The fifth campaign of the Seven Years’ War closed with the year 1760. By exertions6 such as mortal man perhaps never made before, Frederick succeeded, during the winter, in raising an army of ninety-six thousand men. In the mean time the allies had concentrated in Bohemia, to crush him, seventy-two thousand Austrians and sixty thousand Russians. The capture of four fortresses7 would drive Frederick hopelessly out of Silesia. Early in May, Frederick, leaving his brother Henry with about forty thousand men to protect Saxony, set out with fifty thousand for the relief of Neisse, which was then besieged9. General Goltz, probably the most able of the Prussian commanders, was detached to the fortified camp at Glogau.
“But, alas10! poor Goltz, just when ready to march, was taken with sudden, violent fever, the fruit probably of overwork; and in that sad flame blazed away his valiant11 existence in three or four days; gone forever, June 30, 1761, to the regret of Frederick and of many.”167
The Russians were entering Silesia from the northeast by the way of Poland. Frederick, by one of his incredibly rapid marches, for a time prevented the junction12 of the two hostile armies. After innumerable marchings and man?uvrings, during which Frederick displayed military ability which commanded the admiration13 even of his foes14, the Prussian king found himself, on the 16th of August, at Nicolstadt, in the very heart of Silesia, at the head of fifty-seven thousand men. In front of him, obstructing16 his advance, there were sixty thousand Russians. In523 his rear, cutting off his retreat, there were seventy-two thousand Austrians. From a commanding eminence17 Frederick could watch the movements of both of these hostile bands. Both Russians and Austrians stood in such awe18 of the prowess of their redoubtable19 antagonist20 that they moved cautiously, like hounds surrounding the lion at bay.
At three o’clock in the morning of the 20th of August, and after the march of a few hours, the little army of Frederick commenced constructing a fortified camp near the poor little village of Bunzelwitz, about half way between the Silesian fortresses of Schweidnitz and Striegau. Spades were provided. Fifty thousand men were instantly employed, according to a well-matured plan, in digging and trenching. The extraordinary energies of Frederick seemed to nerve every arm. Here there was speedily reared the camp of Bunzelwitz, which has attained21 world-wide renown22.
An ordinary eye would not have seen in the position any peculiar military strength. It was an undulating plain about eight miles long and broad, without any abrupt23 eminences24. A small river bordered it on the west, beyond which rose green hills. On the east was the almost impregnable fortress8 of Schweidnitz, with its abundant stores. Farm-houses were scattered25 about, with occasional groves26 and morasses27. There were also sundry28 villages in the distance.
Frederick himself was chief engineer. The army was divided into two forces of twenty-five thousand each. Carlyle gives a graphic29 description of this enterprise.
“And twenty-five thousand spades and picks are at work, under such a field engineer as there is not in the world when he takes to that employment. At all hours, night and day, twenty-five thousand of them: half the army asleep, other half digging, wheeling, shoveling; plying30 their utmost, and constant as Time himself: these, in three days, will do a great deal of spadework. Batteries, redoubts, big and little; spare not for digging. Here is ground for cavalry31, too. Post them here, there, to bivouac in readiness, should our batteries be unfortunate. Long trenches32 are there, and also short; batteries commanding every ingate, and under them are mines.”
Many of the trenches were sixteen feet broad by sixteen feet524 deep. Under each battery there were two mines. In case of capture, the mines and the victors could be blown high into the air. Knowing that the batteries were all mined, the Russian and Austrian soldiers would be slow to make charges in which victory would be certain death. The small villages around were all strongly fortified.
“Würben, in the centre, is like a citadel33 looking down upon Striegau Water. Heavy cannon34, plenty of them, we have brought from Schweidnitz. We have four hundred and eighty cannon in all, and one hundred and eighty-two mines. Würben, our citadel and centre, is about five miles from Schweidnitz. Before our lines are palisades and chevaux-de-frise. Woods we have in abundance in our circuit, and axes for carpentries of that kind. There are four intrenched knolls35; twenty-four big batteries capable of playing beautifully, all like pieces in a concert.”168
Frederick had been three days and nights at work upon his fortress before the allies ventured forward to look into it. It was then a Gibraltar. Still for eight days more the spade was not intermitted. Cogniazo, an Austrian, writes: “It is a masterpiece of art, in which the principles of tactics are combined with those of field fortifications as never before.”
The Austrians took position upon the south, at the distance of about six miles. The Russians were at the same distance on the west, with their head-quarters at Hohenfriedberg.
It would seem that Frederick’s troops must have had iron sinews, and that they needed as little repose37 as did their master. Those not at work with the spade were under arms to repel38 an assault. Two or three times there was an alarm, when the whole fifty thousand, in an hour, were in battle-array. Frederick was fully36 aware of the crisis he had encountered. To be beaten there was irretrievable ruin. No one in the army performed more exhausting labor39 than the king himself. He seemed to be omnipresent, by day and by night. Near the chief battery, in a clump40 of trees, there was a small tent, and a bundle of straw in the corner. Here the king occasionally sought a few moments of repose. But his nervous excitement rendered him so restless, that most of the time he was strolling about among the guard parties, and warming himself by their fires.
525
THE KING’S BIVOUAC.
“One evening,” writes Carlyle, “among the orders is heard this item: ‘And remember a lock of straw, will you, that I may not have to sleep upon the ground, as last night!’ Many anecdotes41 are current to this day about his pleasant, homely42 ways, and affabilities with the sentry43 people, and the rugged44 hospitalities they would show him at their watch-fires. ‘Good evening, children.’ ‘The same to thee, Fritz.’ ‘What is that you are cooking?’—and would try a spoonful of it, in such company; while the rough fellows would forbid smoking. ‘Don’t you know he dislikes it?’ ‘No! smoke away,’ the king would insist.”
General Loudon was in command of the Austrians, and General Butturlin of the Russians, who were arrayed against Frederick. They could not agree upon a plan of attack. Neither commander was willing to expose his troops to the brunt of a battle in which the carnage would necessarily be dreadful. Thus the weeks wore away. Frederick could not be safely attacked, and winter was approaching.
At ten o’clock at night on the 9th of September, the Russian camp went up in flame. The next morning not a Russian was526 to be seen. The whole army had disappeared over the hills far away to the north. Frederick immediately dispatched eight thousand men under General Platen to attack the flank of the retreating foe15, and destroy his baggage-wagons45. The feat46 was brilliantly accomplished47. On the 15th of September, before the dawn of the morning, General Platen fell upon the long train, took nearly two thousand prisoners, seven cannon, and destroyed five thousand heavily-laden wagons.
Frederick remained at Bunzelwitz a fortnight after the retreat of the Russians. In the mean time the French and English were fighting each other with varying success upon the banks of the Rhine. It is not necessary to enter into the details of their struggles. Frederick’s magazines at Schweidnitz were getting low. On the 26th of September he broke up his camp at Bunzelwitz, and in a three days’ march to the southeast reached Neisse. The Austrians did not venture to annoy him. Frederick had scarcely reached Neisse when he learned, to his amazement48 and horror, that General Loudon, with a panther-like spring, had captured Schweidnitz, with its garrison49 and all its supplies. It was a terrible blow to the king. The Austrians could now winter in Silesia. The anguish50 of Frederick must have been great. But he gave no utterance51 to his gloomy forebodings.
“The king,” writes Küster, “fell ill of the gout, saw almost nobody, never came out. It was whispered that his inflexible52 heart was at last breaking. And for certain there never was in his camp and over his dominions53 such a gloom as in this October, 1761, till at length he appeared on horseback again, with a cheerful face; and every body thought to himself, ‘Ha! the world will still roll on, then.’”
Frederick’s treatment of the unfortunate General Zastrow, who was in command at Schweidnitz, was quite peculiar. Very generously he wrote to him:
“My dear General Von Zastrow,—The misfortune which has befallen me is very grievous. But what consoles me in it is to see by your letter that you have behaved like a brave officer, and that neither you nor your garrison have brought disgrace or reproach upon yourselves. I am your well-affectioned king.
“Frederick.
527 “P.S.—You may, in this occurrence, say what Francis I., after the battle of Pavia, wrote to his mother: ‘All is lost except honor.’ As I do not yet completely understand the affair, I forbear to judge of it, for it is altogether extraordinary.”
Notwithstanding this letter, Frederick refused to give General Zastrow any further employment, but left him to neglect, obscurity, and poverty. Zastrow wrote to the king imploring54 a court-martial. He received the following laconic55 reply:
“It is of no use. I impute56 nothing of crime to you. But after such a mishap57 it would be dangerous to trust you with any post or command.”
The freezing gales58 of winter soon came, when neither army could keep the open field. Frederick established his winter quarters at Breslau. General Loudon, with his Austrians, was about thirty miles southwest of him at Kunzendorf. Thus ended the sixth campaign.
The winter was long, cold, and dreary59. Fierce storms swept the fields, piling up the snow in enormous drifts. But for this cruel war, the Prussian, Russian, and Austrian peasants, who had been dragged into the armies to slaughter60 each other, might have been in their humble61 but pleasant homes, by the bright fireside, in the enjoyment62 of all comforts.
“The snow lies ell-deep,” writes Archenholtz; “snow-tempests, sleet63, frost. The soldiers bread is a block of ice, impracticable to human teeth till you thaw64 it.”
It was on the 9th of December that the king, after incredible exposure to hunger, and cold, and night-marchings, established himself for the winter in the shattered apartments of his ruined palace at Breslau. He tried to assume a cheerful aspect in public, but spent most of his hours alone, brooding over the ruin which now seemed inevitable65. He withdrew from all society, scarcely spoke66 to any body except upon business. One day General Lentulus dined with him, and not one word was spoken at the table. On the 18th of January, 1762, the king wrote in the following desponding tones to D’Argens:
“The school of patience I am at is hard, long-continued, cruel, nay67, barbarous. I have not been able to escape my lot. All that human foresight68 could suggest has been employed, and528 nothing has succeeded. If Fortune continues to pursue me, doubtless I shall sink. It is only she that can extricate69 me from the situation I am in. I escape out of it by looking at the universe on the great scale, like an observer from some distant planet. All then seems to me so infinitely70 small; and I could almost pity my enemies for giving themselves such trouble about so very little.
“What would become of us without philosophy, without this reasonable contempt of things frivolous71, transient, and fugitive72, about which the greedy and ambitious make such a pother, fancying them to be solid! This is to become wise by stripes, you will tell me. Well, if one do become wise, what matters it how? I read a great deal. I devour73 my books, and that brings me useful alleviation74. But for my books, I think hypochondria would have had me in Bedlam75 before now. In fine, dear marquis, we live in troublous times and in desperate situations. I have all the properties of a stage hero—always in danger, always on the point of perishing. One must hope that the conclusion will come, and if the end of the piece be lucky, we will forget the rest.”169
“The darkest hour is often nearest the dawn.” The next day after Frederick had written the above letter he received news of the death of his most inveterate76 enemy, Elizabeth, the Empress of Russia. As we have mentioned, she was intensely exasperated77 against him in consequence of some sarcasms78 in which he had indulged in reference to her private life. Elizabeth was the daughter of Peter the Great, and had inherited many of her father’s imperial traits of character. She was a very formidable foe.
“Russia may be counted as the bigger half of all he had to strive with; the bigger, or at least the far uglier, more ruinous, and incendiary; and, if this were at once taken away, think what a daybreak when the night was at the blackest.”170
The nephew of Elizabeth, and her successor, Peter III., was a very warm admirer of Frederick. One of his first acts was to send to the Prussian king the assurance of his esteem79 and friendship. Peter immediately released all the Prussian prisoners in his dominions, entered into an armistice80 with Frederick, which529 was soon followed by a treaty of alliance. The two sovereigns commenced a very friendly correspondence. Frederick returned all the Russian prisoners, well clothed and fed, to their homes. The change was almost as sudden and striking as the transformations81 in the kaleidoscope. On the 23d Peter issued a decree that there was peace with Prussia, that he had surrendered to his Prussian majesty82 all the territorial83 conquests thus far made, and had recalled the Russian armies.
Peter III. had been left an orphan84, and titular85 Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, when eleven years of age. His mother was a daughter of Peter the Great. His aunt, the Czarina Elizabeth, who had determined86 not to marry, adopted the child, and pronounced him to be her heir to the throne. Being at that time on friendly terms with Frederick, the Empress Elizabeth had consulted him in reference to a wife for the future czar. It will be remembered that the king effected a marriage between Peter and Sophia, the beautiful daughter of a Prussian general, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, and at that time commandant of Stettin. His wife was sister to the heir-apparent of Sweden. Carlyle, speaking of this couple, says:
“They have a daughter, Sophie-Frederike, now near fifteen, and very forward for her age; comely87 to look upon, wise to listen to. ‘Is not she the suitable one?’ thinks Frederick in regard to this matter. ‘Pier kindred is of the oldest—old as Albert the Bear. She has been frugally88 brought up, Spartan-like, though as a princess by birth. Let her cease skipping ropes on the ramparts yonder with her young Stettin playmates, and prepare for being a czarina of the Russias,’ thinks he. And communicates his mind to the czarina, who answers, ‘Excellent! How did I never think of that myself!’”
This was in January, 1744. The young lady, with her mother, by express invitation, and with this object in view, visited the Russian court. Sophia embraced the Greek religion, received in baptism the new name of Catharine, and on the 1st of September, 1745, was married to her second cousin Peter. “And with invocation of the Russian heaven and Russian earth they were declared to be one flesh, though at last they turned out to be two fleshes, as my reader well knows.”171
530
THE EMPRESS CATHARINE.
About a year before this, on the 17th of July, 1744, Frederick’s sister Ulrique had been married to Adolf Frederick, the heir-apparent to the throne of Sweden. Eighteen years of this weary world’s history, with its wars and its woes89, had since passed away. On the 5th of April, 1751, the old king of Sweden died. Thus Adolf became king, and Frederick’s sister Ulrique Queen of Sweden. And now, on the 5th of January, 1762, the Empress of Russia died, and Peter III., with his wife Catharine, ascended90 the throne of that majestic91 empire.
The withdrawal of Russia from the alliance against Frederick, though hailed by him with great joy, still left him, with wasted armies and exhausted92 finances, to struggle single-handed against Austria and France united, each of which kingdoms was far more powerful than Prussia. The winter passed rapidly away without any marked events, each party preparing for the opening of the campaign in the ensuing spring. On the 8th of June, 1762, Frederick wrote to D’Argens:
“In fine, my dear marquis, the job ahead of me is hard and difficult, and nobody can say positively93 how it will all go. Pray for us; and don’t forget a poor devil who kicks about strangely in his harness, who leads the life of one damned.”
Peter III. was a drunken, brutal94, half-crazed debauchee. Catharine was a beautiful, graceful95, intellectual, and dissolute woman. They hated each other. They did not even pretend to be faithful to each other. Catharine formed a successful conspiracy96, dethroned her husband, and was proclaimed by the army sole empress. After a series of the wildest scenes of intrigue97, corruption98, and crime, the imbecile Peter III., who had fled to the remote palace of Ropscha, was murdered, being first compelled to drink of poison, and then, while writhing99 in pain, he was strangled with a napkin. Whether Catharine were a party to this531 assassination is a question which can now probably never be decided100. It is certain that she must have rejoiced over the event, and that she richly rewarded the murderers.
ASSASSINATION OF PETER III.
In the following curious proclamation, the Empress Catharine II. announced to her subjects the death of her husband:
“The seventh day after our accession to the throne of all the Russias we received information that the late emperor, Peter III., was attacked with a violent colic. That we might not be wanting in Christian101 duty, or disobedient to the divine command by which we are enjoined102 to preserve the life of our neighbor, we immediately ordered that the said Peter should be furnished with every thing that might be judged necessary to restore his health by the aids of medicine. But, to our great regret and affliction, we were yesterday evening apprized that, by permission of the Almighty103, the late emperor departed this life.”
The seventh campaign of the Seven Years’ War commenced on the 1st of July, 1762. Peter III. had sent an army of twenty thousand men to the support of Frederick. Aided by these troops, united with his own army, Frederick had emerged from532 his winter quarters, and was just about to attack the Austrian army, which was intrenched upon the heights of Burkersdorf, a little south of Schweidnitz, which fortress the Austrians then held. The evening before the contemplated104 attack the Russian General Czernichef entered the tent of Frederick with the following appalling105 tidings:
“There has been a revolution in St. Petersburg. The Czar Peter III., your majesty’s devoted106 friend, has been deposed107, and probably assassinated108. The Czarina Catharine, influenced by the enemies of your majesty, and unwilling109 to become embroiled110 in a conflict with Austria and France, has ordered me to return instantly homeward with the twenty thousand troops under my command.”
For a moment the king was quite stunned111 by the blow. The withdrawal of these troops would expose him to be speedily overwhelmed by the Austrians. By earnest entreaty112, Frederick persuaded Czernichef to remain with him three days longer. “I will require of you no service whatever. The Austrians know nothing of this change. They will think that you are still my ally. Your presence simply will thus aid me greatly in the battle.”
General Czernichef, though at the risk of his head from the displeasure of Catharine, generously consented so far to disobey the orders of his empress. The next day, July 2, 1762, Frederick, with his remaining troops, attacked the foe, under General Daun, at Burkersdorf. From four o’clock in the morning until five in the afternoon the antagonistic113 hosts hurled114 themselves against each other. Frederick was the victor. “On fall of night, Daun, every body having had his orders, and been making his preparations for six hours past, ebbed115 totally away, in perfect order, bag and baggage; well away to southward, and left Frederick quit of him.”172
Early the next morning, Czernichef, greatly admiring the exploit Frederick had performed, commenced his march home. Just before this there was a change in the British ministry116, and the new cabinet clamored for peace. England entered into a treaty with France, and retired117 from the conflict. Frederick, vehemently118 upbraiding119 the English with treachery—the same kind533 of treachery of which he had repeatedly been guilty—marched upon Schweidnitz. After a vigorous siege of two months he captured the place.
Nearly all of Silesia was again in the hands of Frederick. He seems to have paid no regard to the ordinary principles of honor in the accomplishment120 of his plans. Indeed, he seems to have had no delicate perceptions of right and wrong, no instinctive121 appreciation122 of what was honorable or dishonorable in human conduct. He coined adulterated money, which he compelled the people to take, but which he refused to receive in taxes. In his Military Instructions, drawn123 up by his own hand, he writes:
“When you find it very necessary, yet very difficult, to gain any intelligence of the enemy, there is another expedient124, though a cruel one. You take a rich burgher, possessed125 of rich lands, a wife, and children. You oblige him to go to the enemy’s camp, as if to complain of hard treatment, and to take along with him, as his servant, a spy who speaks the language of the country; assuring him at the same time that, in case he does not bring the spy back with him, after having remained a sufficient time in the enemy’s camp, you will set fire to his house, and massacre126 his wife and children. I was forced to have recourse to this cruel expedient. It answered my purpose.”173
A man’s moral nature must be indeed obtuse127 who could thus recommend the compulsion of a peaceable citizen to act the part of a traitor128 to his own country, under the alternative of having his house fired and his wife and children massacred.
Winter was now approaching. The Austrians in Saxony made a desperate attack upon Prince Henry, and were routed with much loss. The shattered Austrian army retired to Bohemia for winter quarters. Under the circumstances, it was a victory of immense importance to Frederick. Upon receiving the glad tidings, he wrote to Henry:
“Your letter, my dear brother, has made me twenty years younger. Yesterday I was sixty, to-day hardly eighteen. I bless Heaven for preserving your health, and that things have passed so happily. It is a service so important rendered by you to the state that I can not enough express my gratitude129, and will wait to do it in person.”
534 On the 24th of November the belligerents130 entered into an armistice until the 1st of March. All were exhausted. It was manifest that peace would soon be declared. Commissioners131 to arrange the terms of peace met at the castle of Hubertsburg, near Dresden. On the 15th of February, 1763, peace was concluded. Frederick retained Silesia. That was the result of the war.
According to Frederick’s computation, he had succeeded in wresting132 this province from Maria Theresa at an expense of eight hundred and fifty-three thousand lives, actual fighters, who had perished upon the field of battle. Of these, one hundred and eighty thousand were Prussians. Of the hundreds of thousands of men, women, and children who, in consequence of the war, had perished of exposure, famine, and pestilence133, no note is taken. The population of Prussia had diminished, during the seven years, five hundred thousand.
The day in which the treaty was signed Frederick wrote to the Marquis D’Argens as follows: “The best thing I have now to tell you of, my dear marquis, is the peace. And it is right that the good citizens and the public should rejoice at it. For me, poor old man that I am, I return to a town where I know nothing but the walls, where I find no longer any of my friends, where great and laborious134 duties await me, and where I shall soon lay my old bones in an asylum135 which can neither be troubled by war, by calamities136, nor by the wickedness of men.”
Archenholtz, who was an eye-witness of the miseries137 which he describes, gives the following account of the state of Germany at the close of the conflict:
“Whole provinces had been laid waste. Even in those which had not been thus destroyed, internal commerce and industry were almost at an end. A great part of Pomerania and Brandenburg was changed into a desert. There were provinces where hardly any men were to be found, and where the women were therefore obliged to guide the plow138. In others women were as much wanting as men. The most fertile plains of Germany, on the banks of the Oder and the Wesel, presented only the arid139 and sterile140 appearance of a desert. An officer has stated that he had passed through seven villages without meeting a single person excepting a curate.”174
On the 15th of March, 1763, Frederick left Leipsic, and on the 30th entered his capital of Berlin, from which he had been absent six years. It was nine o’clock in the evening when his carriage drove through the dark and silent streets to his palace. His arrival at that hour had not been anticipated. It is said that he repaired immediately to the queen’s apartment, where he met the several members of the royal family. As soon as it was known that the king had arrived, Berlin blazed with illuminations and rang with rejoicings.
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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obstructing
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| 阻塞( obstruct的现在分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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redoubtable
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antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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morasses
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sundry
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graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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32
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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33
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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34
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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35
knolls
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| n.小圆丘，小土墩( knoll的名词复数 ) | |
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36
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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37
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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38
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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39
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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40
clump
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| n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走 | |
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41
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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42
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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43
sentry
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| n.哨兵，警卫 | |
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44
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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45
wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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46
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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47
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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48
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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49
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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50
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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51
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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52
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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53
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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54
imploring
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| 恳求的，哀求的 | |
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55
laconic
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| adj.简洁的；精练的 | |
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56
impute
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| v.归咎于 | |
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57
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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58
gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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59
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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60
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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61
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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62
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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63
sleet
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| n.雨雪；v.下雨雪，下冰雹 | |
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64
thaw
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| v.（使）融化，（使）变得友善；n.融化，缓和 | |
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65
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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66
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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67
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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68
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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69
extricate
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| v.拯救，救出；解脱 | |
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70
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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71
frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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72
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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73
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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74
alleviation
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| n. 减轻，缓和，解痛物 | |
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75
bedlam
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| n.混乱，骚乱；疯人院 | |
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76
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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77
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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78
sarcasms
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| n.讥讽，讽刺，挖苦( sarcasm的名词复数 ) | |
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79
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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80
armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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81
transformations
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| n.变化( transformation的名词复数 )；转换；转换；变换 | |
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82
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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83
territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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84
orphan
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| n.孤儿；adj.无父母的 | |
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85
titular
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| adj.名义上的，有名无实的；n.只有名义（或头衔）的人 | |
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86
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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87
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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88
frugally
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| adv. 节约地, 节省地 | |
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89
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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90
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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91
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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92
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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93
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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94
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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95
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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96
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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97
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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98
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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99
writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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100
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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101
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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102
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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104
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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105
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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106
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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107
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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108
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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109
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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110
embroiled
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| adj.卷入的；纠缠不清的 | |
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111
stunned
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| adj. 震惊的，惊讶的 动词stun的过去式和过去分词 | |
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112
entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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113
antagonistic
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| adj.敌对的 | |
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114
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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115
ebbed
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| （指潮水）退( ebb的过去式和过去分词 )； 落； 减少； 衰落 | |
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116
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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117
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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118
vehemently
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| adv. 热烈地 | |
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119
upbraiding
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| adj.& n.谴责（的）v.责备，申斥，谴责( upbraid的现在分词 ) | |
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120
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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121
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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122
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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123
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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124
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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125
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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126
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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127
obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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128
traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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129
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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130
belligerents
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| n.交战的一方（指国家、集团或个人）( belligerent的名词复数 ) | |
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131
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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132
wresting
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| 动词wrest的现在进行式 | |
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133
pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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134
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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135
asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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136
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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137
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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138
plow
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| n.犁，耕地，犁过的地；v.犁，费力地前进[英]plough | |
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139
arid
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| adj.干旱的；(土地)贫瘠的 | |
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140
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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