It was the aim of Prince Charles to get between Frederick’s encampment at Chrudim and his French allies, under Marshal Broglio, at Prague. When discovered by Frederick, the Austrian army was on the rapid march along a line about fifteen miles nearly southwest of Chrudim. It thus threatened to cut Frederick’s communication with Prague, which was on the Moldau, about sixty miles west of the Prussian encampment. The310 forces now gathering3 for a decisive battle were nearly equal. The reader would not be interested in the description of the strategic and tactical movements of the next two days. The leaders of both parties, with great military sagacity, were accumulating and concentrating their forces for a conflict, which, under the circumstances, would doubtless prove ruinous to the one or the other. A battle upon that open plain, with equal forces, was of the nature of a duel4, in which one or the other of the combatants must fall.
On the morning of the 17th of May Frederick’s army was drawn5 out in battle array, facing south, near the village of Chotusitz, about fifteen miles west of Chrudim. Almost within cannon-shot of him, upon the same plain, near the village of Czaslau, facing north, was the army of Prince Charles. The field was like a rolling western prairie, with one or two sluggish6 streams running through it; and here and there marshes7, which neither infantry8 nor cavalry9 could traverse. The accompanying map will give the reader an idea of the nature of the ground and the position of the hostile forces.
BATTLE OF CHOTUSITZ.
a. Prussian Camp. b b. Prussian Infantry. c c. Prussian Cavalry. d. Position of Buddenbrock. e e. Austrian Infantry. f f. Austrian Cavalry. g. Austrian Hussars.
The sun rose clear and cloudless over the plain, soon to be crimsoned10 with blood and darkened by the smoke of battle. The Prussians took position in accordance with very minute directions given to the young Prince Leopold by Frederick. It was manifest to the most unskilled observer that the storm of311 battle would rage over many miles, as the infantry charged to and fro; as squadrons of strongly-mounted cavalry swept the field; as bullets, balls, and shells were hurled11 in all directions from the potent12 enginery of war.
About seven o’clock in the morning the king ascended13 an eminence14, and carefully scanned the field, where sixty thousand men were facing each other, soon to engage in mutual16 slaughter17. There were two spectacles which arrested his attention. The one was the pomp, and pageantry, and panoply18 of war, with its serried19 ranks, its prancing20 steeds, its flashing armor, its waving banners, its inspiriting bugle-peals21—a scene in itself beautiful and sublime22 in the highest conceivable degree.
But there was another picture which met the eye of the king very different in its aspect. We know not whether it at all touched his heart. It was that of the poor peasants, with their mothers, their wives, their children, hurrying from their hamlets in all directions, in the utmost dismay. Grandmothers tottered23 beneath the burden of infant children. Fathers and mothers struggled on with the household goods they were striving to rescue from impending25 ruin. The cry of maidens26 and children reached the ear as they fled from the tramp of the war-horse and the approaching carnage of the death-dealing artillery27.
Frederick, having carefully scanned the Austrian lines for an instant or two, gave the signal, and all his batteries opened their thunders. Under cover of that storm of iron, several thousand of the cavalry, led by the veteran General Bredow, deployed28 from behind some eminences29, and first at a gentle trot30, and then upon the most impetuous run, with flashing sabres, hurled themselves upon the left wing of the Austrian lines. The ground was dry and sandy, and a prodigious31 cloud of dust enveloped32 them. For a moment the tornado33, vital with human energies, swept on, apparently34 unobstructed. The first line of the Austrian horse was met, crushed, annihilated35. But the second stood as the rock breasts the waves, horse against horse, rider against rider, sabre against sabre. Nothing met the eye but one vast eddying36 whirlpool of dust, as if writhing37 in volcanic38 energies, while here and there the flash of fire and the gleam of steel flickered39 madly through it.
The battle, thus commenced, continued to rage for four long312 hours, with all its demon40 energies, its blood, its wounds, its oaths, its shrieks41, its death; on the right wing, on the left wing, in the centre; till some ten or twelve thousand, some accounts say more, of these poor peasant soldiers lay prostrate42 upon the plain, crushed by the hoof43, torn by the bullet, gashed44 by the sabre. Many were dead. Many were dying. Many had received wounds which would cripple them until they should totter24 into their graves. At the close of these four hours of almost superhuman effort, the villages all around in flames, the Austrians slowly, sullenly45 retired46 from the contest. Prince Charles, having lost nearly seven thousand men, with his remaining forces breathless, exhausted47, bleeding, retired through Czaslau, and vanished over the horizon to the southwest. Frederick, with his forces almost equally breathless, exhausted, and bleeding, and counting five thousand of his soldiers strewn over the plain, in death or wounds, remained master of the field. Such was the famous battle of Chotusitz.
In the following terms, Frederick, the moment the battle was over, announced his victory, not to his wife, but to his friend Jordan:
“From the Field of Battle of Chotusitz, May 17, 1742.
“Dear Jordan,—I must tell you, as gayly as I can, that we have beaten the enemy soundly, and that we are all pretty well after it. Poor Rothenburg is wounded in the breast and in the arm, but, as it is hoped, without danger. Adieu. You will be happy, I think, at the good news I send you. My compliments to C?sarion.”66
Frederick did not pursue the Austrians after this victory. Nine acres of ground were required to bury the dead. He rented this land from the proprietor48 for twenty-five years. His alienation49 from his allies was such that, without regard to them, he was disposed to make peace with Austria upon the best terms he could for himself. England also, alarmed in view of the increasing supremacy50 of France, was so anxious to detach Frederick, with his invincible51 troops, from the French alliance, that the British cabinet urged Maria Theresa to make any sacrifice whatever that might be necessary to secure peace with Prussia. Frederick,313 influenced by such considerations, buried the illustrious Austrian dead with the highest marks of military honor, and treated with marked consideration his distinguished52 prisoners of war.
Secret negotiations were immediately opened at Breslau, in Silesia, between England, Austria, and Prussia. Maria Theresa, harassed53 by the entreaties54 of her cabinet and by the importunities of the British court, consented to all that Frederick demanded.
The French, who, through their shrewd embassador, kept themselves informed of all that was transpiring55, were quite alarmed in view of the approaching accommodation between Prussia and Austria. It is said that Frederick, on the 6th of June, in reply to the earnest remonstrances56 of the French minister, Marshal Belleisle, against his withdrawal57 from the alliance, frankly58 said to him,
“All that I ever wanted, more than I ever demanded, Austria now offers me. Can any one blame me that I close such an alliance as ours all along has been, when such terms are presented to me as Austria now proposes?”
On the 15th of June Frederick gave a grand dinner to his generals at his head-quarters. In an after-dinner speech he said to them,
“Gentlemen, I announce to you that, as I never wished to oppress the Queen of Hungary, I have formed the resolution of agreeing with that princess, and accepting the proposals she has made me, in satisfaction of my rights.”
Toasts were then drank with great enthusiasm to the health of “Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary,” to “the queen’s consort59, Francis, Grand-duke of Lorraine;” and universal and cordial was the response of applause when the toast was proposed “to the brave Prince Charles.”
The treaty of Breslau was signed on the 11th of June, and ratified60 at Berlin on the 28th of July. By this treaty, Silesia, Lower and Upper, was ceded61 to “Frederick and his heirs for evermore,” while Frederick withdrew from the French alliance, and entered into friendly relations with her Hungarian majesty62. Immediately after the settlement of this question, Frederick, cantoning his troops in Silesia, returned to Berlin. Elate with victory314 and accompanied by a magnificent suite63, the young conqueror64 hastened home, over green fields and beneath a summer’s sun. Keenly he enjoyed his triumph, greeted with the enthusiastic acclaim65 of the people in all the towns and villages through which he passed.67 At Frankfort-on-the-Oder, where a fair was in operation, the king stopped for a few hours. Vast crowds, which had been drawn to the place by the fair, lined the highway for a long distance on both sides, eager to see the victor who had aggrandized66 Prussia by adding a large province to its realms.
“His majesty’s entrance into Frankfort,” writes M. Bielfeld, who accompanied him, “although very triumphant67, was far from ostentatious. We passed like lightning before the eyes of the spectators, and were so covered with dust that it was difficult to distinguish the color of our coats and the features of our faces. We made some purchases at Frankfort, and the next day arrived safely in Berlin, where the king was received with the acclamations of his people.”68
If we can rely upon the testimony68 of Frederick, an incident occurred at this time which showed that the French court was as intriguing69 and unprincipled as was his Prussian majesty. It is quite evident that the Austrian court also was not animated70 by a very high sense of honor.
After the battle of Chotusitz, Frederick called upon General Pallant, an Austrian officer, who was wounded and a prisoner. In the course of the conversation, General Pallant stated that France was ready at any moment to betray his Prussian majesty, and that, if he would give him six days’ time, he would furnish him with documentary proof. A courier was instantly dispatched to Vienna. He soon returned with a letter from Cardinal71 Fleury, the prime minister of Louis XV., addressed to Maria Theresa, informing her that, if she would give up Bohemia to the emperor, France would guarantee to her Silesia. Frederick, though guilty of precisely72 the same treachery himself, read the document with indignation, and assumed to be as much amazed at the perfidy73 as he could have been had he been an honest man.
315 “The cardinal,” he said, “takes me for a fool. He wishes to betray me. I will try and prevent him.”
The French marshal, Belleisle, alarmed by the report that Frederick was entering into a treaty of peace with Austria, hastened to the Prussian camp to ascertain74 the truth or falsehood of the rumor75. Frederick, emboldened76 by the document he had in his pocket, was very frank.
“I have prescribed,” he said, “the conditions of peace to the Queen of Hungary. She accepts them. Having, therefore, all that I want, I make peace. All the world in my situation would do the same.”
“Is it possible, sire,” Marshal Belleisle replied, “that you can dare to abandon the best of your allies, and to deceive so illustrious a monarch77 as the King of France?”
“And you, sir,” responded the king, with an air of great disdain78, at the same time placing in his hand the cardinal’s letter, “do you dare to talk to me in this manner?”
The marshal glanced his eye over the document, and retired, overwhelmed with confusion. Thus ended the alliance between Prussia and France. “Each party,” writes Frederick, “wished to be more cunning than the other.”69
In the following terms, Frederick correctly sums up the incidents of the two Silesian campaigns:
“Thus was Silesia reunited to the dominions79 of Prussia. Two years of war sufficed for the conquest of this important province. The treasure which the late king had left was nearly exhausted. But it is a cheap purchase, where whole provinces are bought for seven or eight millions of crowns. The union of circumstances at the moment peculiarly favored this enterprise. It was necessary for it that France should allow itself to be drawn into the war; that Russia should be attacked by Sweden; that, from timidity, the Hanoverians and Saxons should remain inactive; that the successes of the Prussians should be uninterrupted; and that the King of England, the enemy of Prussia, should become, in spite of himself, the instrument of its aggrandizement80. What, however, contributed the most to this conquest was an army which had been formed for twenty-two years, by means of a discipline admirable in itself, and superior to the troops of the316 rest of Europe. Generals, also, who were true patriots81, wise and incorruptible ministers, and, finally, a certain good fortune which often accompanies youth, and often deserts a more advanced age.”70
There was no end to the panegyrics which Voltaire, in his correspondence with Frederick, now lavished82 upon him. He greeted him with the title of Frederick the Great.
“How glorious,” he exclaimed, “is my king, the youngest of kings, and the grandest! A king who carries in the one hand an all-conquering sword, but in the other a blessed olive-branch, and is the arbiter83 of Europe for peace or war.”
Frederick, having obtained all that, for the present, he could hope to obtain, deemed it for his interest to attempt to promote the peace of Europe. His realms needed consolidating84, his army recruiting, his treasury85 replenishing. But he found it much easier to stir up the elements of strife86 than to allay87 them.
His withdrawal from the French alliance removed the menace from the English Hanoverian possession. George II. eagerly sent an army of sixty thousand men to the aid of Maria Theresa against France, and freely opened to her his purse. The French were defeated every where. They were driven from Prague in one of the most disastrous88 wintry retreats of blood and misery89 over which the demon of war ever gloated. The powerless, penniless emperor, the creature of France, who had neither purse nor army, was driven, a fugitive90 and a vagabond, from his petty realm of Bavaria, and was exposed to humiliation91, want, and insult.
Maria Theresa was developing character which attracted the admiration92 of Europe. She seriously contemplated93 taking command of her armies herself. She loved Duke Francis, her husband, treated him very tenderly, and was anxious to confer upon him honor; but by nature vastly his superior, instinctively94 she assumed the command. She led; he followed. She was a magnificent rider. Her form was the perfection of grace. Her beautiful, pensive95, thoughtful face was tanned by the weather. All hearts throbbed96 as, on a spirited charger, she sometimes swept before the ranks of the army, with her gorgeous retinue97, appearing and disappearing like a meteor. She was as devout98 as she317 was brave, winning the homage99 of all Catholic hearts. We know not where, in the long list of sovereigns, to point to man or woman of more imperial energies, of more exalted102 worth.
MARIA THERESA AT THE HEAD OF HER ARMY.
The loss of Silesia she regarded as an act of pure highway robbery. It rankled103 in her noble heart as the great humiliation and disgrace of her reign100. Frederick was to her but as a hated and successful bandit, who had wrenched104 from her crown one of318 its brightest jewels. To the last day of her life she never ceased to deplore105 the loss. It is said that if any stranger, obtaining an audience, was announced as from Silesia, the eyes of the queen would instantly flood with tears. But the fortunes of war had now triumphantly106 turned in her favor. Aided by the armies and the gold of England, she was on the high career of conquest. Her troops had overrun Bohemia and Bavaria. She was disposed to hold those territories in compensation for Silesia, which she had lost.
In the mean time, during the two years in which Maria Theresa was making these conquests, Frederick, alarmed by the aggrandizement of Austria and the weakening of France, while unavailingly striving to promote peace, was busily employed in the administration of his internal affairs. He encouraged letters; devoted107 much attention to the Academy of Arts and Sciences; reared the most beautiful opera-house in Europe; devoted large sums to secure the finest musicians and the most exquisite108 ballet-dancers which Europe could afford. He sought to make his capital attractive to all those throughout Europe who were inspired by a thirst for knowledge, or who were in the pursuit of pleasure.
One incident in this connection, illustrative of the man and of the times, merits brief notice. His agent at Venice reported a female dancer there of rare attainments109, Se?ora Barberina. She was marvelously beautiful, and a perfect fairy in figure and grace, and as fascinating in her vivacity110 and sparkling intelligence as she was lovely in person. Frederick immediately ordered her to be engaged for his opera-house at Berlin, at a salary of nearly four thousand dollars, and sundry111 perquisites112.
But it so happened that the beautiful dancer had in the train of her impassioned admirers a young English gentleman, a younger brother of the Earl of Bute. He was opposed to Barberina’s going to Prussia, and induced her to throw up the engagement. Frederick was angry, and demanded the execution of the contract. The pretty Barberina, safe in Venice, made herself merry with the complaints of the Prussian monarch. Frederick, not accustomed to be thwarted113, applied114 to the doge and the Senate of Venice to compel Barberina to fulfill115 her contract. They replied with great politeness, but did nothing. Barberina319 remained with her lover under the sunny skies of Italy, charming with her graceful116 pirouettes admiring audiences in the Venetian theatres.
In the mean time a Venetian embassador, on his way to one of the northern courts, passed a night at a hotel in Berlin. He was immediately arrested, with his luggage, by a royal order. A dispatch was transmitted to Venice, stating that the embassador would be held as a hostage till Barberina was sent to Prussia. “A bargain,” says Frederick, in his emphatic117 utterance118, “is a bargain. A state should have law courts to enforce contracts entered into in their territories.”
The doge and senate were brought to terms. They seized the beautiful Barberina, placed her carefully in a post-chaise, and, under an escort of armed men, sent her, from stage to stage, over mountain and valley, till she arrived at Berlin. The Venetian embassador was then discharged. The young English gentleman, James Mackenzie, a grandson of the celebrated119 advocate, Sir George Mackenzie, eagerly followed his captured inamorata, and reached Berlin two hours after Barberina. The rumor was circulated that he was about to marry her.
It is said that Frederick, determined120 not to lose his dancer in that manner, immediately informed the young gentleman’s friends that he was about to form a mesalliance with an opera girl. The impassioned lover was peremptorily121 summoned home. Hatred122 for Frederick consequently rankled in young Mackenzie’s heart. This hatred he communicated to his brother, Lord Bute, which subsequently had no little influence in affairs of national diplomacy123.
The king himself became much fascinated with the personal loveliness and the sparkling intelligence of the young dancer. He even condescended124 to take tea with her, in company with others. Not long after her arrival in Berlin she made a conquest of a young gentleman of one of the first Prussian families, M. Cocceji, son of the celebrated chancellor125, and was privately126 married to him. For a time Barberina continued upon the stage. At length, in the enjoyment127 of ample wealth, she purchased a splendid mansion128, and, publicly announcing her marriage, retired with her husband to private life. But the mother of Cocceji, and other proud family friends, scorned the lowly alliance. A320 divorce was the result. Soon after, Barberina was married to a nobleman of high rank, and we hear of her no more.
Though Frederick, in his private correspondence, often spoke129 very contemptuously of Voltaire, it would seem, if any reliance can be placed on the testimony of Voltaire himself, that Frederick sedulously130 courted the author, whose pen was then so potential in Europe. By express invitation, Voltaire spent a week with Frederick at Aix la Chapelle early in September, 1742. He writes to a friend from Brussels under date of December 10:
“I have been to see the King of Prussia. I have courageously131 resisted his fine proposals. He offers me a beautiful house in Berlin, a pretty estate, but I prefer my second floor in Madame Du Chatelet’s here. He assures me of his favor, of the perfect freedom I should have; and I am running to Paris, to my slavery and persecution132. I could fancy myself a small Athenian refusing the bounties133 of the King of Persia; with this difference, however, one had liberty at Athens.”
Again he writes, under the same date, to the Marquis D’Argenson:
“I have just been to see the King of Prussia. I have seen him as one seldom sees kings, much at my ease, in my own room, in the chimney-corner, whither the same man who has gained two battles would come and talk familiarly, as Scipio did with Terence. You will tell me I am not Terence. True; but neither is he altogether Scipio.”
Again he writes, under the same date, to Cardinal De Fleury, then the most prominent member of the cabinet of Louis XV.:
“Monseigneur,—I am bound to give your excellency some account of my journey to Aix la Chapelle. I could not leave Brussels until the second of this month. On the road I met a courier from the King of Prussia, coming to reiterate134 his master’s orders on me. The king had me lodged135 in quarters near his own apartment. He passed, for two consecutive136 days, four hours at a time in my room, with all that goodness and familiarity which form, as you know, part of his character, and which does not lower the king’s dignity, because one is duly careful not to abuse it. I had abundant time to speak with a great deal of freedom on what your excellency had prescribed to me, and the king spoke to me with an equal frankness.
321 “First he asked me ‘if it were true that the French nation were so angered against him, if the king was, and if you were.’ I answered ‘that there was nothing permanent.’ He then condescended to speak fully15 upon the reasons which induced him to make peace. These reasons were so remarkable137 that I dare not trust them to this paper. All that I dare say is, that it seems to me easy to lead back the mind of this sovereign, whom the situation of his territories, his interest, and his taste would appear to mark as the natural ally of France. He said, moreover, ‘that he earnestly desired to see Bohemia in the emperor’s hands, that he renounced138 all claim on Berg and Jülick, and that he thought only of keeping Silesia.’ He said ‘that he knew well enough that the house of Austria would one day wish to recover that fine province, but that he trusted he could keep his conquest. That he had at that time a hundred and thirty thousand soldiers perfectly140 prepared for war; that he would make of Neisse, Glogau, and Brieg fortresses142 as strong as Wesel; that he was well informed that the Queen of Hungary owed eighty million German crowns ($60,000,000); that her provinces, exhausted and wide apart, would not be able to make long efforts; and that the Austrians for a long time to come could not of themselves be formidable.’”71
Frederick was accustomed to cover his deep designs of diplomacy322 by the promotion143 of the utmost gayety in his capital. Never did Berlin exhibit such spectacles of festivity and pleasure as during the winter of 1742 and 1743. There was a continued succession of operas, balls, fêtes, and sleigh-parties. Frederick’s two younger sisters were at that time brilliant ornaments144 of his court. They were both remarkably145 beautiful and vivacious146. The Princess Louise Ulrique was in her twenty-third year. The following letter to Frederick from these two princesses will be keenly appreciated by many of our young lady readers whose expenses have exceeded their allowance. It shows very conclusively147 that there may be the same pecuniary148 annoyances149 in the palaces of kings as in more humble150 homes.
“Berlin, 1st of March, 1743.
“My dearest Brother,—I know not if it is not too bold to trouble your majesty on private affairs. But the great confidence my sister and I have in your kindness encourages us to lay before you a sincere avowal151 of our little finances, which are a good deal deranged152 just now. The revenues, having for two years and a half past been rather small, amounting to only four hundred crowns ($300) a year, could not be made to cover all the little expenses required in the adjustment of ladies. This circumstance, added to our card-playing, though small, which we could not dispense153 with, has led us into debt. Mine amounts to fifteen hundred crowns ($1125); my sister’s, to eighteen hundred crowns ($1350). We have not spoken of it to the queen-mother, though we are sure she would have tried to assist us. But as that could not have been done without some inconvenience to her, and as she would have retrenched154 in some of her own little entertainments, I thought we should do better to apply directly to your majesty. We were persuaded you would have taken it amiss had we deprived the queen of her smallest pleasure, and especially as we consider you, my dear brother, the father of the family, and hope you will be so gracious as to help us. We shall never forget the kind acts of your majesty. We beg you to be persuaded of the perfect and tender attachment155 with which we are proud to be, all our lives, your majesty’s most humble sisters and servants,
Louise Ulrique,
“Anne Amelia.
“P.S.—I most humbly156 beg your majesty not to speak of this323 to the queen-mother, as perhaps she would not approve of the step we are now taking.
Ann Amelia.”72
About this time Frederick was somewhat alarmed by a statement issued by the court of Austria, that the emperor, Charles Albert, was no legitimate157 emperor at all; that the election was not valid158; and that Austria, which had the emperor’s kingdom of Bavaria by the throat, insisted upon compensation for the Silesia she had lost. It was evident that Maria Theresa, whose armies were every where successful, was determined that her husband, Duke Francis, should be decorated with the imperial crown. It now seemed probable that she would be able to accomplish her design. Frederick was alarmed, and deemed it necessary to strengthen himself by matrimonial alliances.
The heir to the Russian throne was an orphan159 boy, Peter Federowitz. The Russian court was looking around to obtain for him a suitable wife. Frederick’s commandant at Stettin, a man of renowned160 lineage, had a beautiful daughter of fourteen. She was a buxom161 girl, full of life as she frolicked upon the ramparts of the fortress141 with her young companions. Frederick succeeded in obtaining her betrothal162 to the young Prince of Russia. She was solemnly transferred from the Protestant to the Greek religion; her name was changed to Catharine; and she was eventually married, greatly to the satisfaction of Frederick, to the young Russian czar.
Adolph Frederick was the heir to the throne of Sweden. Successful diplomacy brought a magnificent embassy from Stockholm to Berlin, to demand Princess Ulrique as the bride of Sweden’s future king. The course of love, whether true or false, certainly did in this case run smooth. The marriage ceremony was attended in Berlin with such splendor163 as the Prussian capital had never witnessed before. The beautiful Ulrique was very much beloved. She was married by proxy164, her brother Augustus William standing165 in the place of the bridegroom.
All eyes were dimmed with tears as, after a week of brilliant festivities, she prepared for her departure. The carriages were at the door to convey her, with her accompanying suite of lords and ladies, to Stralsund, where the Swedish senate and nobles324 were to receive her. The princess entered the royal apartment to take leave of her friends, dressed in a rose-colored riding-habit trimmed with silver. The vest which encircled her slender waist was of sea-green, with lappets and collar of the same. She wore a small English bonnet166 of black velvet167 with a white plume168. Her flowing hair hung in ringlets over her shoulders, bound with rose-colored ribbon.
The king, who was devotedly169 attached to his sister, and who was very fond, on all occasions, of composing rhymes which he called poetry, wrote a very tender ode, bidding her adieu. It commenced with the words
“Partez, ma s?ur, partez; La Suède vous attend, la Suède vous désire.”
Go, my sister, go; Sweden waits you, Sweden wishes you.
“His majesty gave it to her at the moment when she was about to take leave of the two queens. The princess threw her eyes on it and fell into a faint. The king had almost done the like. His tears flowed abundantly. The princes and princesses were overcome with sorrow. At last Gotter judged it time to put an end to this tragic170 scene. He entered the hall almost like Boreas in the ballet of “The Rose”—that is to say, with a crash. He made one or two whirlwinds, clove171 the press, and snatched away the princess from the arms of the queen-mother, took her in his own, and whisked her out of the hall. All the world followed. The carriages were waiting in the court, and the princess in a moment found herself in hers.
“I was in such a state I know not how we got down stairs. I remember only that it was in a concert of lamentable172 sobbings. Madame, the Marchioness of Schwedt, who had been named to attend the princess to Stralsund, on the Swedish frontier, this high lady, and the two dames173 D’Atours, who were for Sweden itself, having sprung into the same carriage, the door of it was shut with a slam, the postillions cracked, the carriage shot away, and disappeared from our eyes. In a moment the king and court lost sight of the beloved Ulrique forever.”73
Frederick was far from being an amiable174 man. He would325 often cruelly banter175 his companions, knowing that it was impossible for them to indulge in any retort. Baron176 P?llnitz was a very weak old man, who had several times changed his religion to subserve his private interests. He had been rather a petted courtier during three reigns101. Now, in extreme old age, and weary of the world, he wished to renounce139 Protestantism, and to enter the cloisters177 of the convent in preparation for death. He applied to the king for permission to do so. Frederick furnished him with the following sarcastic179 parting testimony. It was widely circulated through many of the journals of that day, exciting peals of laughter as a capital royal joke:
“Whereas the Baron De P?llnitz, born of honest parents, so far as we know, having served our grandfather as gentleman of the chamber180, Madame D’Orleans in the same rank, the King of Spain as colonel, the deceased Emperor Charles VI. as captain of horse, the pope as chamberlain, the Duke of Brunswick as chamberlain, the Duke of Weimar as ensign, our father as chamberlain, and, in fine, us as grand master of ceremonies, has, notwithstanding such accumulation of honors, become disgusted with the world, and requests of us a parting testimony;
“We, remembering his important services to our house in diverting for nine years long the late king our father, and doing the honors of our court through the now reign, can not refuse such request. We do hereby certify181 that the said Baron P?llnitz has never assassinated182, robbed on the highway, poisoned, forcibly cut purses, or done other atrocity183 or legal crime at our court; but that he has always maintained gentlemanly behavior, making not more than honest use of the industry and talents he has been endowed with at birth; imitating the object of the drama—that is, correcting mankind by gentle quizzing—following in the matter of sobriety Boerhaave’s counsels, pushing Christian184 charity so far as often to make the rich understand that it is more blessed to give than to receive; possessing perfectly the anecdotes185 of our various mansions186, especially of our worn-out furnitures, rendering187 himself by his merits necessary to those who know him, and, with a very bad head, having a very good heart.
“Our anger the said Baron P?llnitz never kindled188 but once.74326 But as the loveliest countries have their barren spots, the most beautiful forms their imperfections, pictures by the greatest masters their faults, we are willing to cover with the veil of oblivion those of the said baron. We do hereby grant him, with regret, the leave of absence he requires, and abolish his office altogether, that it may be blotted189 from the memory of man, not judging that any one, after the said baron, can be worthy190 to fill it.
“Frederick.
“Potsdam, April 1, 1744.”
No man of kindly191 sympathies could have thus wantonly wounded the feelings of a poor old man who had, according to his capacity, served himself, his father, and his grandfather, and who was just dropping into the grave. A generous heart would have forgotten the foibles, and, remembering only the virtues192, would have spoken words of cheer to the world-weary heart, seeking a sad refuge in the glooms of the cloister178. It must be confessed that Frederick often manifested one of the worst traits in human nature. He took pleasure in inflicting193 pain upon others.
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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panegyrics
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| n.赞美( panegyric的名词复数 )；称颂；颂词；颂扬的演讲或文章 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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6
sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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7
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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8
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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9
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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10
crimsoned
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| 变为深红色（crimson的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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13
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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14
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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15
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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16
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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17
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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18
panoply
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| n.全副甲胄，礼服 | |
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19
serried
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| adj.拥挤的；密集的 | |
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20
prancing
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| v.（马）腾跃( prance的现在分词 ) | |
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21
peals
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| n.（声音大而持续或重复的）洪亮的响声( peal的名词复数 )；隆隆声；洪亮的钟声；钟乐v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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22
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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23
tottered
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| v.走得或动得不稳( totter的过去式和过去分词 )；踉跄；蹒跚；摇摇欲坠 | |
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24
totter
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| v.蹒跚， 摇摇欲坠；n.蹒跚的步子 | |
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25
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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26
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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27
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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28
deployed
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| （尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用 | |
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29
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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30
trot
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| n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧 | |
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31
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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32
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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33
tornado
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| n.飓风，龙卷风 | |
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34
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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35
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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36
eddying
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| 涡流，涡流的形成 | |
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37
writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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38
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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39
flickered
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| （通常指灯光）闪烁，摇曳( flicker的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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40
demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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41
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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42
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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43
hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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44
gashed
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| v.划伤，割破( gash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
sullenly
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| 不高兴地，绷着脸，忧郁地 | |
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46
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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47
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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48
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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49
alienation
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| n.疏远；离间；异化 | |
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50
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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51
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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52
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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53
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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54
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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55
transpiring
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的现在分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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56
remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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57
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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58
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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59
consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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60
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
ceded
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的过去式 ) | |
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62
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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63
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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64
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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65
acclaim
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| v.向…欢呼，公认；n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞 | |
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66
aggrandized
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| v.扩大某人的权力( aggrandize的过去式和过去分词 )；提高某人的地位；夸大；吹捧 | |
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67
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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68
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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69
intriguing
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| adj.有趣的；迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词)；激起…的好奇心 | |
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70
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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71
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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72
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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73
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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74
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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75
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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76
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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78
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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79
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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80
aggrandizement
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| n.增大，强化，扩大 | |
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81
patriots
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| 爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 ) | |
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82
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
arbiter
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| n.仲裁人，公断人 | |
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84
consolidating
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| v.（使）巩固， （使）加强( consolidate的现在分词 )；（使）合并 | |
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85
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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86
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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87
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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88
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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89
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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90
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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91
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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92
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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93
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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94
instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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95
pensive
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| a.沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的 | |
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96
throbbed
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| 抽痛( throb的过去式和过去分词 )； （心脏、脉搏等）跳动 | |
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97
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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98
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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99
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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100
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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101
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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102
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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103
rankled
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| v.（使）痛苦不已，（使）怨恨不已( rankle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
wrenched
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| v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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105
deplore
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| vt.哀叹，对...深感遗憾 | |
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106
triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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107
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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108
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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109
attainments
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| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
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110
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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111
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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112
perquisites
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| n.（工资以外的）财务补贴( perquisite的名词复数 )；额外收入；（随职位而得到的）好处；利益 | |
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113
thwarted
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| 阻挠( thwart的过去式和过去分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
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114
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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115
fulfill
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| vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意 | |
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116
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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117
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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118
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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119
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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120
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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121
peremptorily
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| adv.紧急地，不容分说地，专横地 | |
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122
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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123
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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124
condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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125
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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126
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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127
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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128
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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129
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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130
sedulously
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| ad.孜孜不倦地 | |
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131
courageously
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| ad.勇敢地，无畏地 | |
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132
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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133
bounties
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| （由政府提供的）奖金( bounty的名词复数 )； 赏金； 慷慨； 大方 | |
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134
reiterate
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| v.重申，反复地说 | |
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135
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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136
consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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137
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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138
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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139
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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141
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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142
fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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143
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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144
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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145
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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146
vivacious
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| adj.活泼的，快活的 | |
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147
conclusively
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| adv.令人信服地，确凿地 | |
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148
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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149
annoyances
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| n.恼怒( annoyance的名词复数 )；烦恼；打扰；使人烦恼的事 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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avowal
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| n.公开宣称，坦白承认 | |
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152
deranged
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| adj.疯狂的 | |
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153
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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retrenched
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| v.紧缩开支( retrench的过去式和过去分词 )；削减（费用）；节省 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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156
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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157
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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159
orphan
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| n.孤儿；adj.无父母的 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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161
buxom
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| adj.（妇女）丰满的，有健康美的 | |
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162
betrothal
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| n. 婚约, 订婚 | |
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163
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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proxy
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| n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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devotedly
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| 专心地； 恩爱地； 忠实地； 一心一意地 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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171
clove
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| n.丁香味 | |
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lamentable
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| adj.令人惋惜的，悔恨的 | |
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173
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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174
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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175
banter
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| n.嘲弄，戏谑；v.取笑，逗弄，开玩笑 | |
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176
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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177
cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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178
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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179
sarcastic
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| adj.讥讽的，讽刺的，嘲弄的 | |
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180
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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181
certify
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| vt.证明，证实；发证书(或执照)给 | |
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182
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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183
atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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184
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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185
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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186
mansions
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| n.宅第，公馆，大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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187
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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188
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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189
blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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190
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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191
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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192
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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193
inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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