Astra Torres.
The second airship of Lebaudy construction was 7 feet longer than the first, and had a capacity of 94,000 cubic feet of gas with a triple air bag of 17,500 cubic feet to compensate10 for loss of gas; this latter was kept inflated11 by a rotary12 fan. The vessel was eventually taken over by the French Government and may be counted the first dirigible airship considered fit on its tests for military service.
Later vessels of the Lebaudy type were the ‘Patrie’ and ‘Republique,’ in which both size and method of construction surpassed those of the two first attempts. The ‘Patrie’ was fitted with a 60 horse-power engine which gave a speed of 28 miles an hour, while the vessel had a radius13 of 280 miles, carrying a crew of nine. In the winter of 1907 the ‘Patrie’ was anchored at Verdun, and encountered a gale14 which broke her hold on her mooring-ropes. She drifted derelict westward15 across France, the Channel, and the British Isles16, and was lost in the Atlantic.
The ‘Republique’ had an 80 horse-power motor, which, however, only gave her the same speed as the ‘Patrie.’ She was launched in July, 1908, and within three months came to an end which constituted a tragedy for France. A propeller7 burst while the vessel was in the air, and one blade, flying toward the envelope, tore in it a great gash17; the airship crashed to earth, and the two officers and two non-commissioned officers who were in the car were instantaneously killed.
The Clement18 Bayard, and subsequently the Astra-Torres, non-rigids, followed on the early Lebaudys and350 carried French dirigible construction up to 1912. The Clement Bayard was a simple non-rigid2 having four lobes19 at the stern end to assist stability. These were found to retard20 the speed of the airship, which in the second and more successful construction was driven by a Clement Bayard motor of 100 horse-power at a speed of 30 miles an hour. On August 23rd, 1909, while being tried for acceptance by the military authorities, this vessel achieved a record by flying at a height of 5,000 feet for two hours. The Astra-Torres non-rigids were designed by a Spaniard, Se?or Torres, and built by the Astra Company. The envelope was of trefoil shape, this being due to the interior rigging from the suspension band; the exterior21 appearance is that of two lobes side by side, overlaid by a third. The interior rigging, which was adopted with a view to decreasing air resistance, supports a low-hung car from the centre of the envelope; steering22 is accomplished23 by means of horizontal planes fixed on the envelope at the stern, and vertical planes depending beneath the envelope, also at the stern end.
One of the most successful of French pre-war dirigibles was a Clement Bayard built in 1912. In this twin propellers were placed at the front and horizontal and vertical rudders in a sort of box formation under the envelope at the stern. The envelope was stream-lined, while the car of the machine was placed well forward with horizontal controlling planes above it and immediately behind the propellers. This airship, which was named ‘Dupuy de Lome,’ may be ranked as about the most successful non-rigid dirigible constructed prior to the War.
Experiments with non-rigids in Germany was mainly351 carried on by Major Parseval, who produced his first vessel in 1906. The main feature of this airship consisted in variation in length of the suspension cables at the will of the operator, so that the envelope could be given an upward tilt24 while the car remained horizontal in order to give the vessel greater efficiency in climbing. In this machine, the propeller was placed above and forward of the car, and the controlling planes were fixed directly to the envelope near the forward end. A second vessel differed from the first mainly in the matter of its larger size, variable suspension being again employed, together with a similar method of control. The vessel was moderately successful, and under Major Parseval’s direction a third was constructed for passenger carrying, with two engines of 120 horse-power, each driving propellers of 13 feet diameter. This was the most successful of the early German dirigibles; it made a number of voyages with a dozen passengers in addition to its crew, as well as proving its value for military purposes by use as a scout25 machine in man?uvres. Later Parsevals were constructed of stream-line form, about 300 feet in length, and with engines sufficiently26 powerful to give them speeds up to 50 miles an hour.
Major Von Gross, commander of a Balloon Battalion27, produced semi-rigid dirigibles from 1907 onward28. The second of these, driven by two 75 horse-power Daimler motors, was capable of a speed of 27 miles an hour; in September of 1908 she made a trip from and back to Berlin which lasted 13 hours, in which period she covered 176 miles with four passengers and reached a height of 4,000 feet. Her successor, launched in April of 1909, carried a wireless29 installation, and the352 next to this, driven by four motors of 75 horse-power each, reached a speed of 45 miles an hour. As this vessel was constructed for military purposes, very few details either of its speed or method of construction were made public.
Practically all these vessels were discounted by the work of Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who set out from the first with the idea of constructing a rigid dirigible. Beginning in 1898, he built a balloon on an aluminium30 framework covered with linen31 and silk, and divided into interior compartments32 holding linen bags which were capable of containing nearly 400,000 cubic feet of hydrogen. The total length of this first Zeppelin airship was 420 feet and the diameter 38 feet. Two cars were rigidly33 attached to the envelope, each carrying a 16 horse-power motor, driving propellers which were rigidly connected to the aluminium framework of the balloon. Vertical and horizontal screws were used for lifting and forward driving and a sliding weight was used to raise or lower the stem of the vessel out of the horizontal in order to rise or descend34 without altering the load by loss of ballast or the lift by loss of gas.
The first trial of this vessel was made in July of 1900, and was singularly unfortunate. The winch by which the sliding weight was operated broke, and the balloon was so bent35 that the working of the propellers was interfered36 with, as was the steering. A speed of 13 feet per second was attained37, but on descending38 the airship ran against some piles and was further damaged. Repairs were completed by the end of September, 1900, and on a second trial flight made on October 21st a speed of 30 feet per second was reached.
Zeppelin, pre-war type.
Zeppelin was far from satisfied with the performance353 of this vessel, and he therefore set about collecting funds for the construction of a second, which was completed in 1905. By this time the internal combustion39 engine had been greatly improved, and without any increase of weight, Zeppelin was able to instal two motors of 85 horse-power each. The total capacity was 367,000 cubic feet of hydrogen, carried in 16 gas bags inside the framework, and the weight of the whole construction was 9 tons—a ton less than that of the first Zeppelin airship. Three vertical planes at front and rear controlled horizontal steering, while rise and fall was controlled by horizontal planes arranged in box form. Accident attended the first trial of this second airship, which took place over the Bodensee on November 30th, 1905. ‘It had been intended to tow the raft, to which it was anchored, further from the shore against the wind. But the water was too low to allow the use of the raft. The balloon was therefore mounted on pontoons, pulled out into the lake, and taken in tow by a motor-boat. It was caught by a strong wind which was blowing from the shore, and driven ahead at such a rate that it overtook the motor-boat. The tow rope was therefore at once cut, but it unexpectedly formed into knots and became entangled40 with the airship, pulling the front end down into the water. The balloon was then caught by the wind and lifted into the air, when the propellers were set in motion. The front end was at this instant pointing in a downward direction, and consequently it shot into the water, where it was found necessary to open the valves.’14
The damage done was repaired within six weeks, and the second trial was made on January 17th, 1906. The lifting force was too great for the weight, and the354 dirigible jumped immediately to 1,500 feet. The propellers were started, and the dirigible brought to a lower level, when it was found possible to drive against the wind. The steering arrangements were found too sensitive, and the motors were stopped, when the vessel was carried by the wind until it was over land—it had been intended that the trial should be completed over water. A descent was successfully accomplished and the dirigible was anchored for the night, but a gale caused it so much damage that it had to be broken up. It had achieved a speed of 30 feet per second with the motors developing only 36 horse-power and, gathering41 from this what speed might have been accomplished with the full 170 horse-power, Zeppelin set about the construction of No. 3, with which a number of successful voyages were made, proving the value of the type for military purposes.
No. 4 was the most notable of the early Zeppelins, as much on account of its disastrous42 end as by reason of any superior merit in comparison with No. 3. The main innovation consisted in attaching a triangular43 keel to the under side of the envelope, with two gaps beneath which the cars were suspended. Two Daimler Mercedes motors of 110 horse-power each were placed one in each car, and the vessel carried sufficient fuel for a 60-hour cruise with the motors running at full speed. Each motor drove a pair of three-bladed metal propellers rigidly attached to the framework of the envelope and about 15 feet in diameter. There was a vertical rudder at the stern of the envelope and horizontal controlling planes were fixed on the sides of the envelope. The best performances and the end of this dirigible were summarised as follows by Major Squier:—
355 ‘Its best performances were two long trips performed during the summer of 1908. The first, on July 4th, lasted exactly 12 hours, during which time it covered a distance of 235 miles, crossing the mountains to Lucerne and Zurich, and returning to the balloon-house near Friedrichshafen, on Lake Constance. The average speed on this trip was 32 miles per hour. On August 4th, this airship attempted a 24-hour flight, which was one of the requirements made for its acceptance by the Government. It left Friedrichshafen in the morning with the intention of following the Rhine as far as Mainz, and then returning to its starting-point, straight across the country. A stop of 3 hours 30 minutes was made in the afternoon of the first day on the Rhine, to repair the engine. On the return, a second stop was found necessary near Stuttgart, due to difficulties with the motors, and some loss of gas. While anchored to the ground, a storm arose which broke loose the anchorage, and, as the balloon rose in the air, it exploded and took fire (due to causes which have never been actually determined44 and published) and fell to the ground, where it was completely destroyed. On this journey, which lasted in all 31 hours 15 minutes, the airship was in the air 20 hours 45 minutes, and covered a total distance of 378 miles.
‘The patriotism45 of the German nation was aroused. Subscriptions46 were immediately started, and in a short space of time a quarter of a million pounds had been raised. A Zeppelin Society was formed to direct the expenditure47 of this fund. Seventeen thousand pounds has been expended48 in purchasing land near Friederichshafen; workshops were erected49, and it was announced that within one year the construction of eight airships356 of the Zeppelin type would be completed. Since the disaster to ‘Zeppelin IV.’ the Crown Prince of Germany made a trip in ‘Zeppelin No. 3,’ which had been called back into service, and within a very few days the German Emperor visited Friedrichshafen for the purpose of seeing the airship in flight. He decorated Count Zeppelin with the Order of the Black Eagle. German patriotism and enthusiasm has gone further, and the “German Association for an Aerial Fleet” has been organised in sections throughout the country. It announces its intention of building 50 garages (hangars) for housing airships.’
By January of 1909, with well over a quarter of a million in hand for the construction of Zeppelin airships, No. 3 was again brought out, probably in order to maintain public enthusiasm in respect of the possible new engine of war. In March of that year No. 3 made a voyage which lasted for 4 hours over and in the vicinity of Lake Constance; it carried 26 passengers for a distance of nearly 150 miles.
Before the end of March, Count Zeppelin determined to voyage from Friedrichshafen to Munich, together with the crew of the airship and four military officers. Starting at four in the morning and ascertaining50 their route from the lights of railway stations and the ringing of bells in the towns passed over, the journey was completed by nine o’clock, but a strong south-west gale prevented the intended landing. The airship was driven before the wind until three o’clock in the afternoon, when it landed safely near Dingolfing; by the next morning the wind had fallen considerably51 and the airship returned to Munich and landed on the parade ground as originally intended. At about 3.30 in the357 afternoon, the homeward journey was begun, Friedrichshafen being reached at about 7.30.
These trials demonstrated that sufficient progress had been made to justify52 the construction of Zeppelin airships for use with the German army. No. 3 had been man?uvred safely if not successfully in half a gale of wind, and henceforth it was known as ‘SMS. Zeppelin I.,’ at the bidding of the German Emperor, while the construction of ‘SMS. Zeppelin II.’ was rapidly proceeded with. The fifth construction of Count Zeppelin’s was 446 feet in length, 42? feet in diameter, and contained 530,000 cubic feet of hydrogen gas in 17 separate compartments. Trial flights were made on the 26th May, 1909, and a week later she made a record voyage of 940 miles, the route being from Lake Constance over Ulm, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Bitterfeld, Weimar, Heilbronn, and Stuttgart, descending near Goppingen; the time occupied in the flight was upwards53 of 38 hours.
In landing, the airship collided with a pear-tree, which damaged the bows and tore open two sections of the envelope, but repairs on the spot enabled the return journey to Friedrichshafen to be begun 24 hours later. In spite of the mishap54 the Zeppelin had once more proved itself as a possible engine of war, and thenceforth Germany pinned its faith to the dirigible, only developing the aeroplane to such an extent as to keep abreast55 of other nations. By the outbreak of war, nearly 30 Zeppelins had been constructed; considerably more than half of these were destroyed in various ways, but the experiments carried on with each example of the type permitted of improvements being made. The first fatality56 occurred in September, 1913, when the fourteenth Zeppelin to be constructed, known as Naval57 Zeppelin358 L.1, was wrecked in the North Sea by a sudden storm and her crew of thirteen were drowned. About three weeks after this, Naval Zeppelin L.2, the eighteenth in order of building, exploded in mid-air while man?uvring over Johannisthal. She was carrying a crew of 25, who were all killed.
By 1912 the success of the Zeppelin type brought imitators. Chief among them was the Schutte-Lanz, a Mannheim firm, which produced a rigid dirigible with a wooden framework, wire braced58. This was not a cylinder59 like the Zeppelin, but reverted60 to the cigar shape and contained about the same amount of gas as the Zeppelin type. The Schutte-Lanz was made with two gondolas61 rigidly attached to the envelope in which the gas bags were placed. The method of construction involved greater weight than was the case with the Zeppelin, but the second of these vessels, built with three gondolas containing engines, and a navigating62 cabin built into the hull63 of the airship itself, proved quite successful as a naval scout until wrecked on the islands off the coast of Denmark late in 1914. The last Schutte-Lanz to be constructed was used by the Germans for raiding England, and was eventually brought down in flames at Cowley.
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1
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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3
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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4
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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5
fins
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| [医]散热片；鱼鳍；飞边；鸭掌 | |
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6
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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7
propeller
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| n.螺旋桨，推进器 | |
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propellers
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| n.螺旋桨，推进器( propeller的名词复数 ) | |
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9
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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10
compensate
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| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
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11
inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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12
rotary
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| adj.(运动等)旋转的；轮转的；转动的 | |
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13
radius
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| n.半径，半径范围；有效航程，范围，界限 | |
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14
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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15
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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16
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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17
gash
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| v.深切，划开；n.(深长的)切(伤)口；裂缝 | |
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18
clement
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| adj.仁慈的；温和的 | |
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19
lobes
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| n.耳垂( lobe的名词复数 )；（器官的）叶；肺叶；脑叶 | |
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20
retard
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| n.阻止，延迟；vt.妨碍，延迟，使减速 | |
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21
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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22
steering
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| n.操舵装置 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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24
tilt
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| v.(使)倾侧；(使)倾斜；n.倾侧；倾斜 | |
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25
scout
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| n.童子军，侦察员；v.侦察，搜索 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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wireless
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| adj.无线的；n.无线电 | |
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aluminium
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| n.铝 (=aluminum) | |
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linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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34
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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37
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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39
combustion
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| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
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40
entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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42
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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43
triangular
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| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
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44
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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45
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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46
subscriptions
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| n.（报刊等的）订阅费( subscription的名词复数 )；捐款；（俱乐部的）会员费；捐助 | |
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47
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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48
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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49
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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50
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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51
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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52
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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53
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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54
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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55
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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56
fatality
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| n.不幸，灾祸，天命 | |
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57
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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58
braced
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| adj.拉牢的v.支住( brace的过去式和过去分词 )；撑牢；使自己站稳；振作起来 | |
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59
cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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60
reverted
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| 恢复( revert的过去式和过去分词 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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61
gondolas
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| n.狭长小船( gondola的名词复数 )；货架（一般指商店，例如化妆品店）；吊船工作台 | |
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62
navigating
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的现在分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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63
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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