13 and ordered a discontinuance of the survey.
Not feeling satisfied with this decision, Mr. Reynolds and myself, mutually agreed to complete the survey. Reynolds was a man of energy and indomitable perseverance14. He was the first to establish an express to the Southern mines, and afterwards was for fourteen years successively elected to responsible offices in Mariposa county. I handled the instrument, and Mr. Reynolds acted as rodman. We continued the line up, passed all real obstacles, and then Captain Kiel, who was quite an old gentleman, completed the survey and mapped out the route. During this survey, Mr. Reynolds and myself crossed the South Fork and explored along the divide. We were within six or seven miles of the Yosemite, but did not go to it. This was the only year since its discovery, that it was not visited by white men. No Indians were seen by our party, during the time of this survey.
The next season, 1855, the survey began by Caruthers, Reynolds and myself, was pushed with vigor16, and although the subject matter of extending the ditch to the main 303 stream was freely discussed and advocated by the Chronicle, no action was taken. Up to this time, the Yosemite was scarcely thought of by the generality of gold hunters and denizens17 of Mariposa county; that is, in connexion with its stupendous cliffs and wonderful scenery. The solemn grandeur18 of the locality, and the immensity of the rocks which formed the sides of its inclosing walls, as well as its lofty water-falls, were but barely noticed by Lt. Moore in his report, to which allusion19 has been made in a previous chapter.
Lt. Moore made no measurements, nor attempted to give any specific descriptions. He only stated unadorned facts and practical impressions. These, however, had in 1854 gone out into the world, and the wonders of the place were more generally known and appreciated by the literary and scientific, than by those in its more immediate21 vicinity. During the summer of 1855, Mr. J. M. Hutchings, editor and publisher of “Hutchings’ California Magazine,” conceived the idea of visiting the Calaveras “Big Trees” and the Yosemite Valley. As a literary man he was aware that these objects of wonder and curiosity would provide many interesting articles for his periodical. He engaged the services of a well-known artist of San Francisco, Mr. Thomas Ayres, to provide sketches22 for his descriptive articles. He first visited “The Big Trees” of Calaveras; at Coultersville and Horse Shoe Bend, Mr. Alex. Stair and Wesley Millard joined his party. Mr. Hutchings’ announcement at Mariposa that he was on his way to visit “their wonderful valley,” was considered as an indifferent joke by some; others, who had heard of it in connection with the “Indian war,” asked him if he was not afraid of the Indians; if it was worth the risk to go there. Mr. Hutchings failed to get much information from those of whom he made inquiries24 at Mariposa. He finally interviewed Captain Boling, who told him where he could procure25 a guide. 304
In anticipation26 of meeting with numerous difficulties on the way, or for other reasons, he hired two guides and started for the valley. The difficulties of the journey vanished as he approached. The excitement of the trip made the party forgetful of the fatigue27 and roughness of the mountain journey.
I met Stair and Millard,—who were especial friends of mine,—not long after their return from this trip. They were very enthusiastic on the subject of the Yosemite. The enthusiastic descriptions given by the Hutchings party, on its return, aroused the curiosity of the people, staggered the skeptics, and silenced the croakers. Not long afterwards, two parties visited it; one from Sherlocks and the other from Mariposa. With the party from Sherlocks, were the Mann brothers, who afterwards built a trail from Mariposa to the valley. They commenced it in the fall of that year, 1855. Mr. Hutchings’ publications and lithographic illustration of the Yosemite, or highest fall, served to advertise the attractions. From this period may be dated the commencement of the visits of tourists. His influence has aided materially in affording improved facilities of access to it, and in providing for the comfort of visitors. The interest growing out of Mr. Hutchings’ visit to the Yosemite, together with the rumored29 prospect that Fremont & Co. were about to do something with the “Mariposa Estate,” aroused the energy of local capitalists, and encouraged the advent30 of settlers and miners. Another company was organized to bring water from the foot of the valley into the “dry diggings.” The limited supply from the South Fork, it was thought, would be insufficient for the prospective31 demand. Sufficient inducements having been offered to warrant the undertaking, Mr. George K. Peterson, an engineer by profession, and myself, joined in making the necessary survey. We leveled two lines down through the ca?on, below 305 the Yosemite, on to the divide of the South Fork. To cross the South Fork without expending32 too much altitude, we found a long tunnel would be required, besides a suspension of over 800 feet.
This, for a time, discouraged a continuance of the survey. We returned to Mariposa and frankly33 reported the results of our work and explained the difficulties of the route to those who were most interested in the project. For certain reasons it was deemed advisable to complete the survey between the branches of the river; when it was thought that some equitable34 arrangement could be made with the South Fork Company for a union of interests in case of sale. The Yosemite Company proposed to convey water over or near the same route as the other, and also to supply water to the miners on the north side of the Merced. By this stroke of policy, it was supposed that a legal division of water could be obtained, that the New Yorkers (Fremont & Co.) would only be too glad to pay for. I did not feel sanguine35 in the success of this scheme, and so expressed myself. My experience in the ca?on with Peterson taught me that an equivalent in cash, which was offered for my services (and which I accepted), was better than any speculative36 interest in Spain, or even New York. The survey was accordingly recommenced. Four of the company put up the body of a house in the valley. This was the first house ever erected37 there. It was of white cedar38 “puncheons,” plank39 split out of logs. The builders of it supposed that a claim in the valley would doubly secure the water privileges. We made this building our headquarters; covering the roof with our tents. We continued work on this survey until late in November; and until the falling snow rendered the hillside work most difficult; we then returned to Mariposa.
During this survey, while exploring the dividing ridges40 of 306 the Merced river and the South Fork, our party ran on to an encampment of the wretched Yosemites; mostly old men and women. They had gone out on the extreme southwestern point of the divide on the slope of the South Fork.
As Peterson planted his instrument for an observation, the Indians cried out in alarm, thinking no doubt that he was aiming some infernal machine to destroy them. I approached to see if I could recognize any of them as those who had visited our store, before the murders of our men. I also scrutinized41 their clothing; but their ragged42 garments would not admit of even a surmise43 as to their quality or pattern.
Although I failed to recognize our visitors among these miserable44 people; it was quite evident that I was known to them. I asked “who it was that had killed the men at our store?” They at first pretended not to understand me; but seeing that they were not believed, one came forward, and in a mixture of Spanish and Indian informed me that it was the Tuolume Indians that were the criminals; while they themselves (if not the cleanest) were certainly the best Indians in the mountains. Upon being asked why they were camped in such a place—without water, they said they were at first afraid of our party and the glistening45 instrument that had been aimed at them; but, that when they saw we were measuring the ground, and marking the trees, they were no longer alarmed, but were afraid of the Monos, whom they said were still angry with them. I told them that it was because of their treachery and dishonesty that they had been made to suffer, and then left them in their wretchedness.
Quite early in the next year (1856), the survey for the water supply was recommenced under instructions from Colonel Fremont, and, under direction of his chief engineer, Mr. J. E. Clayton, Mr. Peterson was placed in charge of the 307 field-work. This work was executed with great care, as on its accuracy the estimates depended. They were to be made by a very eminent46 engineer of the Erie Canal, upon whose report, it was supposed, Wall street would be governed. Peterson engaged me as his assistant in this survey. During this season the Mann Brothers finished their trail to the Yosemite, so that it was used by visitors. Hearing that they had felled some immense trees and bridged the South Fork, Mr. Peterson had hopes to reach the valley earlier in the season by crossing the river at that place.
On reaching the South Fork, where we supposed the bridge to be we found that a large tree had been felled across the stream with the design of forming the foundation of a bridge, but it had fallen so low, or so near the water on the opposite side, that a flood would be likely to sweep it away, and it had, therefore, been abandoned. This was a great disappointment to Mr. Peterson. As we could not ford28 the stream, we would have to go into camp or wait for the water to fall or go back, for the snow-clad ridges were impassable. While Peterson was considering the matter, I took an axe47 and sloped and notched48 the butt49 of the tree so that I was able to get my horse, an intelligent animal, to clamber up on the prostrate50 trunk; when, without difficulty, I led him safely across and landed him on the other side of the stream. We had two mules51, whose natural timidity caused them to hesitate before attempting to climb the log, but their attachment52 for the horse, which they had seen safely cross, with some persuasion53 effected with a stout54 cudgel counteracted55 their fears, and they too were safely led over.
The tree was about six feet in diameter. Its cork-like bark afforded sure footing for the animals. Peterson—very much pleased—pronounced this the most primitive bridge ever crossed by a pack-train, and declared that it should be recorded as an original engineering feat56. 308
While we were re-loading our animals the Mann Brothers came down to us, as they said to learn how we had crossed the rushing torrent57; and were surprised to hear that we had utilized58 the tree abandoned by them. They informed us that they were constructing a bridge further up the stream, which would be ready for crossing in a week or two. We found no further difficulty in reaching the valley. Not long after we had gone into camp, and commenced our survey again, visitors began to come into the valley. Several gentlemen from San Francisco visited our camp, one of whom I remember was the Rev20. Doctor Spier, of the Chinese Mission, in San Francisco. Mr. Peterson had, upon my solicitation59, “roded up” to the level of the Pohona Fall, and made as accurate an estimate of the probable height of El Capitan as could be done without the aid of his transit60. Mr. Peterson was therefore able to enlighten some of the gentlemen from “the Bay,” as to the approximate height of El Capitan and other prominent objects. Mr. Peterson afterwards made more accurate measurements of heights.
I have no doubt that the four gentlemen referred to as living in the valley, noticed in the note on page 18, in “Whitney’s Yosemite Guide Book,” were of our party, who had notified the public of their claim and intention to make that their residence. The house erected, however, was never honored with a roof, and the material of which it was composed, soon disappeared, after we ceased to occupy it. The difficulties developed by our survey, disheartened the claimants. The claim rights, as well as the claim shanty61 were alike abandoned.
The first white woman that ever visited the Yosemite was a Madame Gautier, the housekeeper62 at the Franklin House, Mariposa. A few days afterwards Mrs. Johnny Neil, of Mariposa, and Mrs. Thompson, of Sherlocks, came 309 up. Their courage and endurance should certainly be made a matter of record. The next ladies to visit the place were of the party with Mr. Denman, of “Denman’s High School,” in San Francisco. After this it ceased to be a novelty to see ladies in the Yosemite. Mr. Denman published an account of his trip. His communication was a well written and instructive article. It was the first description that gave the public any definite idea of the magnitude of the scenery, or any accuracy of measurements of the heights of the cliffs and water-falls. I was present when Mr. Peterson gave to Mr. Denman the results of his observations, and consequent estimate of heights. I was amused at Mr. Denman’s expressions of surprise, and his anxious but polite inquiries of Mr. Peterson if he was sure his angles had been correctly marked. Peterson colored slightly at the doubt implied of his professional skill, but with unusual politeness and apparent cheerfulness offered to make a resurvey of El Capitan or any other prominent cliff that Mr. Denman would select for measurement.
The offer was quickly accepted, and a new determination of several points of interest were made.
From the notes taken, each of the gentlemen computed63 the heights.
Mr. Peterson soon figured up the result of his work, and patiently awaited the result of Mr. Denman’s, before he announced his own.
After figuring for sometime, Mr. Denman expressed a belief that he had made a grand mistake somewhere in his calculations, for he had made the result more than the previous estimates and above all seeming probabilities. They then compared figures and found but little difference in their heights. Mr. Denman again worked up the notes, and was convinced of their correctness and reported his conclusions in his descriptions. The first house erected in the 310 valley for the accommodation of visitors was commenced in 1856, by Mr. Walworth and Mr. Hite. It, was made of “boards” rived out of pine logs. The site was that of our old camp-ground of 1851, or a little above it, and nearly opposite the Yosemite Fall.
The next season a blue canvas-covered building was put up just above. In 1858, Mr. Beardsley joined with Mr. Hite, and erected a wooden house. This was afterwards kept by Mr. Peck, Mr. Longhurst, and after 1864, by Mr. Hutchings. Other accommodations for the public were also opened, a popular one of which was a house kept by G. F. Leidig, known to tourists as “Leidig’s Hotel.” The first permanent resident, was J. C. Lamon, who made a claim in the upper part of the valley in 1860, and who occupied it both summer and winter for many years. The other residents in the valley only remaining during the season of tourists visits. Before hotel accommodations were provided for the public, visitors to the valley carried with them camp equipage and supplies according to the necessities and inclinations64 of the parties interested.
In order to dispense65 with a retinue66 of camp followers67, and the expense of numerous employees, the duties of camp life were ordinarily divided among the party, without regard to wealth, rank, or station in life. It was usually made a point of honor, to at least try to share in the necessary laborious69 requirements of their associates; although the various duties were not always assigned to the capacity of the individual, or to his adaptation to the position. The blunders were as often sources of amusement, as serious inconveniences. As illustration, I will narrate70 an incident with a party of excursionists in those early days.
By invitation, I met and accompanied a party from San Francisco on a visit to the Yosemite. The gentlemen composing the party, were Mr. Thomas Ayers, Mr. Forbes, of 311 the firm of Forbes & Babcock, agents of Pacific Mail S. S. Co.; Mr. Holladay, of same company; Mr. Easton, of San Francisco, and Col. Riply, of the Commodore Perry expedition, who, I believe, afterwards became General Riply, Chief of Ordinance71, U. S. A. Mr. Ayers was the artist who accompanied Mr. Hutchings on his first visit to the valley. He was the first to sketch23 any of the scenery of the Yosemite. He was afterwards employed in sketching72 by the Harpers, of New York. While so employed, he was lost off the Farrilones Islands by the capsizing of the schooner73 “Laura Beven.” Mr. Ayers was a gentleman in feeling and manners. His ingenuity74 and adaptability75 to circumstances, with his uniform kindness and good nature, made him the very soul of the party.
This party spent several days in the valley. On the last day, it was proposed to have a grand dinner. To make the event a memorable76 one, it was decided77 that each one should have a representative dish of his own individual preparation. We had a plentiful78 supply of canned meats, fruits, etc., but it was proposed that our bill of fare should consist of game and fish. Trout79, grouse80 and quail81, were then tolerably abundant. To guard against a possibility of failure to supply a full variety, Colonel Riply volunteered to provide a dish of beans of his own cooking, which he thought he was prepared to furnish. The cooking of beans was theoretically familiar to him, the Colonel said, from having frequently observed the process among his soldiers. He admitted that, practically, he had never tested the theory, but he felt confident that he would not disgrace his position as a soldier in the cooking of such a prominent army dish. From my knowledge of their haunts, it was assigned to me to provide the game, while Messrs. Easton, Ayers and Holladay, engaged to supply the spread with trout. Mr. Forbes engaged to perform the duty of supplying wood and water,—a 312 very important office, he claimed, the very foundation of all our endeavors. I left the Colonel busy on his part of the programme, and soon acquired a liberal supply of grouse and quail.
As I came into camp from my hunt, my nostrils82 were saluted83 with the smell of burnt beans. Mr. Forbes had supplied the fire most liberally, and was resting from his labors84 to the windward. I removed the kettle and inquired for the Colonel. Mr. Forbes replied that “Col. Riply went down where the fishermen are engaged, and has been gone an hour or more; no doubt he has forgotten his beans.” I hastened to repair damages as far as I was able by removing those not scorched85 from off the burnt ones. After scouring86 the kettle with sand, I succeeded in getting them over a slow fire before Col. Riply returned. He soon came hurriedly into camp, and after taking a look at his cookery, pronounced them all right, but said he had almost forgotten that he was on duty as cook.
Observing that he was about to charge the kettle with an undue87 proportion of salt pork, I again saved the beans, this time from petrifaction88, by remarking that their delicacy89 would be enhanced by parboiling the pork.
With my guardianship90, the Colonel’s dish was brought on to the board in a very good condition for eating, and all united in bestowing91 upon him unstinted praise for providing so palatable92 an addition to our feast. Col. Riply regretted that he had not provided more, but explained by saying that he had supposed they would swell93 more while cooking.
The secret of the burnt beans, was known to all the others, but was kept inviolate94 from the Colonel. He was unconscious of the joke, and bestowed95 more attention on this standard New England dish than he did upon the delicious trout and game. Our dinner was finished in bumpers96 to Colonel Riply as chef de cuisine97. 313
During the survey of the year, in addition to measurements, we gave some attention to the geological features of the country we were passing over. We found that the ca?on below the Yosemite is about six miles long, and so filled with vast granite98 bowlders and talus, that it is impossible for any but the agile99 and sure-footed to pass safely through. The river has to be crossed and recrossed so many times, by jumping from bowlder to bowlder, where the water goes whirling and dashing between—that if the rocks be moss-grown or slimy, as they may be outside of continuous current—one’s life is endangered. During our survey through this ca?on, in the month of November, 1855, we failed to get through in one day on our preliminary survey, and were compelled to camp without food or blankets, only sheltered from a storm—half snow, half rain—by an overhanging rock. The pelting100 mountain storm put out our fires, as it swept down the ca?on, and baffled all our attempts to kindle101 a new flame.
The fall through the ca?on is so great, that none but the largest bowlders remain in the current. Some of these immense rocks are so piled, one upon another, as to make falls of nearly one hundred feet. The fall for the entire distance is about fifteen hundred feet. Notwithstanding the fall is so great in so short a distance, advantage may be taken of the configuration102 of the walls on either side to construct a railroad up through the ca?on into the valley, upon a grade and trestle, that may be made practicable. This will, of course, cost money, but it will probably be done. By tunneling the divide and spanning the South Fork with a bridge, a narrow-gauge road could very readily be built that would avoid the necessity of going entirely103 through the ca?on. This could be accomplished most economically by trestling over the talus—at a favorable point—high enough to obtain and preserve a suitable grade, until the 314 sloping mountains below can be reached, when the line can be run without difficulty to the most favorable point of crossing the divide and the South Fork.
The obstructions104 from snow, encountered in a winter trip to the valley, would by this route, be entirely avoided. Beside, the distance would be somewhat lessened105. By rail and stage it is now about 225 miles from San Francisco.
After emerging from the ca?on, with its precipitous granite cliffs and water falls, the entire character of the river’s bed and banks are changed. The cliffs have now all disappeared with the granite, and although the steep high mountain divides encroach hard upon the river; high bars or low flats continue on down to the mouth of the South Fork on one side or the other, and then the flats rise higher to the plains.
The fall of the Merced river from the foot of the ca?on to the valley of the San Joaquin, averages about thirty-five feet to the mile as estimated by Mr. Peterson.
The outcroppings from the rocky divides below the ca?on, are porphyritic, metamorphic, and trappean rocks, silicious limestone106, gneiss, green stone, quartz107 and several varieties of slate108. At a point on the left bank of the Merced, near the plain, there is an outcropping of very good limestone, and it is also found, at one point in the Yosemite.
The quartz lodes drained by the Merced river, especially those of Marble Springs, Gentry’s gulch and Maxwells creek, bore a good reputation in early days; and as the drainage may be made complete, no difficulty in working them need be encountered. In some cases, the more prominent lodes, maintain their general direction and thickness (seldom richness) on both sides of the Merced; as, for instance, the celebrated110 Carson vein111. This vein outcrops at the Pe?a Blanca, near Coultersville, and again south of the Merced river, on a spur running down from Mount Bullion112. Here 315 the vein is known as the Johnson Lode109, and is divided into the Pine Tree and Josephine sections. These were made famous as the subject of a legal dispute, and were occupied by opposing and armed forces in the interest of “The Merced Mining Company,” on the one side, and Col. Fremont and his associates on the other.
This lode was discovered in the winter of 1850-’51, by a progressive Virginia liberal, named B. F. Johnson, familiarly known as “Quartz Johnson.”
His discoveries led to the investment of millions of capital in mining enterprises, and if the share-holders of Mariposa Stock have not yet realized upon their investments, it cannot be for want of material; but, I must return to my subject. After having completed the survey of this year, 1856, and having interests at Marble Springs, I joined with George W. Coulter, of Coultersville, and other citizens in constructing what became known as “The Coultersville Free Trail.” We thought the scheme advisable, but the “general public” thought the trail a little too progressive for the wants of Coultersville, and the burden of construction was left to be borne by a few. I never realized any return from this investment. This trail was well located, and considering the amount expended113, a comparatively easy one, for the trip to and from the valley was made with comfortable ease.
The trail completed this year by the Mann brothers required greater labor68, and was not as good a route, but the views of the Yosemite from their trail, were the best. The Mann brothers did not find theirs a paying investment. They never realized their expenditures114, and eventually sold the trail at a loss.
In locating the Coultersville trail, little or no aid was afforded me by the Indian trails that existed at that time; for horses had not seemingly been taken into the valley on the north side, and the foot trails used by the Indians left 316 no traces in the loose granite soil of the higher ridges, but what were soon obliterated115 by the wash from the melting snow. Where trails were found, they had been purposely run over ground impassable to horses, and they were, consequently, unavailable for our use. Through liberal aid from the “Empire State Mining Company,” located at their quartz lode near the Marble Springs, Mr. Barton and myself had built a wagon116 road from Coultersville to Bull Creek. This road afforded a good commencement for the Yosemite trail.
The first encampment reached after leaving Bull creek, was “Deer Flat,” so named by us from having startled a small drove, as we went into camp here. One of the deer was shot, and afforded an addition to our camp supplies.
The next camp named was “Hazel Green,” from the number of hazel bushes growing near a beautiful little meadow.
Our next move was to “Crane Flat.” This name was suggested by the shrill117 and startling cry of some sand-hill cranes we surprised as they were resting on this elevated table. Going from this camp, we came to what I finally called “Tamarack Flat,” although the appealing looks of the grizzlies118 we met on their way through this pass to the Tuolumne, caused me to hesitate before deciding upon the final baptism; the Grizzlies did not stay to urge any claim, and being affectionately drawn119 to the trees, we named the camp “Tamarack Flat.” From this flat I blazed out two trails, the lower one for early, the upper for later use; as from this point the snow remains120 upon the upper trail until quite late; and although much nearer, the snow renders it difficult to travel in the early part of the season. From “Tamarack Flat” to the edge of the valley is but little more than three miles. The whole distance from Coultersville being 41? miles as stated by Prof. Whitney.
With but little fatigue to one accustomed to the saddle, the trip down to Coultersville or to Mariposa was made in a day. 317
The wagon roads now opened, are calculated to avoid the deep snow that delays the use of higher trails, or roads, until later in the season; but one traveling by these routes, loses some of the grandest views to be had of the High Sierras and western ranges of hills and mountains; on the old Coultersville Trail, or by way of the old Mariposa Trail. In winter or early spring, in order to avoid the snow, visitors are compelled to take the route of the lowest altitude. The route by Hite’s cove15 is called but thirty-two miles from Mariposa to the valley; while that by Clark’s, on the South Fork, has been usually rated at about forty-two miles. Where the time can be spared, I would suggest that what is called “the round trip” be made; that is, go by one route and return by another; and a “Grand Round” trip will include a visit to the “High Sierra:” going by one divide and returning by another.
As to guides and accommodating hosts, there will always be found a sufficient number to meet the increasing wants of the public, and the enterprise of these gentlemen will suggest a ready means of becoming acquainted with their visitors. Soon, no doubt, a railroad will be laid into the valley, and when the “iron horse” shall have ridden over all present obstacles, a new starting point for summer tourists will be built up in the Yosemite; that the robust121 lovers of nature may view the divine creations that will have been lost to view in a Pullman. The exercise incident to a summer lounge in the “High Sierras,” will restore one’s vigor, and present new views to the eyes of the curious; while those with less time or strength at their disposal, will content themselves with the beauties and pleasures of the valley.
The passes and peaks named in Prof. Whitney’s guide-book are only the more prominent ones; for turn the eyes along the course of the Sierra Nevada in a northerly or 318 southerly direction at the head of Tuolumne, Merced, San Joaquin, King’s, Kah-we-ah or Kern rivers, and almost countless122 peaks will be seen, little inferior in altitude to those noted123 in his table.
The highest of these peaks, Mount Whitney, is, according to Prof. Whitney, at least 200 feet higher than any measured in the Rocky Mountains by the topographers of the Hayden survey. A writer in the Virginia (Nevada) Enterprise says: “Whitney stands a lordly creation amid a rugged124 and grand company of companion peaks, for his nearest neighbor, Mount Tyndall, rises 14,386 feet, and Mount Kah-we-ah, but a few miles off, is 14,000 feet.” Whitney affords “the widest horizon in America; a dome125 of blue, immeasurable, vast sweeps of desert lowlands, range on range of mighty126 mountains, grand and eloquent127; grace, strength, expansion, depth, breadth, height, all blended in one grand and awful picture. And as the eye takes in these features, a sense of soaring fills the mind, and one seems a part of the very heavens whose lofty places he pierces. The breadth and compass of the world grows upon the mind as the mighty distances flow in upon the view like waves of the sea.... The best that can be said or written but suggests; the eye alone can lead the mind up to a true conception of so mighty and marvelous a group of wonders.”
It is true that one standing5 upon the dividing ridges of the Rio Grande, Arkansas, Colorado or Platte, is charmed by the views presented of far reaching plains and noble mountains, but it is doubtful if any one view can be found in North America so grand and thrillingly sublime128 as may be seen in the Sierra Nevadas. The scenery of the Yellow Stone and of the Colorado canyon129 have characteristic wonders that are sui generis; but those localities are not desirable for continuous occupation.
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primitive
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remarkable
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indirectly
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insufficient
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standing
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adverse
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creek
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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12
gulch
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| n.深谷，峡谷 | |
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13
collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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15
cove
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| n.小海湾，小峡谷 | |
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16
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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17
denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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18
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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19
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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20
rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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21
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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22
sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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23
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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24
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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25
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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26
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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27
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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28
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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29
rumored
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| adj.传说的，谣传的v.传闻( rumor的过去式和过去分词 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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30
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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31
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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32
expending
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| v.花费( expend的现在分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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33
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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34
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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35
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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36
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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37
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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38
cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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39
plank
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| n.板条，木板，政策要点，政纲条目 | |
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40
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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41
scrutinized
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| v.仔细检查，详审( scrutinize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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43
surmise
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| v./n.猜想，推测 | |
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44
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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45
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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46
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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47
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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48
notched
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| a.有凹口的，有缺口的 | |
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49
butt
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| n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶 | |
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50
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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51
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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52
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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53
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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55
counteracted
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| 对抗，抵消( counteract的过去式 ) | |
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56
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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57
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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58
utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
solicitation
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| n.诱惑；揽货；恳切地要求；游说 | |
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60
transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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61
shanty
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| n.小屋，棚屋；船工号子 | |
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62
housekeeper
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| n.管理家务的主妇，女管家 | |
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63
computed
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| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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64
inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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65
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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66
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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67
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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68
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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69
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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70
narrate
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| v.讲，叙述 | |
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71
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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72
sketching
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| n.草图 | |
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73
schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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74
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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75
adaptability
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| n.适应性 | |
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76
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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77
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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78
plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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79
trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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80
grouse
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| n.松鸡；v.牢骚，诉苦 | |
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81
quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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82
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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83
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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84
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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85
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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86
scouring
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| 擦[洗]净，冲刷，洗涤 | |
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87
undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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88
petrifaction
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| n.石化，化石；吓呆；惊呆 | |
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89
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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90
guardianship
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| n. 监护, 保护, 守护 | |
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91
bestowing
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| 砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖 | |
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92
palatable
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| adj.可口的，美味的；惬意的 | |
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93
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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94
inviolate
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| adj.未亵渎的，未受侵犯的 | |
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95
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
bumpers
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| （汽车上的）保险杠，缓冲器( bumper的名词复数 ) | |
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97
cuisine
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| n.烹调，烹饪法 | |
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98
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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99
agile
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| adj.敏捷的，灵活的 | |
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100
pelting
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| 微不足道的，无价值的，盛怒的 | |
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101
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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102
configuration
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| n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置 | |
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103
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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104
obstructions
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| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 )；阻碍物；阻碍；阻挠 | |
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105
lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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106
limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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107
quartz
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| n.石英 | |
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108
slate
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| n.板岩，石板，石片，石板色，候选人名单；adj.暗蓝灰色的，含板岩的；vt.用石板覆盖，痛打，提名，预订 | |
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109
lode
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| n.矿脉 | |
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110
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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111
vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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112
bullion
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| n.金条，银条 | |
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113
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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114
expenditures
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| n.花费( expenditure的名词复数 )；使用；（尤指金钱的）支出额；（精力、时间、材料等的）耗费 | |
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115
obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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116
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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117
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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118
grizzlies
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| 北美洲灰熊( grizzly的名词复数 ) | |
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119
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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120
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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121
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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122
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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123
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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124
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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125
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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126
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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127
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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128
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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129
canyon
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| n.峡谷，溪谷 | |
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