There still remained to Frederick twenty-three years of life. He now engaged very vigorously in the endeavor to repair the terrible ravages5 of war by encouraging agriculture, commerce, and all useful arts. He invited the distinguished6 French philosophers Helvetius and D’Alembert to visit his court, and endeavored, though unavailingly, to induce them to take up their residence in Berlin. They were both in sympathy with the king in their renunciation of Christianity.
There are many anecdotes of Frederick floating about in the journals whose authenticity9 can not be vouched10 for. The two following are doubtless authentic8. Frederick, as he was riding through the streets of Berlin, saw a crowd looking upon a picture which was posted high up on a wall. He requested his groom11 to see what it was. The servant returned with the reply, “It is a caricature of your majesty12, seated on a stool, with a coffee-mill between your knees, grinding with one hand, and picking up the beans which have fallen with the other,”
“Take it down,” said the king, “and hang it lower, that the people may not hurt their necks in looking at it.”
The crowd heard what he said. With bursts of laughter they tore the caricature in pieces, scattered13 it to the winds, and greeted the king, as he rode away, with enthusiastic shouts of “Our Fritz forever.”
The Crown Prince Frederick had married the daughter of the Duke of Brunswick. She was a very beautiful, proud, high-spirited woman. Her husband was a worthless fellow, dissolute in the extreme. She, stung to madness, and unrestrained by Christian537 principle, retaliated14 in kind. A divorce was the result. The discarded princess retired15 to the castle of Stettin, where she lived in comparative seclusion16, though surrounded with elegance17.
FREDERICK THE GREAT, ?T. 59.
Upon one occasion she ordered a very rich silk dress directly from Lyons. The custom-house dues were heavy. The custom-house officer detained the dress until the dues should be paid. The haughty18 princess, exceedingly indignant, sent an order to him to bring the dress instantly to her, and she would pay the538 demand. As soon as he entered her apartment, she snatched the dress from his hands, and with her open palm gave him two slaps in the face, ordering him immediately to leave the house175
The officer drew up a statement of the facts, and sent it to the king, with the complaint that he had been dishonored in discharging the duties intrusted to him by his majesty. The king sent the following reply:
“To the custom-house officer at Stettin. The loss of the excise20 dues shall fall to my score. The dress shall remain with the princess; the slaps to him who received them. As to the pretended dishonor, I entirely21 relieve the complainant from that. Never can the appliance of a beautiful hand dishonor the face of an officer of customs.”
Frederick, with his own pen, gives the following account of this family quarrel, which resulted in the divorce of the Crown Prince and Elizabeth:
“Not long ago we mentioned the Prince of Prussia’s marriage with Elizabeth of Brunswick. The husband, young and dissolute, given up to a profligate22 life, from which his relatives could not correct him, was continually committing infidelities to his wife. The princess, who was in the flower of her beauty, felt outraged23 by such neglect of her charms. Her vivacity24 and the good opinion she had of herself brought her upon the thought of avenging25 her wrongs by retaliation26. Speedily she gave into excesses scarcely inferior to those of her husband. Family quarrels broke out, and were soon publicly known. The antipathy27 which ensued took away all hope of succession. The brothers of the king, Henry and Ferdinand, avowed28 frankly29 that they would never consent to have, by some accidental birth, their rights of succession to the crown carried off. In the end, there was nothing for it but proceeding30 to a divorce.”176
Within three months after the divorce, the Crown Prince, anxious for an heir, married, on the 18th of April, 1769, the Princess Frederica Louisa, of Hesse-Darmstadt. A son was born to them, who became Frederick William III.
539 Under the energetic administration of Frederick, Prussia began, very rapidly, to recover from the desolation which had overwhelmed it. The coin, in a little more than a year, was restored to its purity. In the course of two years Frederick rebuilt, in different parts of his realms, fourteen thousand five hundred houses. The army horses were distributed among the impoverished31 farmers for plow32 teams. Early in June, 1763, the king set out on a general tour of inspection33.
“To form an idea,” he writes, “of the general subversion34, and how great were the desolation and discouragement, you must represent to yourself countries entirely ravaged35, the very traces of the old habitations hardly discoverable. Of the towns some were ruined from top to bottom; others half destroyed by fire. Of thirteen thousand houses the very vestiges36 were gone. There was no field in seed, no grain for the food of the inhabitants. Sixty thousand horses were needed if there were to be plowing37 carried on. In the provinces generally there were half a million population less than in 1756; that is to say, upon four millions and a half the ninth man was wanting. Noble and peasant had been pillaged38, ransomed39, foraged40, eaten out by so many different armies; nothing now left them but life and miserable41 rags.
“There was no credit by trading people even for the necessaries of life. There was no police in the towns. To habits of equity42 and order there had succeeded a vile43 greed of gain and an anarchic disorder44. The silence of the laws had produced in the people a taste for license45. Boundless46 appetite for gain was their main rule of action. The noble, the merchant, the farmer, the laborer47, raising emulously each the price of his commodity, seemed to endeavor only for their mutual49 ruin. Such, when the war ended, was the fatal spectacle over these provinces, which had once been so flourishing. However pathetic the description may be, it will never approach the touching50 and sorrowful impression which the sight of it produced.”
The absolutism of Frederick placed all legislative51, judicial52, and executive powers in his hands. He was law-maker, judge, and executioner. The liberty, property, and lives of his subjects were at his disposal. He could call others to assist him in the government, but they were merely servants to do his bidding.
“During the war,” writes Frederick, “the councilors and ministers540 had successively died. In such time of trouble it had been impossible to replace them. The embarrassment53 was to find persons capable of filling these different employments. We searched the provinces, where good heads were found as rare as in the capital. At length five chief ministers were pitched upon.”
The rich abbeys of the Roman Catholics were compelled to establish manufactures for weaving damasks and table-cloths. Some were converted into oil-mills, or “workers in copper54, wire-drawers, the flaxes and metals, with water-power, markets, and so on.”
While on this tour of inspection, the celebrated55 French philosopher D’Alembert, by appointment, met the king at Geldern, and accompanied him to Potsdam. D’Alembert was in entire sympathy with the king in his renunciation of Christianity. In 1755 D’Alembert had, by invitation, met Frederick at Wesel, on the Rhine. In a letter to Madame Du Deffand, at Paris, dated Potsdam, June 25, 1763, D’Alembert wrote:
“I will not go into the praises of King Frederick, now my host. I will merely send you two traits of him, which will indicate his way of thinking and feeling. When I spoke56 to him of the glory which he had acquired, he answered, with the greatest simplicity57,
“‘There is a furious discount to be deducted58 from said glory. Chance came in for almost the whole of it. I would far rather have written Racine’s Athalie than have performed all the achievements of this war.’
“The other trait I have to give you is this. On the 15th of February last, the day of concluding this peace, which is so glorious to him, some one said to him, ‘It is the finest day of your majesty’s life.’ The king replied,
“‘The finest day of life is the day on which one quits it.’”177
Helvetius, another of the distinguished French deistical philosophers, was invited to Berlin to assist the king in his financial operations. To aid the mechanics in Berlin, and to show to the world that the king was not so utterly59 impoverished as many imagined, Frederick, on the 11th of June, 1763, laid the foundation of the sumptuous60 edifice61 called “The New Palace of Sans Souci.”
541 Frederick, though now at peace with all the world, found no nation in cordial alliance with him. He had always disliked England, and England returned the dislike with interest. The Duchess of Pompadour, who controlled France, hated him. Maria Theresa regarded him as a highway robber who had snatched Silesia from her and escaped with it. Frederick, thus left without an ally, turned to his former subject, now Catharine II., whom he had placed on the throne of Russia. On the 11th of April, 1764, one year after the close of the Seven Years’ War, he entered into a treaty of alliance with the Czarina Catharine. The treaty was to continue eight years. In case either of the parties became involved in war, the other party was to furnish a contingent62 of twelve thousand men, or an equivalent in money.
On the 5th of October, 1763, Augustus, the unhappy King of Poland, had died at Dresden, after a troubled reign63 of thirty years. The crown was elective. The turbulent nobles, broken up into antagonistic64 and envenomed cliques65, were to choose a successor. Catharine, as ambitious as she was able and unprincipled, resolved to place one of her creatures upon the throne, that Poland, a realm spreading over a territory of 284,000 square miles, and containing a population of 20,000,000, might be virtually added to her dominions66. Carlyle writes:
“My own private conjecture67, I confess, has rather grown to be, on much reading of those Rulhières and distracted books, that the czarina—who was a grandiose68 creature, with considerable magnanimities, natural and acquired; with many ostentations, some really great qualities and talents; in effect, a kind of she Louis Quatorze (if the reader will reflect on that royal gentleman, and put him into petticoats in Russia, and change his improper69 females for improper males)—that the czarina, very clearly resolute70 to keep Poland hers, had determined71 with herself to do something very handsome in regard to Poland; and to gain glory, both with the enlightened philosophe classes and with her own proud heart, by her treatment of that intricate matter.”
In the court of the czarina there was a very handsome young Pole, Stanislaus Poniatowski, who had been an acknowledged lover of Catharine. Though Catharine had laid him aside for other favorites, she still regarded him with tender feelings. He was just the man to do her bidding. By skillful diplomacy72 she542 caused him to be elected King of Poland. That kingdom was now entirely in her hands, so far as it was in the power of its monarch73 to place it there.
This, however, stirred up great strife74 in Poland. The nobles were roused. Scenes of confusion ensued. The realm was plunged75 into a state of anarchy76. Frederick, being in cordial co-operation with the czarina in all her measures, instructed his minister in Warsaw to follow her policy in every particular. It has generally been supposed that Frederick was the first to propose the banditti division of the kingdom of Poland between Prussia, Russia, and Austria by means of their united armies. This is not certain. But, whoever may have at first made the suggestion, it is very certain that Frederick cordially and efficiently77 embarked78 in the enterprise.178
Poniatowski was elected King of Poland on the 7th of September, 1764, and crowned on the 25th of November. He was then thirty-two years of age, and the scarcely disguised agent of Catharine. Two or three years passed of wars and rebellions, and all the usual tumult79 of this tumultuous world. In August, 1765, the Emperor Francis died. He was at Innsprück, attending the marriage festivities of his second son Leopold. About nine o’clock in the evening of the 18th, while sauntering through the rooms in the midst of the brilliant gala, he was struck with apoplexy. He staggered for a moment, fell into the hands of his son Joseph, and instantly died.
Joseph, the oldest son of Maria Theresa and Francis, by the will of his mother became emperor. But Maria Theresa still swayed the sceptre of imperial power, through the hands of her son, as she had formerly80 done through the hands of her amiable81 and pliant82 husband. The young emperor was fond of traveling. He visited all the battle-fields of the Seven Years’ War, and put up many monuments. Through his minister at Berlin, he expressed his particular desire to make the acquaintance of Frederick. The interview took place at Neisse on the 25th of August, 1769. His majesty received the young emperor on the grand staircase of the palace, where they cordially embraced each other.
“Now are my wishes fulfilled,” said the emperor, “since I have the honor to embrace the greatest of kings and soldiers.”
543 “I look upon this day,” the king replied, “as the fairest of my life; for it will become the epoch83 of uniting two houses which have been enemies too long, and whose mutual interests require that they should strengthen, not weaken, one another.”
There were dinner-parties, and military reviews, and operas to beguile84 the time. The interview lasted three days. The king and the emperor often walked out arm in arm. Frederick wrote:
“The emperor has a frankness of manner which seems natural to him. In his amiable character, gayety and great vivacity are prominent features.”
Under cover of these festivities important political matters were discussed. The question of the partition of Poland arose, and arrangements were made for another interview. Soon after this, Frederick sent to Catharine a sketch85 of a plan for partitioning several provinces in Poland—Russia, Prussia, and Austria each taking a share. “To which Petersburg, intoxicated86 with its own outlooks on Turkey, paid not the least attention.”179 The second interview, of five days, commenced on the 3d of September, 1770, at Neustadt, near Austerlitz, which has since become so famous.
The Prince De Ligne, in a long letter to Stanislaus, King of Poland, gives an interesting account of several conversations which ensued. In this narrative87 he writes:
“I forget how the conversation changed. But I know that it grew so free that, seeing somebody coming to join in it, the king warned him to take care, saying that it was not safe to converse88 with a man doomed89 by the theologians to everlasting90 fire. I felt as if he somewhat overdid91 this of his ‘being doomed,’ and that he boasted too much of it. Not to hint at the dishonesty of these free-thinking gentlemen, who very often are thoroughly92 afraid of the devil, it is at least bad taste to make display of such things. And it was with the people of bad taste whom he had about him, and some dull skeptics of his own academy, that he had acquired the habit of mocking at religion.”
The king was not a little vain of the keen thrusts he could occasionally give the clergy93. In a letter to Marie-Antoine, Electress of Saxony, dated Potsdam, May 3, 1768, he, with much apparent complacency, records the following witty94 achievement:
544 “It is a pity for the human race, madam, that men never can be tranquil95. But they never can be any where. Even the little town of Neufchatel has had its troubles. Your royal highness will be astonished to learn how. A parson there had set forth96 in a sermon that, considering the immense mercy of God, the pains of hell could not last forever. The synod shouted murder at such scandal, and has been struggling ever since to get the parson exterminated97. The affair was of my jurisdiction98, for your royal highness must know that I am pope in that country. Here is my decision:
“‘Let the parsons who make for themselves a cruel and barbarous God be eternally damned, as they desire and deserve; and let those parsons who conceive God gentle and merciful enjoy the plenitude of his mercy.’
“However, madam, my sentence has failed to calm the minds. The schism99 continues, and the number of damnatory theologians prevail over the others.”180
The king could be very courteous100. He gave a dinner-party, at which General Loudon, one of the most efficient of the Austrian generals, and who had often been successfully opposed to Frederick, was a guest. As he entered the king said,
“General Loudon, take a seat by my side. I had much rather have you with me than opposite me.” Mettez vous auprès de moi. J’aime mieux vous avoir à c?té de moi que vis-à-vis.181
Catharine was at this time engaged vigorously in a war with the Turks. Frederick, by his treaty with the czarina, was compelled to assist her. This ambitious woman, endowed with extraordinary powers, was pushing her conquests toward Constantinople, having formed the resolve to annex101 that imperial city to the empire, and thus to open through the Straits of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles new avenues for Russian commerce.
Count Von Kaunitz, an able but proud and self-conceited man, was prime minister of the Emperor of Germany. His commanding mind exerted quite a controlling influence over his imperial master. Kaunitz records the following conversation as having taken place at this interview between himself and Frederick:182
545 “These Russian encroachments upon the Turk,” said Kaunitz, “are dangerous to the repose102 of Europe. His imperial majesty can never consent that Russia should possess the provinces of Moldavia and Wallachia. He will much rather go to war. These views of Russia are infinitely103 dangerous to every body. They are as dangerous to your majesty as to others. I can conceive of no remedy against them but this. Prussia and Austria must join frankly in protest and absolute prohibition104 of them.”
“I have nothing more at heart,” Frederick replied, “than to stand well with Austria. I wish always to be her ally, never her enemy. But the prince sees how I am situated105. Bound by express treaty with her czarish majesty, I must go with Russia in any war. I will do every thing in my power to conciliate her majesty with the emperor—to secure such a peace at St. Petersburg as may meet the wishes of Vienna.”183
Singularly enough, the very next day Frederick received an express from the Divan106 requesting him, with the aid of Austria, to mediate19 peace with Russia. The Turks had encountered such reverses that they were anxious to sheathe107 the sword. Frederick with great joy undertook the mediation108. But he found the mediation far more difficult than he had imagined. Catharine and Maria Theresa, so totally different in character, entertained a rooted aversion to each other. The complications were so great that month after month the deliberations were continued unavailingly. Maria Theresa was unrelentingly opposed to the advance of Russia upon Constantinople.
Thus originated with the Empress Catharine, one hundred years ago, the idea of driving the Turks out of Europe, and of annexing109 Constantinople to her majestic110 empire. From that time until now the question has been increasingly agitating111 the courts of Europe. Every day, now, the “Eastern Question” is assuming greater importance. The following map very clearly shows the commanding position of Constantinople, and the immense strength, both in a military and a commercial point of view, it would give to the Russian empire.
Meneval, private secretary of Napoleon I., records that, in one546 of the interviews of the emperor with Alexander, the czar offered to co-operate with Napoleon in all his plans if the emperor would consent that Russia should take Constantinople. The French emperor replied, after a moment’s hesitation112,
“Constantinople! never. It is the empire of the world.”
MAP OF THE EAST.
There can be but little doubt, however, that the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles will ere long be in the hands of Russia. “I know that I or my successors,” said the Czar Nicholas, “must547 have Constantinople. You might as well arrest a stream in its descent from a mountain as the Russians in their advance to the Hellespont.”184
There was a famine in Poland, and the famine was followed by pestilence113. A general state of tumult and discord114 ensued. Maria Theresa had gathered a large army on the frontiers of Hungary to watch the designs of Russia upon Turkey. Availing herself of this disturbed state of Poland, Maria Theresa marched her troops into one of its provinces called Zips, which had once belonged to Hungary, and quietly extended her boundaries around the acquisition. Catharine was much exasperated115 by the measure.
The czarina had, about that time, invited Prince Henry, the warlike brother of Frederick, to visit her. They had met as children when the czarina was daughter of the commandant at Stettin. Henry was received with an extraordinary display of imperial magnificence. In the midst of this routine of feasting, balls, and masquerades, Catharine one day said to Henry, with much pique116, referring to these encroachments on the part of Maria Theresa,
“It seems that in Poland the Austrians have only to stoop and pick up what they like. If the court of Vienna has the intention to dismember that kingdom, its neighbors will have the right to take their share.”185
Frederick caught eagerly at the suggestion, as the remark was reported to him by his brother. He drew up a new plan of partition, which he urged with all his powers of address upon both Russia and Austria. The conscience of Maria Theresa was strongly opposed to the deed. Catharine and Kaunitz were very greedy in their demands. Circumstances assumed such an aspect that it was very difficult for Maria Theresa to oppose the measure. At length, through the extraordinary efforts of Frederick, on the 5th of August, 1772, the following agreement was adopted:
Russia took 87,500 square miles. Austria received 62,500. The share which fell to Frederick was but 9456 square miles. Small in respect to territory as was Frederick’s share, it was regarded, in consequence of its position and the nature of the country, equally valuable with the other portions.
548 “Frederick’s share,” writes Mr. Carlyle, “as an anciently Teutonic country, and as filling up the always dangerous gap between his Ost Prussen and him, has, under Prussian administration, proved much the most valuable of the three, and, next to Silesia, is Frederick’s most important acquisition.”
In carrying out these measures of partition, which the world has usually regarded as one of the most atrocious acts of robbery on record, resort was had both to bribery118 and force. The King of Poland was the obsequious119 servant of Catharine. A common fund was raised by the three powers to bribe117 the members of the Polish diet. Each of the confederate powers also sent an army to the Polish frontiers, ready to unite and crush the distracted people should there be any forcible resistance. Thus the deed was accomplished120.
Maria Theresa was a devout121 woman, governed by stern convictions of duty. Her moral nature recoiled122 from this atrocious act. But she felt driven to it by the pressure brought upon her by her own cabinet, her powerful and arrogant123 prime minister, and by the courts of Prussia and Russia. While, therefore, very reluctantly giving her assent124 to the measure, she issued the following extraordinary document:
“When all my lands were invaded, and I knew not where in the world to be brought to bed in, I relied on my good right and the help of God. But in this thing, where not only public law cries to Heaven against us, but also all natural justice and sound reason, I must confess never in my life to have been in such trouble, and I am ashamed to show my face. Let the prince (Kaunitz) consider what an example we are giving to all the world, if, for a miserable piece of Poland, or of Moldavia, or Wallachia, we throw our honor and reputation to the winds. I see well that I am alone, and no more in vigor4. Therefore I must, though to my very great sorrow, let things take their course.”186
A few days afterward125, in an official document, she writes: “I consent, since so many great and learned men will have it so. But long after I am dead, it will be known what this violating of all that was hitherto held sacred and just will give rise to.”187
549 Frederick had cultivated a supreme126 indifference to public opinion. Not believing in any God, in any future retribution, or in any immortality127, and regarding men merely as the insects of an hour, like the myriad128 polyps which, beneath the ocean, rear their stupendous structures and perish, his sense of right and wrong must necessarily have been very different from that which a believer in the Christian7 faith is accustomed to cherish. In allusion129 to this subject, he writes:
“A new career came to open itself to me. And one must have been either without address or buried in stupidity not to have profited by an opportunity so advantageous130. I seized this unexpected opportunity by the forelock. By dint131 of negotiating and intriguing132, I succeeded in indemnifying our monarchy133 for its past losses by incorporating Polish Prussia with my old provinces. This acquisition was one of the most important we could make, because it joined Pommern to East Prussia, and because, rendering134 us masters of the Weichsel River, we gained the double advantage of being able to defend that kingdom (East Prussia), and to draw considerable tolls135 from the Weichsel, as all the trade of Poland goes by that river.”
The region thus annexed136 to Prussia was in a deplorable state of destitution137 and wretchedness. Most of the towns were in ruins. War had so desolated138 the land that thousands of the people were living in the cellars of their demolished139 houses.
“The country people hardly knew such a thing as bread. Many had never tasted such a delicacy140. Few villages possessed141 an oven. A weaving-loom was rare; a spinning-wheel unknown. The main article of furniture in this bare scene of squalor was a crucifix, and a vessel142 of holy water under it. It was a desolate land, without discipline, without law, without a master. On nine thousand English square miles lived five hundred thousand souls—not fifty-five to the square mile.”188
With extraordinary energy and sagacity Frederick set about developing the resources of his new acquisition. Houses were built. Villages rose as by magic. Marshes143 were drained. Emigrants144, in large numbers, mechanics and farmers, were transported to the new lands. Canals were dug. Roads were improved, and new ones opened. One hundred and eighty-seven school-550masters were sent into the country. Every where there was plowing, ditching, building.
“As Frederick’s seven years’ struggle of war may be called superhuman, so was there also, in his present labor48 of peace, something enormous, which appeared to his contemporaries almost preternatural, at times inhuman145. It was grand, but also terrible, that the success of the whole was to him, at all moments, the one thing to be striven after. The comfort of the individual was of no concern at all.”189
The weal or woe146 of a single human polyp was, in the view of Frederick, entirely unimportant in comparison with the great enterprises he was ambitious of achieving. For this dismemberment of Poland Frederick was severely147 assailed148 in a book entitled “Polish Dialogues.” In answer to a letter from Voltaire, he wrote, under date of March 2, 1775:
“The ‘Polish Dialogues’ you speak of are not known to me. I think of such satires149 with Epictetus, ‘If they tell any truth of thee, correct thyself. If they are lies, laugh at them.’ I have learned, with years, to become a steady coach-horse. I do my stage like a diligent150 roadster, and pay no heed151 to the little dogs that will bark by the way.”
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anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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vouched
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| v.保证( vouch的过去式和过去分词 )；担保；确定；确定地说 | |
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groom
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| vt.给（马、狗等）梳毛，照料，使...整洁 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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seclusion
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elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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mediate
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| vi.调解，斡旋；vt.经调解解决；经斡旋促成 | |
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excise
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| n.(国产)货物税；vt.切除，删去 | |
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entirely
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profligate
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| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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retaliation
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antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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29
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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30
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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31
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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32
plow
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| n.犁，耕地，犁过的地；v.犁，费力地前进[英]plough | |
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33
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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34
subversion
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| n.颠覆，破坏 | |
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35
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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36
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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37
plowing
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| v.耕( plow的现在分词 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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38
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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39
ransomed
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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40
foraged
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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41
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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42
equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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43
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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44
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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45
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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46
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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47
laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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48
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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49
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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50
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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51
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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52
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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53
embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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54
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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55
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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56
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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57
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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58
deducted
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| v.扣除，减去( deduct的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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60
sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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61
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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62
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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63
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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64
antagonistic
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| adj.敌对的 | |
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65
cliques
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| n.小集团，小圈子，派系( clique的名词复数 ) | |
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66
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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67
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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68
grandiose
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| adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的 | |
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69
improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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70
resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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71
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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72
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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73
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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74
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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75
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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76
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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77
efficiently
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| adv.高效率地，有能力地 | |
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78
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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79
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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80
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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81
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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82
pliant
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| adj.顺从的；可弯曲的 | |
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83
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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84
beguile
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| vt.欺骗，消遣 | |
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85
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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86
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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87
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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88
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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89
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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90
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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91
overdid
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| v.做得过分( overdo的过去式 )；太夸张；把…煮得太久；（工作等）过度 | |
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92
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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93
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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94
witty
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| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
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95
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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96
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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97
exterminated
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| v.消灭，根绝( exterminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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98
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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99
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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100
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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101
annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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102
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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103
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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104
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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105
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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106
divan
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| n.长沙发；（波斯或其他东方诗人的）诗集 | |
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107
sheathe
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| v.（将刀剑）插入鞘；包，覆盖 | |
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108
mediation
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| n.调解 | |
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109
annexing
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| 并吞( annex的现在分词 )； 兼并； 强占； 并吞（国家、地区等） | |
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110
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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111
agitating
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| 搅动( agitate的现在分词 )； 激怒； 使焦虑不安； （尤指为法律、社会状况的改变而）激烈争论 | |
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112
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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113
pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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114
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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115
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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116
pique
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| v.伤害…的自尊心，使生气 n.不满，生气 | |
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117
bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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118
bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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119
obsequious
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| adj.谄媚的，奉承的，顺从的 | |
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120
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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121
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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122
recoiled
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| v.畏缩( recoil的过去式和过去分词 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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123
arrogant
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| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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124
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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125
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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126
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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127
immortality
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| n.不死，不朽 | |
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128
myriad
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| adj.无数的；n.无数，极大数量 | |
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129
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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130
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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131
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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132
intriguing
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| adj.有趣的；迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词)；激起…的好奇心 | |
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133
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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134
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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135
tolls
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| （缓慢而有规律的）钟声( toll的名词复数 )； 通行费； 损耗； （战争、灾难等造成的）毁坏 | |
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136
annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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137
destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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138
desolated
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| adj.荒凉的，荒废的 | |
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139
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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140
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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141
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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142
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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143
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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144
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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145
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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146
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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147
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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148
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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149
satires
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| 讽刺，讥讽( satire的名词复数 )； 讽刺作品 | |
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150
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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151
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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