M. L. is nineteen years of age, of a rather limited intelligence. He works as a shopboy amidst surroundings of poverty, and leads a hard life, full of privations. He is undersized and underfed, and looks as if he has never had enough to eat. Born in New York, of parents belonging to the lowest social stratum3, he was treated with severity and even brutality4. The patient has never been to any elementary school and can neither read nor write. His[217] mathematical knowledge did not extend beyond hundreds; he can hardly accomplish a simple addition and subtraction5, and has no idea of the multiplication6 table. The names of the President and a few Tammany politicians constitute all his knowledge of the history of the United States.
Family history is not known; his parents died when the patient was very young, and he was left without kith and kin7, so that no data could be obtained.
Physical examination is negative. Field of vision is normal. There are no sensory8 disturbances9. The process of perception is normal, and so also is recognition. Memory for past and present events is good. His power of reasoning is quite limited, and the whole of his mental life is undeveloped, embryonic11. His sleep is sound; dreams little. Digestion12 is excellent; he can digest anything in the way of eatables. He is of an easy-going, gay disposition13, a New York “street-Arab.”
The patient complains of “shaking spells.” The attack sets in with tremor14 of all the extremities15, and then spreads to the whole body. The tremor becomes general, and the patient is seized by a convulsion of shivering, trembling, and chattering16 of teeth. Sometimes he falls down, shivering, trembling, and shaking all over, in an intense state of fear, a state of panic. The seizure18 seems to be epileptiform, only it lasts sometimes for more than three hours. The[218] attack may come any time during the day, but is more frequent at night.
During the attack the patient does not lose consciousness; he knows everything that is taking place around him, can feel everything pretty well; his teeth chatter17 violently, he trembles and shivers all over, and is unable to do anything.
The fear instinct has complete possession of him. He is in agony of terror. There is also a feeling of chilliness19, as if he is possessed20 by an attack of “fear ague.” The seizure does not start with any numbness21 of the extremities, nor is there any anaesthesia or paraesthesia during the whole course of the attack. With the exception of the shivers and chills the patient claims he feels “all right.”
The patient was put into a condition close to the hypnotic state. There was some catalepsy of a transient character, but no suggestibility of the hypnotic type. In this state it came to light that the patient “many years ago” was forced to sleep in a dark, damp cellar where it was bitter cold. The few nights passed in that dark, cold cellar he had to leave his bed, and shaking, trembling, and shivering with cold and fear he had to go about his work in expectation of a severe punishment in case of non-performance of his duties.
While in the intermediary, subwaking, hypnoidal state, the patient was told to think of that dark, damp, cold cellar. Suddenly the attack set in,—the[219] patient began to shake, shiver, and tremble all over, his teeth chattering as if suffering from intense fear. The attack was thus reproduced in the hypnoidal state. “This is the way I have been,” he said. During this attack no numbness, no sensory disturbance10, was present. The patient was quieted, and after a little while the attack of shivering and fear disappeared.
The room in which the patient was put into the subconscious state was quite dark, and accidentally the remark was dropped that the room was too dark to see anything; immediately the attack reappeared in all its violence. It was found later that it was sufficient to mention the words, “dark, damp, and cold” to bring on an attack even in the fully24 waking state. We could thus reproduce the attacks at will,—those magic words had the power to release the pent-up subconscious forces and throw the patient into convulsions of shakings and shiverings, with chattering of the teeth and intense fear.
Thus the apparent epileptiform seizures25, the insistent26 psychomotor states of seemingly unaccountable origin, were traced to subconscious fear obsessions27.
The following case is of similar nature. The study clearly shows the subconscious nature of such psycholeptic attacks:[10]
[220]
Mr. M., aged28 twenty-one years, was born in Russia, and came to this country four years previously29. His family history, as far as can be ascertained30, is good. There is no nervous trouble of any sort in the immediate23 or remote members of his family.
The patient himself has always enjoyed good health. He is a young man of good habits.
He was referred to me for epileptiform attacks and anaesthesia of the right half of his body. The attack is preceded by an aura consisting of headache and a general feeling of malaise. The aura lasts a few days and terminates in the attack which sets in about midnight, when the patient is fully awake. The attack consists of a series of spasms32, rhythmic33 in character, and lasting34 about one or two minutes. After an interval35 of not more than thirty seconds the spasms set in again.
This condition continues uninterruptedly for a period of five or six days (a sort of status epilepticus), persisting during the time the patient is awake, and ceasing only during the short intervals36, or rather moments, of sleep. Throughout the whole period of the attacks the patient is troubled with insomnia37. He sleeps restlessly for only ten or fifteen minutes at a time. On one occasion he was observed to be in a state of delirium38 as found in post-epileptic insanity39 and the so-called D?mmerzust?nde of epilepsy. This delirium was observed but once in the course of five years.
[221]
The regular attack is not accompanied by any delirious40 states or D?mmerzust?nde. On the contrary, during the whole course of the attack the patient’s mind remains41 perfectly42 clear.
During the period of the attack the whole right side becomes anaesthetic to all forms of sensations, kinaesthesis included, so that he is not even aware of the spasms unless he actually observes the affected43 limbs.
The affected limbs, previously normal, also become paretic. After the attack has subsided44, the paresis and anaesthesia persist (as sometimes happens in true idiopathic epilepsy) for a few days, after which the patient’s condition remains normal until the next attack. After his last attack, however, the anaesthesia and paresis continued for about three weeks.
He has had every year one attack which, curiously45, sets in about the same time, namely, about the month of January or February. The attacks have of late increased in frequency, so that the patient has had four, at intervals of about three or four months. On different occasions he was in the Boston City Hospital for the attacks.
There was a profound right hemianaesthesia including the right half of the tongue, with a marked hypoaesthesia of the right side of the pharynx. All the senses of the right side were involved. The field of vision of the right eye was much limited. The ticking of a watch could not be heard more than[222] three inches away from the right ear. Taste and smell were likewise involved on the right side. The muscular and kinaesthetic sensations on the right side were much impaired46.
The patient’s mental condition was good. He states that he has few dreams and these are insignificant47, concerned as they are with the ordinary matters of daily life. Occasionally he dreams that he is falling, but there is no definite content to the dream.
These findings were indicative of functional48 rather than organic disease. The previous history of the case was significant. The first attack came on after peculiar49 circumstances, when the patient was sixteen years of age and living in Russia. After returning from a ball one night, he was sent back to look for a ring which the lady, whom he escorted, had lost on the way. It was after midnight, and his way lay on a lonely road which led by a cemetery50. When near the cemetery he was suddenly overcome by a great fright, thinking that somebody was running after him. He fell, struck his right side, and lost consciousness. The patient did not remember this last event. It was told by him when in a hypnotic state.
The patient was a Polish Jew, densely51 ignorant, terrorized by superstitious52 fears of evil powers working in the dead of night.
By the time he was brought home he regained53 consciousness,[223] but there existed a spasmodic shaking of the right side, involving the arm, leg, and head. The spasm31 persisted for one week. During this time he could not voluntarily move his right arm or leg, and the right half of his body felt numb22. There was also apparently54 a loss of muscular sense, for he stated that he was unaware55 of the shaking of his arm or leg, unless he looked and saw the movements. In other words, there was right hemiplegia, anaesthesia, and spasms.
For one week after the cessation of the spasms his right arm and leg remained weak, but he was soon able to resume his work, and he felt as well as ever. Since then every year, as already stated, about the same month the patient has an attack similar in every respect to the original attack, with the only exception that there is no loss of consciousness. Otherwise the subsequent yearly attacks are photographic pictures, close repetitions, recurrences56 of the original attack.
A series of experiments accordingly was undertaken. First, as to the anaesthesia. If the anaesthesia were functional, sensory impressions ought to be felt, even though the patient was unconscious of them, and we ought to be able to get sensory reactions.
Experiments made to determine the nature of the anaesthesia produced interesting results. These experiments show that the anaesthesia is not a true[224] one, but that impressions from the anaesthetic parts which seem not to be felt are really perceived subconsciously57.
Different tests showed that the subconscious reactions to impressions from the anaesthetic hand were more delicately plastic and responsive than the conscious reactions to impressions from the normal hand. We have the so-called “psychopathic paradox” that functional anaesthesia is a subconscious hyperaesthesia.
It is evident then that there could be no inhibition of the sensory centres, or suppression of their activity, or whatever else it may be called. In spite of the apparent, profound anaesthesia, the pin pricks58 were felt and perceived. Stimulations gave rise to perception, cognition, to a sort of pseudo-hallucinations that showed the pin pricks were counted and localized in the hand. The results of these tests demonstrate that in psychopathic patients all sensory impressions received from anaesthetic parts, while they do not reach the personal consciousness are perceived subconsciously.
Inasmuch as the sensations are perceived, the failure of the subject to be conscious of them must be due to a failure in association. The perception of the sensation is dissociated from the personal consciousness. More than this, these dissociated sensations are capable of a certain amount of independent functioning; hence the pseudo-hallucinations, and[225] hence the failure of psychopathic patients to be incommoded by their anaesthesia. This condition of dissociation underlies60 psychopathic states.
For the purpose of studying the attacks, the patient was hypnotized. He went into a deep somnambulic condition, in which, however, the anaesthesia still persisted. This showed that the dissociation of the sensory impressions was unchanged.
In hypnosis he related again the history of the onset61 of the trouble. His memory became broader, and he was able to give the additional information, which he could not do in his waking state, that at the time he was badly frightened, he fell on his right side. Moreover, he recalled what he did not remember when awake, that throughout the period of his attacks when he fell asleep, he had vivid dreams of an intense hallucinatory character, all relating to terror and fall.
In these dreams he lived over and over again the experience which was the beginning of his trouble. He again finds himself in his little native town, on a lonely road; he thinks some one is running after him; he becomes frightened, calls for help, falls, and then wakes up with a start, and the whole dream is forgotten. After he wakes he knows nothing of all this; there is no more fear or any emotional disturbance; he is then simply distressed62 by the spasms.
While testing the anaesthesia during hypnosis, an[226] attack developed, his right arm and leg began to shake, first mildly and then with increasing intensity63 and frequency. His head also spasmodically turned to the right side. The movements soon became rhythmic. Arm and leg were abducted64 and adducted in a slow rhythmic way at the rate of about thirty-six times per minute. With the same rate and rhythm, the head turned to the right side, with chin pointing upward. The right side of the face was distorted by spasm, as if in great pain. The left side of the face was unaffected. Pressure over his right side (where he struck when he fell) elicited65 evidences of great pain. Respiration66 became deep and labored67, and was synchronous68 with each spasm. The whole symptom-complex simulated Jacksonian epilepsy.
Consciousness persisted unimpaired, but showed a curious and unexpected alteration69. When asked what was the matter, he replied in his native dialect, “I do not understand what you say.” It was found that he had lost all understanding of English, so that it was necessary to speak to him in his native dialect. His answers to our questions made it apparent that during the attack, as in his dreams, he was living through the experience which had originally excited his trouble.
The attack was hypnoidic, a fear attack, hallucinatory in character. He said that he was sixteen years old, that he was in Rovno (Russia), that he[227] had just fallen, because he was frightened, that he was lying on the roadside near the cemetery, which in the popular superstitious fear is inhabited by ghosts. At that hour of the night the dead arise from their graves and attack the living who happen to be near.
The hypnoidic state developed further, the patient living through, as in a dream, the whole experience that had taken place at that period. He was in a carriage, though he did not know who put him there. Then in a few moments he was again home, in his house, with his parents attending on him as in the onset of his first epileptiform seizures.
The attack terminated at this point, and thereupon he became perfectly passive, and when spoken to answered again in English. Now he was again twenty-one years old, was conscious of where he was, and was in absolute ignorance of what had just taken place.
It was found that an attack could regularly and artificially be induced, if the patient in hypnosis was taken back by suggestion to the period when the accident happened.
The experiment was now tried of taking him back to a period antedating70 the first attack. He was told that he was fifteen years old, that is, a year before the accident occurred. He could no longer speak or understand English, he was again in Rovno, engaged as a salesman in a little store, had never been in[228] America, and did not know who we were. Testing sensation, it was found that it had spontaneously returned to the hand. There was not a trace of the anaesthesia left. The hands which did not feel deep pin pricks before now reacted to the slightest stimulation59. Spontaneous synthesis of the dissociated sensory impressions had occurred. Just as formerly71 before the accident, sensation was in normal association with the rest of his mental processes, so now this association was re-established with the memories of that period to which the patient was artificially reduced.
The patient was now (while still believing himself to be fifteen years old) taken a year forward to the day on which the accident occurred. He says he is going to the ball tonight. He is now at the ball; he returned home; he is sent back to look for a ring. Like a magic formula, it calls forth72 an attack in which again he lives through the accident,—the terror and the spasms.
It was thus possible to reproduce an attack at any time with clock-like precision by taking him back to the period of the accident, and reproducing all its details in a hypnoidic state. Each time the fear and the physical manifestations73 of the attack (spasms, paresis, and anaesthesia) developed. These induced attacks were identical with the spontaneous attacks, one of which we had occasion to observe later.
At periodic intervals, as under the stress of fear,[229] the dormant74 activity is awakened75 and, though still unknown to the patient, gives rise to the same sensori-motor disturbances which characterized the original experience. These subconscious dissociated states are so much more intense in their manifestations by the very fact of their dissociaton from the inhibitory influences of the normal mental life.
The psychognosis of such cases reveals on the one hand a dissociation of mental processes, and on the other hand an independent and automatic activity of subconscious psychic states, under the disaggregating, paralyzing influence of the fear instinct.
A patient under my treatment for four months during the year of 1922 presents interesting traits. I regard the case as classic as far as the fundamental factors of neurosis are concerned.
Patient, male, age 32, married, has two children. He lives in an atmosphere of fear and apprehension76 about himself. He comes from a large, but healthy family. The patient is of a rather cowardly disposition especially in regard to his health. He worked hard in a store during the day, and led a life of dissipation at night. One day, after a night of unusual dissipation, or orgy, when on his way to his work, he felt weak, he was dizzy, he became frightened about himself; he thought he had an attack of apoplexy, and that he was going to die. His heart was affected, it began to beat violently, and he trembled[230] and shivered in an “ague” of intense fear. The palpitation of the heart was so great, the trembling was so violent, and the terror was so overwhelming that he collapsed79 in a heap. He was taken to his father’s store in a state of “fainting spell.” A physician was called in who treated the patient for an attack of acute indigestion.
For a short time he felt better, but the attacks of terror, trembling, shivering, weakness, pallor, fainting, palpitation of the heart and general collapse78 kept on recurring80. He then began to suffer from insomnia, from fatigue81, and is specially77 obsessed82 by fear fatigue. He is in terror over the fact that his energy is exhausted83; physical, mental, nervous, sexual impotence. This was largely developed by physicians who treated him for epilepsy, putting him on a bromide treatment; others treated and diagnosed the case as cardiac affection, kidney trouble, dementia praecox, and one physician operated on the poor fellow for tonsillitis. The patient was terrorized. He was on a diet for toxaemia, he was starved. He took all sorts of medicine for his insomnia.
The patient became a chronic84 invalid85 for ten years. He was in terror, scared with the horrors of sleepless86 nights. He has been to neurologists, to psychoanalysts, and he tried Christian87 Science, New Thought, Naturopathy, and Osteopathy, but of no avail. The condition persisted. The attacks came[231] on from time to time like thunder storms. There were trembling, shivering, chattering of teeth, palpitation of the heart, weakness, fainting, and overwhelming, uncontrollable terror.
The first time I tried to put the patient into a hypnoidal state was nine at night. I put out the electric light, lighted a candle, and proceeded to put him into a hypnoidal condition. The patient began to shiver, to tremble, to breathe fast and heavily, the pulse rose to over 125, while the heart began to thump88 violently, as if it were going to jump out. He was like one paralyzed, the muscles of the chest labored hard, and under my pressure the muscle fibers89 hardened, crackled, became rigid90, and he could not reply when spoken to. It took me some time to quieten him. He was clearly in a state of great panic. I opened his eyelids91 and found the eye ball turned up. The whole body was easily put in a state of catalepsy. Clearly the patient was not in a hypnoidal state, he was in a state of hypnosis. Night after night he fell into states of hypnosis with all the symptoms of intense fear attacks. When the fear attacks subsided the depths of the hypnotic state proportionately diminished.
In my various clinical and laboratory experimental work, covering a period of a quarter of a century, I have gradually come to the conclusion that fear and hypnosis are interrelated. In fact I am disposed to think that the hypnotic state is an ancient[232] state, a state of fear cataplexy, or rather trance obedience92. While the hypnoidal state is a primitive93 sleep state, the hypnotic condition is a primitive, fear condition, still present in lowly formed organisms.
After some time the general fear instinct becomes alleviated94. The patient goes by habit into a trance hypnotic state under the influence of the hypnotizer in whom he gains more confidence. The patient gets into a state of trance obedience to the hypnotizer of whom he is in awe95, and who can control the patient’s fear instinct.
Man obeys the commands, “the suggestions” of the hypnotizer, of the master whom he subconsciously fears, and who inspires him with awe, with “confidence-fear”. The crowd, the community, “public opinion,” the mob, the leader, the priest, the magician, the medicine man, are just such forces, such authorities to procure96 the slavish obedience of the subconscious described as hypnosis. Soldiers and slaves fall most easily into such states.
Man has been trained in fear for milleniums, in fear of society, custom, fashion, belief, and the authority of crowd and mob. He fears to stand alone, he must go with the crowd.
Man is a social being, a hypnotized, somnambulic creature. He walks and acts like a hypnotized slave. Man is a social somnambulist who believes, dreams, and acts at the order of the mob or of its[233] leader. Man belongs to those somnambulists who become artificial, suggested, automatic personalities97 with their eyes fully open, seeing and observing nothing but what is suggested to them.
The hypnoidic states, observed and described by me in the classical Hanna case, belong to the same category. The hypnoidic states are essentially98 fear cataleptic states of a vivid character, closely related to hypnotic conditions of primitive life.[11]
FOOTNOTES:
[10] Dr. Morton Prince and Dr. H. Linenthal co?perated with me in the study of the case published in full in the “Boston Medical and Surgical99 Journal.”
[11] See my works, “The Psychology100 of Suggestion,” “Multiple Personality,” and others.
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psychic
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| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
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subconscious
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| n./adj.潜意识(的)，下意识(的) | |
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stratum
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| n.地层，社会阶层 | |
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brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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subtraction
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| n.减法，减去 | |
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multiplication
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| n.增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法 | |
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kin
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| n.家族，亲属，血缘关系；adj.亲属关系的，同类的 | |
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sensory
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| adj.知觉的，感觉的，知觉器官的 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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embryonic
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| adj.胚胎的 | |
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digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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tremor
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| n.震动，颤动，战栗，兴奋，地震 | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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chattering
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| n. （机器振动发出的）咔嗒声，(鸟等)鸣，啁啾 adj. 喋喋不休的，啾啾声的 动词chatter的现在分词形式 | |
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chatter
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| vi.／n.喋喋不休；短促尖叫；(牙齿)打战 | |
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seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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chilliness
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| n.寒冷，寒意，严寒 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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numbness
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| n.无感觉，麻木，惊呆 | |
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numb
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| adj.麻木的，失去感觉的；v.使麻木 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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seizures
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| n.起获( seizure的名词复数 )；没收；充公；起获的赃物 | |
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insistent
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| adj.迫切的，坚持的 | |
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obsessions
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| n.使人痴迷的人（或物）( obsession的名词复数 )；着魔；困扰 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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spasm
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| n.痉挛，抽搐；一阵发作 | |
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spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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rhythmic
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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insomnia
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| n.失眠，失眠症 | |
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delirium
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| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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functional
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| adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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recurrences
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| n.复发，反复，重现( recurrence的名词复数 ) | |
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subconsciously
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| ad.下意识地，潜意识地 | |
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pricks
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| 刺痛( prick的名词复数 )； 刺孔； 刺痕； 植物的刺 | |
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stimulation
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| n.刺激，激励，鼓舞 | |
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underlies
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| v.位于或存在于（某物）之下( underlie的第三人称单数 )；构成…的基础（或起因），引起 | |
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onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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abducted
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| 劫持，诱拐( abduct的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（肢体等）外展 | |
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elicited
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| 引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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respiration
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| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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synchronous
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| adj.同步的 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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antedating
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| v.（在历史上）比…为早( antedate的现在分词 )；先于；早于；（在信、支票等上）填写比实际日期早的日期 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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dormant
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| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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obsessed
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| adj.心神不宁的,鬼迷心窍的,沉迷的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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thump
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| v.重击，砰然地响；n.重击，重击声 | |
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fibers
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| 光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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alleviated
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| 减轻，缓解，缓和( alleviate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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personalities
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| n. 诽谤，（对某人容貌、性格等所进行的）人身攻击； 人身攻击；人格, 个性, 名人( personality的名词复数 ) | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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surgical
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| adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的 | |
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psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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