Sieges, skirmishes, battles innumerable ensued. The Russians and the Austrians, in superior numbers and with able leaders, were unwearied in their endeavors to annihilate4 their formidable foe5. The conflict was somewhat analogous6 to that which takes place between the lion at bay in the jungle and a pack of dogs. The details could scarcely be made intelligible7 to the reader, and would certainly prove tedious.153
Frederick so concentrated his forces as, ere long, to have about fifty thousand troops with him at Breslau. Weary weeks of marchings and fightings, blood and woe8, passed on. Painful508 blows were struck upon both sides, but nothing decisive was accomplished9. In the midst of these harassments, perils10, and toils11, the king wrote to D’Argens, on the 18th of September, from Reisendorf:
“I will not sing jeremiades to you, nor speak of my fears or anxieties; but I can assure you that they are great. The crisis I am in changes in appearance, but nothing decisive happens. I am consumed by a slow fire; I am like a living body losing limb after limb. May Heaven assist us, for we have much need of it.
“You speak of my personal safety. You ought to know, as I do, that it is not necessary for me to live. But while I do live I must fight for my country, and save it if it be possible. In many little things I have had luck; I think of taking for my motto, Maximus in minimis, et minimus in maximis.154
“It is impossible for you to imagine the horrible fatigues12 which we undergo. This campaign is worse than any of the others. I sometimes know not which way to turn. But why weary you with these details of my toils and miseries13? My spirits have forsaken14 me. All my gayety is buried with those dear and noble ones to whom my heart was bound. The end of my life is melancholy15 and sad; but do not, therefore, my dear marquis, forget your old friend.”155
To his brother Henry he wrote, “I have had a bad time of it, my dear brother; our means are so eaten away; far too short for opposing the prodigious16 number of our enemies set against us. If we must fall, let us date our destruction from the infamous17 day of Maxen. My health is a little better, but I have still hémorro?des aveugles. That were nothing, however, were it not for the disquietudes I feel. For these three days I have had so terrible a cramp18 in continuance that I thought it would choke me. It is now a little gone. No wonder that the chagrins19 and continual disquietudes I live in should undermine, and at length overturn, the most robust20 constitution.”
Early in October the allies planned an expedition for the capture of Berlin. The city had no defenses but weak palisades, which were garrisoned22 by but twelve hundred men. General Czernichef led a column of twenty thousand Russians, General509 Lacy another of fifteen thousand Austrians, and General Soltikof a third column of twenty thousand more.
On the 3d of October the vanguard of this army, three thousand strong, was seen in the distance from the steeples of Berlin. The queen and royal family fled with the archives to Magdeburg. The city was summoned to an immediate23 surrender, and to pay a ransom24 of about four million dollars to rescue it from the flames. The summons was rejected. General Tottleben, in command of the advance, erected25 his batteries, and at five o’clock in the afternoon commenced his bombardment with red-hot balls. In the night a re-enforcement of five thousand Prussians, under Prince Eugene of Würtemberg, who had marched forty miles that day, entered the city, guided by the blaze of the bombardment, to strengthen the garrison21. Tottleben retired26 to await the allied27 troops, which were rapidly on the march. In the mean time, on the 8th, General Hülsen arrived with nine thousand Prussian troops, increasing the garrison in Berlin to fifteen thousand. Frederick was also on the march, to rescue his capital, with all the troops he could muster28. But the Russians had now arrived to the number of thirty-five thousand. The defenses were so weak that they could easily take or destroy the place.
The garrison retired to avoid capture. Berlin surrendered on the morning of October 9th. For three days the enemy held the city. The semi-barbaric soldiers committed fearful outrages29. The soldiers sacked the king’s palaces at Potsdam and Charlottenburg, smashing furniture, doors, windows, mirrors, statuary, cutting the pictures, and maltreating the inmates30.
On the 11th it was announced that Frederick, with nearly the whole Prussian army, was within five days’ march of Berlin. The allies held him in such dread31, when he had any thing like an equality of numbers with them, that they fled from him at the rate of thirty miles a day. But terrible were the ravages32 which they inflicted34 on the Prussian people during this retreat.
The Russians marched to Poland. The Austrians returned to Saxony. As soon as Frederick heard of their retreat, instead of continuing his march to Berlin, he also turned his columns southward. On the 27th of October he crossed the Elbe, about sixty miles above Dresden, and found himself in the vicinity of General Daun, whose army outnumbered that of Frederick two to510 one. The situation of Frederick was extremely critical. Under these circumstances, he wrote to D’Argens on the 28th:
SACKING THE PALACE.
“You, as a follower35 of Epicurus, put a value upon life. As for me, I regard death from the Stoic36 point of view. Never shall I see the moment which will oblige me to make a disadvantageous peace. No persuasion37, no eloquence38, shall ever induce me to sign my own dishonor. Either I will bury myself under the ruins of my country, or, if that consolation39 appears too great to the Destiny which persecutes40 me, I shall know how to put an end to my misfortunes when it is no longer possible to bear them. I have acted, and continue to act, in pursuance of this conviction, and according to the dictates41 of honor, which have always directed my steps. My conduct shall continue, at all times, to be conformable to these principles.
511 “After having sacrificed my youth to my father, and my maturer age to my country, I think that I have acquired the right to dispose of my old age as I please. I have told you, and I repeat it, my hand shall never sign a disgraceful peace. I shall continue this campaign with the resolution to dare all, and to try the most desperate things, either to succeed or to find a glorious end.
“Indeed, how many reasons has one at fifty years of age to despise life! The prospect42 which remains43 to me is an old age of infirmity and pain, with disappointments, regrets, ignominies, and outrages to endure. In truth, if you really consider my situation, you ought to blame my intentions less than you do. I have lost all my friends. I am unfortunate in all the ways in which it is possible to be so. I have nothing to hope for. I see my enemies treat me with derision, while their insolence44 prepares to trample45 me under foot. Alas46!
“‘Quand on a tout47 perdu, quand on n’a plus d’espoir, La vie est un opprobre, et la mort un devoir.’156
“I have nothing to add to this. I will only inform your curiosity that we passed the Elbe the day before yesterday; that to-morrow we march toward Leipsic, where I hope to be on the 31st, where I hope we shall have a battle, and whence you shall receive news of us as it occurs.”
It is not strange that Frederick, being destitute48 of religious principle, should have ever contemplated49 suicide as his last resort. On the 2d of November the king came in sight of the encampment of General Daun at Torgau, on the Elbe, some score of leagues north of Dresden. The king was at the head of forty-four thousand troops. Marshal Daun had eighty thousand, strongly intrenched upon heights west of the city, in the midst of a labyrinth50 of ponds, hills, ravines, and forests. We shall not attempt to enter into a detail of the battle. The following plan of the battle will give the military reader an idea of the disposal of the forces.
The position of the Austrians on the heights of Siptitz, an eminence51 which rose two hundred feet above the bed of the river, seemed impregnable. Sixty-five thousand Austrians stood512 upon those heights, protected by earth-works and a formidable abatis. They had four hundred guns in battery, a larger number than had ever before been brought upon a battle-field. To attack then and there was an act of desperation. On the evening of the 2d the king assembled his generals and said to them,
“I have called you together, not to ask your advice, but to inform you that to-morrow I shall attack Marshal Daun. I am aware that he occupies a strong position, but it is one from which he can not escape. If I beat him, all his army must be taken prisoners or drowned in the Elbe. If we are beaten, we must all perish. This war is become tedious. You must all find it so. We will, if we can, finish it to-morrow. General Ziethen, I confide52 to you the right wing of the army. Your object must be, in marching straight to Torgau, to cut off the retreat of the Austrians when I shall have beaten them, and driven them from the heights of Siptitz.”
BATTLE OF TORGAU, NOVEMBER 3, 1760.
a a. Prussian Camp at Schilda. b b b. Austrian Army. c c c. Rear-guard, under Lacy. d. Prussian Detachment, under Ziethen. e. Frederick’s Division beginning the Attack. f. Hülsen’s Infantry53. g. Holstein’s Cavalry54.
At an early hour on the morning of the 3d Frederick broke up his camp south of the foe, and, by a circuitous55 route of fourteen513 miles, came down upon the Austrians from the north. General Ziethen marched in almost a straight line for Torgau, to cut off the retreat. It was two o’clock in the afternoon when Frederick, emerging from the forest, ordered his men to charge. The assault was as impetuous and reckless as mortal men could possibly make. Instantly four hundred pieces of artillery56 opened fire upon them.
“Archenholtz describes it as a thing surpassable only by doomsday; clangorous rage of noise risen to the infinite; the boughs58 of the trees raining down upon you with horrid59 crash; the forest, with its echoes, bellowing60 far and near, and reverberating61 in universal death-peal, comparable to the trump62 of doom57.”157
Frederick exclaimed, in astonishment63, “What an infernal fire! Did you ever hear such a cannonade before? I never did.”
The first assault was made by six thousand grenadiers upon the extreme western wing of the Austrian army. The terrible conflict lasted nearly an hour. The Prussians were driven back, leaving nine out of ten of the assailing65 force dead or wounded behind them. The Austrians pursued, and encountered slaughter66 equal to that which they had inflicted.
New columns were formed. Soon after three another charge was ordered. It was sanguinary and unsuccessful as the first. Frederick himself was wounded by a nearly spent case-shot which struck him on the breast. The blow was severe and painful. Had the ball retained a little more impetus67 it would have passed through his body. It is said that the ball struck him to the earth, and that for some time he was void of consciousness. Upon reviving, his first words to his adjutant, a son of Old Dessauer, who was sorrowfully bending over him, were, “What are you doing here? Go and stop the runaways68.”
It was now half past four o’clock. The sun of the short November day was rapidly sinking. Hasty preparations were made for another charge, aided by a body of Prussian cavalry which had just reached the ground. The gathering69 twilight70 was darkening hill and valley as the third assault was made. It was somewhat successful. By this time the two armies were quite intermingled. Marshal Daun was severely71 wounded, and was taken into Torgau to have his wounds dressed. The hour514 of six had now arrived. It was a damp, cloudy, dark night. The combatants were guided mainly by the flash of the muskets72 and the guns. “The night was so dark,” says Archenholtz, “that you could not see your hand before you.” Still for two hours the battle raged.
Marshal Daun, as he retired with a shattered leg to have his wound dressed, resigned the command to General Buccow. In a few moments his arm was shot off, and General O’Donnell took the command. He ordered a retreat. The Austrian army, at nine o’clock in the evening, in much disorder73, were crossing the Elbe by three bridges which had been thrown across the stream in preparation for a possible disaster. The king, disappointed in a victory which did not promise great results, passed the night conversing74 with the soldiers at their watch-fires. He had ever indulged them in addressing him with much familiarity, calling him Fritz, which was a diminutive75 of Frederick, and expressive76 of affection. “I suppose, Fritz,” said one of the soldiers, “after this, you will give us good winter quarters.”
“By all the devils,” exclaimed the king, “I shall not till we have taken Dresden. Then I will provide for you to your heart’s content.”
The king was not a man of refined sensibilities. Not unfrequently his letters contained coarse and indelicate expressions. He was very profane77. Voltaire says of him, “He has a pleasing tone of voice even in swearing, which is as familiar to him as to a grenadier.”
The battle of Torgau is to be numbered among the most bloody of the Seven Years’ War. The Austrians lost twelve thousand in killed and wounded, eight thousand prisoners, forty-five cannon64, and twenty-nine flags. The Prussian loss was also very heavy. There were fourteen thousand killed or wounded, and four thousand taken prisoners.
The Austrians retired to Dresden for winter quarters. Frederick was left in the field which he had won. Gradually he withdrew to his old camping-ground at Freiberg, where his troops had been cantoned the previous winter. On the 10th of November, 1760, he wrote from Meissen to the Marquis D’Argens at Berlin:
“I drove the enemy to the gates of Dresden. They occupy515 their camp of last year. All my skill is not enough to dislodge them. We have saved our reputation by the day of Torgau. But do not imagine that our enemies are so disheartened as to desire peace. I fear that the French will preserve through the winter the advantages they have gained during the campaign.
“In a word, I see all black, as if I were at the bottom of a tomb. Have some compassion78 on the situation I am in. Conceive that I disguise nothing from you, and yet that I do not detail to you all my embarrassments79, my apprehensions80, and troubles. Adieu, my dear marquis. Write to me sometimes. Do not forget a poor devil who curses ten times a day his fatal existence, and could wish he already were in those silent countries from which nobody returns with news.”
The next day, the 11th, Frederick wrote from Neustadt to the Countess of Camas, who at Berlin was the grand mistress of the queen’s household. The trifling81 tone of this letter, which was penned in the midst of a struggle so awful, is quite characteristic of the writer:
“I am punctual in answering, and eager to satisfy you. You shall have a breakfast-set, my good mamma; six coffee-cups, very pretty, well diapered, and tricked out with all the little embellishments which increase their value. On account of some pieces which they are adding to the set, you will have to wait a few days. But I flatter myself this delay will contribute to your satisfaction, and produce for you a toy that will give you pleasure, and make you remember your old adorer.
“It is curious how old people’s habits agree. For four years past I have given up suppers as incompatible82 with the trade I am obliged to follow. On marching days my dinner consists of a cup of chocolate.
“We have been running about like fools, quite inflated83 with our victory, to see if we could not chase the Austrians out of Dresden. But they made mockery of us from the tops of their mountains. So I have withdrawn84, like a naughty little boy, to hide myself, out of spite, in one of the most cursed villages of Saxony. We must now drive these gentlemen of the imperial army out of Freiberg in order to get something to eat and a place to sleep in.158
516 “This is, I swear to you, such a dog’s life [chienne de vie] as no one but Don Quixote ever led before me. All this tumbling, toiling85, bother, and confusion have made me such an old fellow that you would scarcely know me again. The hair on the right side of my head has grown quite gray. My teeth break and fall out. My face is as full of wrinkles as the furbelow of a petticoat. My back is bent86 like a fiddle-bow, and my spirit is sad and downcast, like a monk87 of La Trappe.
“I forewarn you of this, that, if we should meet again in flesh and bone, you might not feel yourself too violently shocked by my appearance. There remains nothing to me unaltered but my heart, which, as long as I breathe, will retain sentiments of esteem88 and tender friendship for my good mamma. Adieu.”159
On Saturday, the 25th of October of this year, George II., King of England, died. The poor old gentleman, who had been endowed with but a very ordinary share of intelligence, was seventy-seven years of age. On Monday he had presided at a review of troops in Hyde Park. On Thursday he stood upon the portico89 of his rural palace in Kensington to see his Guards march by for foreign service. Saturday morning he rose at an early hour, took his cup of chocolate as usual, and, opening his windows, said the morning was so fine he would take a walk in his garden. It was then eight o’clock. His valet withdrew with the cup and saucer. He had hardly shut the door when he heard a groan90 and a fall. Hurrying back, he found the king upon the floor. Faintly the death-stricken monarch91 exclaimed, “Call Amelia,” and instantly died.
“Poor deaf Amelia (Frederick’s old love, now grown old and deaf) listened wildly for some faint sound from those lips now mute forever. George II. was no more. His grandson, George III, was now king.”160
George II. had always hated his nephew Frederick. His only object in sustaining the war was to protect his native electorate92 of Hanover and to abase93 France.161 The new sovereign, in his first speech to Parliament, said:
“I rely upon your zeal94 and hearty95 concurrence96 to support the King of Prussia and the rest of my allies, and to make ample517 provision for carrying on the war, as the only means of bringing our enemies to equitable97 terms of accommodation.”
It seems that in England there were two parties in reference to the war. Sir Horace Walpole, in a letter under date of December 5th, 1760, wrote to Sir Horace Mann, at Florence:
“I shall send you a curious pamphlet, the only work I almost ever knew that changed the opinions of many. It is called ‘Considerations on the present German War.’ The confirmation98 of the King of Prussia’s victory near Torgau does not prevent the disciples99 of the pamphlet from thinking that the best thing which could happen for us would be to have that monarch’s head shot off.”162
Notwithstanding the opposition100, Parliament voted to continue the subsidy101 to Frederick of about three million four hundred thousand dollars (￡670,000). This sum was equal to twice or three times that amount at the present day.
Frederick, having cantoned his troops at Freiberg and its vicinity, on the 27th of November wrote again to the Countess of Camas:
“We have settled our winter quarters. I have yet a little round to take, and afterward102 I shall seek for tranquillity103 at Leipsic, if it be to be found there. But, indeed, for me tranquillity is only a metaphysical word which has no reality.”
Frederick was so busy cantoning his troops that he did not take possession of his head-quarters in Leipsic until the 8th of December. He occupied the Apel House, No. 16 Neumarkt Street, the same which he had occupied before the battle of Rossbach. The same mistress kept the house as before. Upon seeing the king, the good woman exclaimed, in astonishment, “How lean your majesty104 has grown!”
“Lean indeed I am,” the king replied. “And what wonder, with three women163 hanging on the throat of me all this while!”
Thus ended the fifth campaign of the Seven Years’ War. Though the king had thus far averted105 the destruction which seemed every hour to be impending106, his strength and resources were so rapidly failing that it seemed impossible that he could518 much longer continue the struggle. Under these despairing circumstances, the king, with an indomitable spirit, engaged vigorously in gathering his strength for a renewal107 of the fight in the spring.
“In the midst of these preparations for a new campaign against a veteran army of two hundred and eighty thousand enemies, Frederick yet found sufficient leisure for peaceable occupations. He consecrated108 some hours every day to reading, to music, and to the conversation of men of letters.”164
D’Argens spent the winter with the king at Leipsic. He gives the following incident: “One day I entered the king’s apartment, and found him sitting on the floor with a platter of fried meat, from which he was feeding his dogs. He had a little rod, with which he kept order among them, and shoved the best bits to his favorites.”
The marquis looked for a moment upon the singular spectacle with astonishment. Then raising his hands, he exclaimed,
“The five great powers of Europe, who have sworn alliance, and conspired109 to ruin the Marquis of Brandenburg, how might they puzzle their heads to guess what he is now doing! Scheming some dangerous plan, think they, for the next campaign, collecting funds, studying about magazines for man and horse; or is he deep in negotiations110 to divide his enemies, and get new allies for himself? Not a bit of it. He is sitting peaceably in his room feeding his dogs.”165
The king was quite unscrupulous in the measures to which he resorted to recruit his army. Deserters, prisoners, peasants, were alike forced into the ranks. Even boys but thirteen and fourteen years of age were seized by the press-gangs. The countries swept by the armies were so devastated111 and laid waste that it was almost an impossibility to obtain provisions for the troops. It will be remembered that upon the capture of Berlin several of the king’s palaces had been sacked by the Russian and Austrian troops. The king, being in great want of money, looked around for some opportunity to retaliate112. There was within his cantonments a very splendidly furnished palace, called the Hubertsburg Schloss, belonging to the King of Poland. On the 21st of January, 1761, Frederick summoned to his audience-room519 General Saldern. This officer cherished a very high sense of honor. The bravest of the brave on the field of battle, he recoiled113 from the idea of performing the exploits of a burglar. The following conversation took place between the king and his scrupulous3 general. In very slow, deliberate tones, the king said:
“General Saldern, to-morrow morning I wish you to go with a detachment of infantry and cavalry to Hubertsburg. Take possession of the palace, and pack up all the furniture. The money they bring I mean to bestow114 on our field hospitals. I will not forget you in disposing of it.”
“Forgive me, your majesty,” General Saldern replied, “but this is contrary to my honor and my oath.”
The king, in still very calm and measured words, rejoined, “You would be right if I did not intend this desperate method for a good object. Listen to me. Great lords don’t feel it in their scalp when their subjects are torn by the hair. One has to grip their own locks as the only way to give them pain.”
“Order me, your majesty,” said General Saldern, “to attack the enemy and his batteries, and I will cheerfully, on the instant, obey; but I can not, I dare not, act against honor, oath, and duty. For this commission your majesty will easily find another person in my stead.”
The king turned upon his heel, and, with angry voice and gesture, said, “Saldern, you refuse to become rich.”
In a pet Frederick left the room. The heroic general, who had flatly refused to obey a positive command, found it necessary to resign his commission. The next day another officer plundered115 the castle. Seventy-five thousand dollars of the proceeds of the sale were appropriated to the field hospitals. The remainder, which proved to be a large sum, was the reward of the plundering116 general.
“The case was much canvassed117 in the army. It was the topic in every tent among officers and men. And among us army chaplains, too, the question of conflicting duties arose. Your king ordering one thing, and your conscience another, what ought a man to do? And what ought an army chaplain to preach or advise?
“Our general conclusion was that neither the king nor General520 Saldern could well be called in the wrong. General Saldern, in obeying the inner voice, did certainly right. But the king, also, in his place, might judge such a measure expedient118. Perhaps General Saldern himself would have done so had he been King of Prussia.”166
The Duke of Mecklenburg had a sister, Charlotte, a bright and beautiful young girl of seventeen. Her heart was so moved by the scenes of misery119 which she witnessed every where around her that she ventured to write a very earnest appeal to Frederick for peace.
“It was but a few years ago,” she wrote, “that this territory wore the most pleasing appearance. The country was cultivated. The peasants looked cheerful. The towns abounded120 with riches and festivity. What an alteration121 at present from such a charming scene! I am not expert at description, neither can my fancy add any horrors to the picture. But sure even conquerors122 themselves would weep at the hideous123 prospect now before me.
“The whole country, my dear country, lies one frightful124 waste, presenting only objects to excite terror, pity, and despair. The business of the husbandman and the shepherd are quite discontinued. The husbandman and shepherd are become soldiers themselves, and help to ravage33 the soil they formerly125 occupied. The towns are inhabited by old men, women, and children. Perhaps here and there a warrior126, rendered unfit for service by wounds and want of limbs, is left at his door. His little children hang round him, ask a history of every wound, and grow themselves soldiers before they find strength for the field.
“But this were nothing did we not feel the alternate insolence of either army as it happens to advance or retreat. It is impossible to express the confusion which even those create who call themselves our friends. Even those from whom we might expect redress127 oppress us with new calamities128. From you, therefore, it is that we expect relief. To you even women and children may complain, for your humanity stoops to the most humble129 petition, and your power is capable of repressing the greatest injustice130. I am, sire, etc.,
“Charlotte Sophia, of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.”
521 This letter was extensively circulated in England. It was greatly admired. It so happened that the court was then looking around for a bride for their young king. The result was that in the course of a few months Charlotte became Queen of England, as the wife of George III.
It is not known that Frederick paid any attention to this appeal. Impoverished131 as his realms were, large sums of money were absolutely necessary for the conduct of a new campaign. The king levied132 a contribution upon Leipsic of nearly a million of dollars. The leading citizens said that in their extreme destitution133 it was impossible to raise that sum. The king threatened to burn down the city over their heads. The combustibles were gathered. The soldiers stood with the torches in their hands to kindle134 the conflagration135. But then the king, apparently136 reflecting that from the smouldering ashes of the city he could glean137 no gold, ordered the city to be saved, but arrested a hundred of the chief merchants and threw them into prison.
These men, of the highest distinction, were treated with every indignity138 to extort139 the money from them. They were incarcerated140 in gloomy dungeons141, with straw only for their beds, and with bread and water only for their food. But even this severity was unavailing. Seventeen were then selected from their number, and were informed that they were to be forced into the ranks as common soldiers. Their muskets and their knapsacks were given to them, and they were ordered to Magdeburg to be drilled. By this application of torture the money was obtained. And now, while the storms of winter were sweeping142 the frozen fields, both parties were gathering their strength anew for the struggle of the sixth campaign.
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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toils
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fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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miseries
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Forsaken
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melancholy
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prodigious
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infamous
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cramp
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chagrins
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robust
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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31
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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ravage
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| vt.使...荒废，破坏...；n.破坏，掠夺，荒废 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
follower
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| n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒 | |
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36
stoic
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| n.坚忍克己之人，禁欲主义者 | |
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37
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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38
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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39
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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persecutes
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的第三人称单数 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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41
dictates
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| n.命令，规定，要求( dictate的名词复数 )v.大声讲或读( dictate的第三人称单数 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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42
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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43
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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44
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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trample
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| vt.踩，践踏；无视，伤害，侵犯 | |
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46
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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47
tout
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| v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱 | |
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48
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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49
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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50
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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51
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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52
confide
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| v.向某人吐露秘密 | |
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53
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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54
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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55
circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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56
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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57
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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58
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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59
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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60
bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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61
reverberating
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的现在分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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62
trump
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| n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭 | |
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63
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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64
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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65
assailing
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| v.攻击( assail的现在分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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66
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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67
impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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68
runaways
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| （轻而易举的）胜利( runaway的名词复数 ) | |
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69
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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70
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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71
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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72
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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73
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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74
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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75
diminutive
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| adj.小巧可爱的，小的 | |
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76
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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77
profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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78
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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79
embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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80
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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81
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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82
incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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83
inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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84
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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85
toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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86
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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87
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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88
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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89
portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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90
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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91
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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92
electorate
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| n.全体选民；选区 | |
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93
abase
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| v.降低，贬抑 | |
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94
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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95
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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96
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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97
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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98
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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99
disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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100
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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101
subsidy
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| n.补助金，津贴 | |
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102
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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103
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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104
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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105
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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106
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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107
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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108
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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109
conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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110
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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111
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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112
retaliate
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| v.报复，反击 | |
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113
recoiled
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| v.畏缩( recoil的过去式和过去分词 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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114
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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115
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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116
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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117
canvassed
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| v.（在政治方面）游说( canvass的过去式和过去分词 )；调查（如选举前选民的）意见；为讨论而提出（意见等）；详细检查 | |
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118
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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119
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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120
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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122
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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123
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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124
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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125
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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126
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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127
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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128
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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129
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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130
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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131
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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132
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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133
destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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134
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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135
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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136
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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137
glean
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| v.收集(消息、资料、情报等) | |
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138
indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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139
extort
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| v.勒索，敲诈，强要 | |
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140
incarcerated
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| 钳闭的 | |
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141
dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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142
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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