February.
Accordingly at the beginning of February twenty-five hundred men, one-fifth of them Europeans, were placed under command of Colonel Heron, an officer lately arrived from England, who proceeded to perform the duty assigned to him. It is unnecessary to enter into details of his operations. Suffice it that he succeeded not only in occupying both Madura and Tinnevelly, but in demoralising his troops and insulting the religious prejudices of the people by scandalous pillage14 of a pagoda15. Mohammed Ali made over the government of the subdued16 territory to his brother Maphuze Khan, and in June Heron, having done his work, encamped before Trichinopoly. From thence he was summoned to Madras to be tried by court-martial for accepting bribes17 and for malversation of funds, and was dismissed from the Company's service.
The French lost no time in protesting against this expedition as a violation18 of the treaty, and with not the less vigour19 that they were extremely jealous of the reuniting of Madura and Tinnevelly, which had long been severed20 from the sway of Arcot, to the dominions21 of Mohammed Ali. The protest was of course answered by indignant disclaimer of any sinister23 purpose; and M. de Leyrit, the Governor of Pondicherry, thought it more profitable to waste no further words in argument, but simply to follow the British example. An opportunity for doing so soon presented itself. The chieftain of a tract25 of country known as Terriore, about thirty miles north of Trichinopoly, had for some time past evaded27 payment of his tributary28 dues to Mysore. Now the Mysoreans on retiring from Trichinopoly had appointed the French their agents to watch over their interests in the Carnatic; and M. de[408] Leyrit accordingly sent fifteen hundred men under M. Maissin into Terriore to enforce discharge of the arrears29 of this revenue. Maissin having fulfilled his mission with ease and success led his army eastward30 to Palamcotah, on territory which the British claimed to be subject to Mohammed Ali. The authorities at Madras threatened to stop him by force if he did not desist; and, De Leyrit giving way, war was for the present averted31. But since both sides had now infringed32 the treaty, it was plain that the renewal33 of hostilities could not long be deferred34.
1756.
The rest of the year passed away without serious trouble; but, however the suspension of arms might be observed in the south, there could be no safety for the Carnatic while Bussy remained at Aurungabad, virtually viceroy of the Deccan. He had been now installed therein since 1751, wielding35 his great powers with consummate36 tact37 and address in the face of intrigue38, jealousy39, and even conspiracy40; nay41, he had turned the most formidable of the combinations against him into a means of increasing his influence and of gaining nearly five hundred miles of the eastern coast, from the Chilka Lake southward, for the government of Pondicherry. It is true that this vast tract, which was known as the Northern Sirkars, had for the most part been restored to its native owners under the terms of the treaty, but it was still held by France pending42 the ratification43 of the articles, which was not expected to arrive until the middle of 1756; and it was always possible that so degrading a concession44 might be repudiated45 at Versailles. Moreover, whatever the fate of the negotiations47, the cardinal48 fact remained that Bussy continued always at the court of the Viceroy of the Deccan, and that it was vital to the British that his power should be undermined—that, in fact, Salabad Jung should be persuaded or forced to dismiss him. The first idea at Madras was to send a force to the assistance of the Mahratta, Balajee Rao, who had frequently carried on hostilities against Salabad Jung;[409] for which duty Clive, who had returned to India with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Governor of Fort St. David, volunteered his services. Another officer, however, was preferred to him, who died before the work could be begun; and the authorities at Bombay, from which side the operations were to be conducted, allowed the project to drop. Native intrigue nevertheless wrought effectually for the British what they could not do for themselves; and in May the feeble Salabad Jung was prevailed upon to dismiss Bussy and the French troops from his service. But Bussy had still an army with him, and had shown himself not less formidable in the field than in the council-chamber; so his enemies, to decide the matter, applied49 to Madras for a body of troops to assist in the expulsion of the French. No invitation could have been more pleasing. A force of eighteen hundred men was at once ordered for the service, when in the middle of July came tidings from Bengal which demanded the presence of every British soldier that could be spared from the coast of Coromandel.
May.
May 9.
June.
The provinces of Bengal, Orissa, and Behar had since 1735 been governed by a prince known to the English as Allaverdy Khan, who, like all other viceroys of the Moguls, had become virtually independent. At his death the sovereignty descended50, according to his own nomination51, to his great nephew Surajah Dowlah, a youth who had early discovered propensities52 towards cruelty, intemperance53, and debauchery such as are rare even in Oriental despots. Surajah Dowlah had always hated the English, and his hatred54 was not lessened55 after his succession by the fact that the most formidable of his competitors for the throne had received asylum56 and permission to deposit his treasures and his family at Madras. At the beginning of April the authorities at Calcutta received warning that the renewal of war with France was inevitable57, and accordingly set about the repair of the fortifications of the settlement. Surajah Dowlah, not only irritated but alarmed lest such[410] preparations should be levelled against himself, sent a message to the Governor requiring that the work should cease and that the newly-erected defences should be destroyed. The authorities answered by tendering explanations; but the angry Nabob heard them only to reject them, and ordered his army to march against the fort and factory of Cossimbazar. The place was in no condition to make any defence, and Surajah Dowlah having received its surrender pursued his march upon Calcutta. There the authorities, uninured to such trials as Madras, had weakly endeavoured to appease58 the wrath59 of the Nabob by desisting from further work on the fortifications: nor was it until too late that they discovered that their only safety lay in resistance. Letters were hurriedly despatched to Bombay and Madras for reinforcements, though with little hope that these would reach Calcutta in time. Appeals for aid were addressed also to the French at Chandernagore and to the Dutch at Chinsura, but were rejected by both parties, and by the French in particular with studied insolence60. By the 16th of June the Nabob's army was before the city. Fort William, the principal defence, was abandoned as untenable, and the British resolved to confine their resistance to the streets. On the 18th the enemy attacked and were gallantly61 beaten back; but on the 19th they succeeded in carrying the principal batteries: and it was then determined62, while there was yet time, to embark63 the women and children on the shipping64 in the Hooghly. The resolution was executed with a haste and disorder65 which soon turned to panic, and there was a general rush to escape. The Governor, who so far had shown firmness and courage, embarked66 with the rest, and the scanty67 remnant of Europeans left behind in Calcutta was compelled to capitulate. The tragedy that ensued is well known—how one hundred and forty-six Europeans were packed during the insufferable heat of a summer's night into a room not twenty feet square and with but two small windows; how the unhappy creatures strove for a time[411] to fight with order and discipline against suffocation68; how the effort proved, as it could not but prove, beyond their powers, and gave place to a succession of mad struggles for life, renewed and renewed again through hour after hour till at length they were closed by the slow mercy of death; and how when the corpses69 were cleared away from the door in the morning thirty-three ghastly figures staggered out from among them to tell to their countrymen the tale of the Black Hole of Calcutta.
July.
The Nabob then occupied himself with the plunder70 of the city and in writing inflated71 accounts of his conquest to Delhi; which done he left a garrison72 of three thousand men in Calcutta and departed with his army on the 2nd of July. On his way he extorted73 large contributions from Chandernagore and Chinsura as the price of their immunity74, and so returned to his capital of Moorshedebad.
July 20.
August.
December.
It was not until the 15th of July that the news of the fall of Cossimbazar reached Madras. Two hundred and thirty Europeans under Major Kilpatrick were promptly75 shipped off to the Hooghly, and arrived at Fulta, five-and-twenty miles below Calcutta, on the 2nd of August. But there was long hesitation as to the expediency76 of sending further reinforcements to Bengal. News was daily expected of declaration of war with France, and it was held by many of the Council that it would be wiser policy to send aid to Salabad Jung and to complete the discomfiture77 of Bussy while there was yet time. Fortunately wider and less selfish views prevailed, and ultimately it was decided78 to send every ship and man that could be spared to the Hooghly. There was still longer debate over the selection of a commander, but the choice finally fell upon Clive, though he was subordinated to Admiral Watson, who commanded the British squadron then lying at Madras. The force entrusted79 to him consisted of nine hundred Europeans, two hundred and fifty of which were of the Thirty-ninth regiment80, and fifteen hundred Sepoys. Thus[412] at last on the 15th of October the transports sailed under convoy81 of Admiral Watson's four ships of the line, though, owing to divers82 misfortunes, it was Christmas before the bulk of the fleet arrived at Fulta. Even then two ships, the one containing two hundred European troops, the other the great part of the field-artillery83, were still missing.
Dec. 29.
Even more discouraging was the condition of Kilpatrick's detachment which, being perforce encamped on unhealthy ground, had buried over one hundred men and could supply but thirty that were fit for duty. Still there was nothing to be gained by delay, so on the 27th of December the fleet sailed up the river and on the 29th anchored at Mayapore, two miles below the fort of Budge84 Budge. Here, contrary to Clive's opinion, Watson insisted that the troops should march against the fort overland. Five hundred Europeans and the whole of the Sepoys were accordingly disembarked, and after a most difficult march arrived at the place appointed for camp, a large hollow situated85 between two villages a mile and a half to north-east of Budge Budge. The men being greatly fatigued87 were permitted to leave their arms in the hollow and to lay themselves down wherever they thought best; and with inexcusable neglect not a sentry88 was posted. It so happened that Monichund, the officer left by Surajah Dowlah at Calcutta, had that very day reached Budge Budge with thirty-five hundred men, where on receiving intelligence of Clive's dispositions89 he laid his plans to attack him at nightfall. The British troops had not been long asleep when they were awaked by the fire of musketry and found the enemy upon them. Instantly they rushed to the hollow for their arms, the artillerymen deserting their guns and flying back with the infantry90 to take shelter. Clive, always cool and collected, called to his men to stand, knowing that the slightest retrograde movement would produce a panic, and detached two platoons from two different points to make a counter-attack. The British then recovered themselves, the[413] artillerymen returned to their guns, and Clive was able to form his line in order for a general advance. Before the action could become general a round shot passing close to Monichund's turban caused that officer to give a hasty signal for retreat; and so Clive's army was saved, though, indeed, it was by no fault but his own that it had been endangered. H.M.S. Kent then sailed up and silenced the guns of Budge Budge; and on the following night a drunken sailor, who chanced to blunder into the fort, made the discovery that it had been abandoned by the enemy.
Dec. 30.
1757.
Jan. 12.
Feb. 2.
Feb. 3.
On the 30th the fleet pursued its way up to Alighur, where Clive again landed with the army to march on Calcutta, while the ships engaged the enemy at Fort William. The Nabob's troops soon deserted91 both fort and town, and the fort was occupied, before Clive could reach it, by a detachment under Captain Eyre Coote of the Thirty-ninth Foot, who had sailed from England with two companies of his regiment in the previous November. It was then resolved to recapture Hooghly before the Nabob could advance from Moorshedabad; and accordingly three hundred and fifty of the Thirty-ninth with a due proportion of Sepoys were detached for the purpose, who took the town by storm with trifling92 loss and a week later returned to Calcutta. Meanwhile news arrived of the outbreak of war between France and England; and the Company fearing lest the French troops at Chandernagore, who numbered three hundred Europeans with a train of artillery, might join the Nabob, endeavoured to come to terms with him. The attempt was vain. Surajah Dowlah, irritated by the attack on Hooghly, collected an army of forty thousand men and moved steadily93 upon Calcutta. On the 2nd of February his advanced guard came into sight; whereupon Clive, who had taken up a position at the northern end of the town, marched out as if to attack. He decided, however, to wait for a more favourable94 moment; and on the following day the whole of the Nabob's army was encamped along the eastern side of[414] the town, beside the entrenchment95 that bore the name of the Mahratta Ditch.
Feb. 4.
Even then, though the French had not joined Surajah Dowlah, Clive was loth to encounter his army without reinforcements, and made a last effort at negotiation46; but, on the return of his commissioners96 without success, he decided to make an attempt upon the enemy's camp on the morrow. At midnight six hundred sailors were landed from the men-of-war, and with these, six hundred and fifty European infantry, a hundred gunners with six guns, and eight hundred Sepoys Clive started before dawn for the Nabob's encampment. His advance was made in a long column of three men abreast97, with the artillery in rear; and day had just broken when he struck against the enemy's advanced posts and drove them back. With the coming of the light there came also a dense98 fog, through which the column continued to move forward, successfully repulsing100 an attack of the enemy's cavalry101 as it went, until a causeway was reached, running at right angles to the line of march, which led to the Nabob's quarters within the Mahratta Ditch. There the head of the column changed direction to the right, as it had been bidden, but in the perplexity caused by the fog found itself under the fire of the British field-guns in the rear, and broke up to seek shelter. This movement misled the rear of the column; and very soon the entire force was in hopeless confusion. The enemy opening fire with their cannon102 increased the disorder; and Clive had much ado to keep his men together. Finally when the fog lifted he found himself surrounded by the enemy's cavalry; and though he succeeded in driving them off he was obliged, owing to the fatigue86 of his troops, to abandon the attack and return to camp. His losses amounted to one hundred Europeans and fifty Sepoys killed and wounded, against which there seemed little gain to be set. The men indeed were not a little disheartened, and complained with some bitterness of the rashness of their leader.
Feb. 9.
March.
June 4.
June 13.
But if the British were discouraged, much more so[415] was the Nabob. Blind and uncertain though the action had been, he had lost six hundred men and five hundred horses, while the idea of a British force calmly perambulating his camp was utterly103 distasteful and disquieting105 to him. Five days later he concluded a treaty whereby he agreed to restore all property taken at Calcutta and to revive all other privileges formerly106 granted to the British; an agreement which was expanded forty-eight hours afterwards into an offensive and defensive107 alliance. Clive then proposed to attack the French at Chandernagore, but this the Nabob positively108 forbade. In March, however, reinforcements of three companies of infantry and one of artillery arrived from Bombay, and Clive resolved to make the attack notwithstanding the Nabob's prohibition109. On the 7th of March the army began its march up the river; the siege was opened a week later, and the fort, which held no very strong garrison, was soon forced to capitulate. This defiance110 of his wishes increased at once the Nabob's dread111 of the British and his anxiety to evade26 the obligations of the treaty. The miserable112 creature writhed113 under the masterful spirit of Clive. He made overtures114 to Bussy, to the Mahrattas, to any one whom he thought able to help him out of his difficulties: sometimes he threatened the English, sometimes he apologised to them; and Clive, thoroughly115 distrustful of this abject116 ally, determined to keep the whole of his army in Bengal to watch him and hold him to his obligations. Meanwhile aid suddenly reached the British from an unexpected source. The followers117 of the Nabob, alienated118 by his folly119, his insults, and his caprice, began to fall away from him. Discontent ripened120 into disaffection, and disaffection into conspiracy. Overtures were presently made to the authorities at Calcutta to join in a plot for the overthrow121 of Surajah Dowlah and for the setting up of Meer Jaffier, hitherto his commander-in-chief but now foremost among the conspirators122, in his place. Long negotiations followed, which have become famous for the blot123 which, rightly or wrongly, they have left upon[416] the memory of Clive. Finally Meer Jaffier signed the treaty which bound the English to win for him the throne of Bengal, Orissa, and Behar, and engaged himself in return to make over to them all French factories within those provinces, as well as a slight accession of territory about Calcutta, and to give compensation for the damage inflicted124 by Surajah Dowlah. Meer Jaffier, however, had displayed considerable irresolution125 during the negotiations, and the secret of the conspiracy had already begun to leak out, so that it became necessary to clench126 the arrangement by immediate127 action. Accordingly on the 13th of June, Clive, who had been throughout the leading and deciding spirit, set his force in motion from Chandernagore upon Moorshedabad, and on the following day sent a letter to the Nabob which amounted virtually to a declaration of war.
Before the letter arrived Surajah Dowlah had awaked to his peril128 and sent emissaries to treat with Meer Jaffier; nay, throwing off all royal state he visited his former vassal129 in person to entreat130 humbly131 for reconciliation132. Meer Jaffier yielded; the agreement between the two men was ratified133 by the usual oaths on the Koran; and Surajah Dowlah, returning a defiant134 answer to Clive, ordered the whole of his army to assemble some twelve miles due south of Moorshedabad at the village of Plassey.
June.
Meanwhile Clive continued his advance up the Hooghly, the Europeans travelling by water in boats, the Sepoys marching along the western bank. His force consisted in all of nine hundred Europeans, two hundred half-bred Portuguese135 and twenty-one hundred Sepoys, with ten guns. On the 16th he halted at Paltee, on the Cossimbazar river above its junction136 with the Jelingeer, and sent forward Major Eyre Coote to secure the fort of Cutwa, twelve miles farther up, which commanded the passage of the river. The governor of the fort was one of the conspirators against Surajah Dowlah, but he met Coote's overtures with defiance, and on the deployment137 of the British force for attack set fire to the defences and retired138[417] together with his garrison. Clive's force encamped in the plain of Cutwa that night; but the behaviour of the Governor was calculated to disquiet104 him, for Meer Jaffier's letters only reported vaguely139 that he himself, though reconciled to the Nabob, intended none the less to abide140 by the treaty with the British. Distrusting so ambiguous a declaration Clive decided not to cross the river into what was called the Island of Cossimbazar,[341] until his doubts should be resolved. On the 20th further letters arrived from Meer Jaffier tending somewhat to allay141 Clive's misgivings142 as to his good faith, but holding out little hope of assistance in the coming operations; while simultaneously143 there came a letter from one of Clive's agents which gave some reason for doubting Meer Jaffier's sincerity144. Much perplexed145 Clive summoned a council of war, and put it to the twenty officers therein assembled whether it would be better to cross the river and attack the Nabob at all hazards, or to halt at Cutwa, where supplies were abundant, until the close of the rainy season, and meanwhile to invoke146 the assistance of the Mahrattas. He gave his own opinion first in favour of remaining at Cutwa, and was followed by thirteen of the officers, including so bold a soldier as Kilpatrick. Coote and six more, however, gave their votes for immediate action or return to Calcutta. Clive broke up the council, retired alone into an adjoining grove147 for an hour, and on his return issued orders to cross the river on the morrow.
June 23.
At sunrise of the 22nd the army began the passage of the river, and by four in the afternoon it stood on the eastern bank. Here another letter reached Clive from Meer Jaffier, giving information as to the intended movements of the Nabob. Clive's answer was that he should advance to Plassey at once, and on the following morning to Daoodpoor, six miles beyond it; and that if Meer Jaffier failed to meet him[418] there, he would make peace with Surajah Dowlah. The troops accordingly proceeded on their way, Europeans by water, Sepoys by land; but owing to the slow progress of the boats against the stream, it was one o'clock in the morning before they had traversed the fifteen miles to the village of Plassey. Here they were surprised to learn from the continued din4 of drums and cymbals148 that the Nabob's army was close at hand; for they had expected to meet with it farther north. Solaced149 by this rude music the men lay down in a mango-grove to sleep; but the officers that slept were few, and Clive was not one of them.
The grove of Plassey extended north and south for a length of about half a mile, with a width of about three hundred yards. The trees were planted in regular rows, and the whole was surrounded by a slight bank and by a ditch beyond it, choked with weeds and brambles. The grove lay at an acute angle to the river, the northern corner being fifty yards and the southern two hundred yards from the bank. A little to the northward150 of it and on the edge of the river stood a hunting-house of the Nabob, surrounded by a garden and wall. A mile to northward of this house the river makes a huge bend to the south-west in the form of a horse-shoe, containing a peninsula of about a mile in diameter, which shrinks at its neck to a width of some five hundred yards from stream to stream. About three hundred yards to south of this peninsula an entrenchment had been thrown up, which ran for above a furlong straight inland and parallel to the grove, and then turned off at an obtuse151 angle to the north-eastward for about three miles. The whole of the Nabob's army was encamped within this entrenchment and the peninsula, and the angle itself was defended by a redoubt. Some three hundred yards to the east of the redoubt, but outside the entrenchment, stood a hillock covered with trees; half a mile to southward of this hillock lay a small tank, and yet a hundred yards farther south a second and much[419] larger tank, both of them surrounded by a mound152 of earth.
At dawn the Nabob's forces began to stream by many outlets153 from the camp towards the grove, a mighty154 host of thirty-five thousand foot, eighteen thousand horse, and fifty pieces of artillery. The cannon were for the most part of large calibre and were carried, together with their crews and ammunition155, on large stages, which were tugged156 by forty or fifty yoke157 of oxen in front and propelled by elephants from behind. Forty or fifty French adventurers under M. St. Frais, who had formerly been of the garrison of Chandernagore, took post with four light field-guns at the larger tank, which was nearest to the grove; while two heavy guns under a native officer were posted to St. Frais's right and between him and the river. In support of these advanced parties were five thousand horse and seven thousand foot under the Nabob's most faithful general, Meer Murdeen. The rest of the hostile army extended itself in a huge curve from the hillock before the entrenchments to within half a mile of the southern angle of the grove. Thus the British could not advance against the force in their front without exposing themselves to overwhelming attack on their right flank.
Clive watched these dispositions from the hunting-house, and was surprised at the numbers and confidence of the enemy. But knowing that his only chance was to assume a bold face, he drew his troops out of the grove and formed them in a single line, with their left resting on the hunting-house and their front towards the nearest tank. The European battalion158 occupied the centre of the line. It mustered159 on that day about seven hundred men, partly of the Company's troops, since numbered the Hundred and First to the Hundred and Third Regiments160, and partly of the Thirty-ninth Foot, while one hundred half-bred Portuguese also were ranked within it. Three six-pounders were posted on each flank of this battalion,[420] manned by fifty men of the Royal Artillery and as many seamen161; and to right and left of these guns, twenty-one hundred Sepoys were drawn162 up in two equal divisions. The line extended for six hundred yards beyond the grove, but the enemy at this point was too remote to fall upon the British flank before dispositions could be made to meet them. Two more field-guns and two howitzers were posted two hundred yards in advance of the left division of Sepoys, under shelter of two brick-kilns. Therewith Clive's order of battle was complete; and the handful of three thousand men stood up to meet its fifty thousand enemies. Its strength lay in the group of white faces in the centre, and the strength of that group lay in the will of one man. It was the first time that British troops had faced such odds163; but it was not to be the last.
At eight o'clock the action was opened by the firing of one of the French guns at the tank. The shot fell true, killing164 one man and wounding another of the British grenadier-company. Then the whole of the enemy's guns, from the tanks in front along the whole vast sweep of the curving line, opened a heavy and continuous fire. The British guns replied and with effect, but the loss of one of Clive's soldiers was ill compensated165 for by the fall of ten of the enemy; and after losing thirty men in the first half hour of the cannonade Clive ordered the whole of his force to fall back into the grove. So the little band of scarlet166 faced about, passed into the trees and vanished from sight; while wild yells of elation167 rose up from the enemies that ringed them about, and their whole line closing in nearer upon the grove renewed the cannonade with redoubled energy. The shot, however, did little damage, for the British had been ordered to lie down; and Clive's field-guns, firing through embrasures made in the bank, wrought greater destruction, at the closer range, than before. So the duel168 of artillery continued until eleven o'clock, when Clive called a council of officers, and[421] decided that it would be best to maintain the position until nightfall, and at midnight to take the offensive and attack the enemy's camp.
Then by chance nature interposed, as at Cré?y, to change the whole aspect of the fight. A heavy storm of rain swept over the plain, drenching169 both armies to the skin. The British had tarpaulins170 ready to cover their ammunition; but the enemy had taken no such precaution, and consequently most of their powder was damaged. Their fire began to slacken, while that of the British was as lively as ever. Nevertheless, believing that his adversary171 must be in the same predicament as himself, Meer Murdeen advanced from the tank towards the grove to drive the British from it. His troops were met by a deadly fire of grape, his cavalry was dispersed172 and he himself mortally wounded. The news of his fall shattered the shaken nerves of the unhappy Nabob, and in abject despair he sent for Meer Jaffier and besought173 earnestly for his help. He, the sovereign, flung his turban at the feet of his subject and cried, "Jaffier, that turban you must defend." And Jaffier, with the readiness of submissive gesture which graces Oriental duplicity, bowed his head and laid his hands upon his breast, swearing to render his utmost service. Then returning to his fellow-conspirators he forthwith despatched a letter to Clive, advising him to push forward at once, or at all events to attack the Nabob before next dawn. The messenger was afraid to deliver the letter while the fire continued; but Surajah Dowlah, as though aware that no faithful counsellor was left to him, turned to another of his leaders for help. This man, being also of the conspirators, advised him to order the army to fall back within the entrenchment and himself to retire to the capital, leaving the issue of the fight to his Generals. The wretched Nabob acted on this counsel, and mounting a camel set forth174 with an escort of two thousand horse for Moorshedabad. Thus it was that at about two o'clock the enemy's fire ceased, the teams were harnessed to the guns, and the whole[422] host turning about flowed back slowly towards the entrenchments.
While all this was going forward, Clive, having resolved to make no offensive movement before night, had retired to the hunting-house to snatch a few minutes of sleep after the anxiety and fatigue of the previous day. He was roused by a message from Major Kilpatrick which brought him back speedily into the field. Despite the withdrawal175 of the Nabob's army St. Frais and his little party still held their position in the tank, and Kilpatrick, perceiving that the position was one from which the enemy's flank could be cannonaded during their retreat, sent word to Clive that he was about to attack it. Clive, waked abruptly176 from sleep, sharply reprimanded Kilpatrick for taking such a step without orders; but presently seeing that the Major was right, he took command of his two companies, and sending Kilpatrick to bring forward the rest of the army, himself led the advance against the tank.
St. Frais, aware that he could hold his ground no longer, thereupon limbered up, and retiring with perfect coolness to the redoubt at the angle of the entrenchment, made ready for action once more. Meanwhile, during the advance of the British, the southernmost division of the Nabob's army was observed to be holding aloof177 from the rest of the host and approaching nearer to the grove. These were the troops of Meer Jaffier, but their movement was misconstrued as a design upon the boats and baggage in the grove; and accordingly three platoons and a field-gun were detached to hold them in check. The division therefore retired slowly, but still remained significantly apart from the remainder of the host. But before this, the main body of the British had reached the tank, and planting their artillery on the mound opened fire on the enemy behind their entrenchments. Thereupon many of the Nabob's troops faced about again and moved out into the plain to meet them; the infantry opening a heavy fire, while the artillery likewise wheeled about to enter the fight[423] anew. In effect it was at this moment that the true battle began, though the Nabob's force was by this time without leader or general. Clive perceived that his only chance was to press his attack home before the resistance to him could assume any organised form. He therefore pushed forward half of his infantry and artillery to the lesser178 tank, and the remainder to some rising ground a furlong to the left of it, at the same time detaching a hundred and fifty men to occupy a tank close to the entrenchments and to keep up a fire of musketry upon them. From these stations the firing was renewed at closer range than before and with admirable efficiency. The enemy suffered great loss, and the teams attached to their heavy artillery were so much cut up that the guns could not be brought into action. Nevertheless St. Frais's field-pieces at the redoubt were still well and regularly served; and the enemy, though lacking leadership, were able, under favour of the ground and of their immense superiority in numbers, to carry on the fight with some spirit in their own irregular fashion. The entrenchments themselves, the hillock to eastward of the redoubt, and every hollow or coign of vantage, were crammed179 with matchlockmen, while the cavalry hovered180 round, threatening continually to charge, though always kept at a distance by the British artillery. At length it dawned upon Clive that the isolated181 division of the Nabob's army by the grove must be that of Meer Jaffier, and that his flank and rear were safe. He resolved therefore to cut matters short. Two parties were detached to make simultaneous attack upon the redoubt on one side and the hillock on the other, while the main body moved up between them in support. The hillock was carried without the firing of a shot, and St. Frais, perceiving that he was now wholly unsupported, abandoned his guns and retired. At five o'clock the British were in possession of the Nabob's entrenchments and camp, and the battle of Plassey was won.
From a military standpoint the action has comparatively[424] little interest, since the issue turned really on the good faith or, if the term be preferred, the ill-faith of the leading conspirators against Surajah Dowlah. The British could not advance until the enemy retired; it was a shower of rain that silenced the Nabob's artillery and began the discouragement which led to their retreat; and even then the British commander needed to be waked out of sleep to follow them. There were no such superb audacity182 of attack, no such bloody183 struggle, no such triumph of discipline over numbers, as were to be seen afterwards at Meeanee. The whole loss of the British amounted to but seven Europeans and sixteen Sepoys killed, thirteen Europeans and thirty-six Sepoys wounded. It was a small price to pay for dominion22 over the provinces of Bengal, Orissa, and Behar, for such and no less were the fruits of the victory. Yet it is not by the mere184 tale of the slaughtered185 and the maimed that such successes must be judged. The victory may have been easily won when the moment came for the actual clash of arms; but the main point is that the British were there to win it. The campaign of Plassey is less a study of military skill than of the iron will and unshaken nerve that could lead three thousand men against a host of unknown strength, and hold them undaunted, a single slender line, within a ring of fifty thousand enemies.
June 24.
1758.
The day's work did not end with the capture of the camp. Eyre Coote was sent forward with a detachment to keep the enemy moving, and the army encamped for the night at Daoodpoor. On the following day Meer Jaffier was saluted186 by Clive as Nabob of Bengal, Orissa, and Behar, after which he hastened with his troops to Moorshedabad, reaching the city on the same evening. Surajah Dowlah had fled before his arrival, but parties were sent out at once in search of him, and a few days later he was brought back and assassinated187. On the 29th Clive likewise entered the city and formally installed Meer Jaffier on the throne. He then spent the succeeding months in dividing the[425] spoils of the victory, of which the troops received no small share, and in securing that British interests should be paramount188 in the new possessions, or, to use plain language, that the Company should be the true sovereign and Meer Jaffier its puppet. On this part of his task I shall for the present dwell no further, except to mention that the agent selected by him to reside at the Court of Meer Jaffier was a young man of five-and-twenty, named Warren Hastings. The work was not fully99 accomplished189 for many months, nor was it until the following May that Clive was able to return to Calcutta, having left the greater number of his troops at Cossimbazar to keep watch over Moorshedabad. A month before his arrival events in Southern India had taken a ply24 which called for the appointment of the ablest possible man as ruler of Bengal; and in June Clive, at the request of the authorities at Calcutta, assumed the office of President. Before long his hand will again be seen busy in the direction of new conquests; but it is necessary first to trace the course of events in Southern India.
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1
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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infraction
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| n.违反；违法 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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10
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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11
assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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13
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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14
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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pagoda
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| n.宝塔（尤指印度和远东的多层宝塔），（印度教或佛教的）塔式庙宇 | |
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16
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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17
bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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18
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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21
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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24
ply
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| v.(搬运工等)等候顾客，弯曲 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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26
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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28
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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29
arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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32
infringed
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| v.违反（规章等）( infringe的过去式和过去分词 )；侵犯（某人的权利）；侵害（某人的自由、权益等） | |
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33
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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34
deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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35
wielding
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的现在分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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36
consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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37
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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38
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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39
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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40
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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41
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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42
pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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43
ratification
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| n.批准，认可 | |
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44
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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45
repudiated
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| v.（正式地）否认( repudiate的过去式和过去分词 )；拒绝接受；拒绝与…往来；拒不履行（法律义务） | |
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46
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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47
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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48
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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49
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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50
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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51
nomination
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| n.提名，任命，提名权 | |
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52
propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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53
intemperance
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| n.放纵 | |
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54
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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55
lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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56
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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57
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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58
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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59
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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60
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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61
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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62
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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63
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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64
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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65
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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66
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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67
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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68
suffocation
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| n.窒息 | |
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69
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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70
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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71
inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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72
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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73
extorted
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| v.敲诈( extort的过去式和过去分词 )；曲解 | |
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74
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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75
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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76
expediency
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| n.适宜；方便；合算；利己 | |
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77
discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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78
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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79
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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80
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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81
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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82
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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83
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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84
budge
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| v.移动一点儿；改变立场 | |
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85
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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86
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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88
sentry
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| n.哨兵，警卫 | |
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89
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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90
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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91
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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92
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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93
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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94
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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entrenchment
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| n.壕沟，防御设施 | |
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96
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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100
repulsing
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| v.击退( repulse的现在分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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101
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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102
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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103
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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104
disquiet
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| n.担心，焦虑 | |
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105
disquieting
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| adj.令人不安的，令人不平静的v.使不安，使忧虑，使烦恼( disquiet的现在分词 ) | |
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106
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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107
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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108
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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109
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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110
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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111
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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112
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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113
writhed
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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115
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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116
abject
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| adj.极可怜的，卑屈的 | |
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117
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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118
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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119
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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120
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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122
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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123
blot
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| vt.弄脏（用吸墨纸）吸干；n.污点，污渍 | |
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124
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
irresolution
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| n.不决断，优柔寡断，犹豫不定 | |
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126
clench
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| vt.捏紧（拳头等），咬紧（牙齿等），紧紧握住 | |
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127
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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128
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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129
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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130
entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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131
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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132
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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133
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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134
defiant
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| adj.无礼的，挑战的 | |
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135
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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136
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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137
deployment
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| n. 部署,展开 | |
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138
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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139
vaguely
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| adv.含糊地，暖昧地 | |
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140
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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141
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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142
misgivings
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧 | |
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143
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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144
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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145
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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146
invoke
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| v.求助于(神、法律)；恳求，乞求 | |
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147
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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148
cymbals
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| pl.铙钹 | |
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149
solaced
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| v.安慰，慰藉( solace的过去分词 ) | |
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150
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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151
obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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152
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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153
outlets
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| n.出口( outlet的名词复数 )；经销店；插座；廉价经销店 | |
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154
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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155
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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156
tugged
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| v.用力拉，使劲拉，猛扯( tug的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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157
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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158
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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159
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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160
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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161
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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162
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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163
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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164
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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165
compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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166
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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167
elation
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| n.兴高采烈，洋洋得意 | |
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168
duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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169
drenching
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| n.湿透v.使湿透( drench的现在分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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170
tarpaulins
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| n.防水帆布，防水帆布罩( tarpaulin的名词复数 ) | |
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171
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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172
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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173
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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174
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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175
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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176
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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177
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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178
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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179
crammed
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| adj.塞满的，挤满的；大口地吃；快速贪婪地吃v.把…塞满；填入；临时抱佛脚( cram的过去式) | |
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180
hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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181
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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182
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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183
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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184
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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185
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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186
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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187
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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188
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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189
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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