I HAVE already mentioned that the influence exerted over the people of the valley by their chiefs was mild in the extreme; and as to any general rule or standard of conduct by which the commonality were governed in their intercourse1 with each other, so far as my observation extended, I should be almost tempted2 to say, that none existed on the island, except, indeed, the mysterious ‘Taboo3’ be considered as such. During the time I lived among the Typees, no one was ever put upon his trial for any offence against the public. To all appearance there were no courts of law or equity4. There was no municipal police for the purpose of apprehending5 vagrants6 and disorderly characters. In short, there were no legal provisions whatever for the well-being7 and conservation of society, the enlightened end of civilized8 legislation. And yet everything went on in the valley with a harmony and smoothness unparalleled, I will venture to assert, in the most select, refined, and pious10 associations of mortals in Christendom. How are we to explain this enigma11? These islanders were heathens! savages12! ay, cannibals! and how came they without the aid of established law, to exhibit, in so eminent13 a degree, that social order which is the greatest blessing14 and highest pride of the social state?
It may reasonably be inquired, how were these people governed? how were their passions controlled in their everyday transactions? It must have been by an inherent principle of honesty and charity towards each other. They seemed to be governed by that sort of tacit common-sense law which, say what they will of the inborn15 lawlessness of the human race, has its precepts16 graven on every breast. The grand principles of virtue17 and honour, however they may be distorted by arbitrary codes, are the same all the world over: and where these principles are concerned, the right or wrong of any action appears the same to the uncultivated as to the enlightened mind. It is to this indwelling, this universally diffused19 perception of what is just and noble, that the integrity of the Marquesans in their intercourse with each other, is to be attributed. In the darkest nights they slept securely, with all their worldly wealth around them, in houses the doors of which were never fastened. The disquieting20 ideas of theft or assassination21 never disturbed them.
Each islander reposed22 beneath his own palmetto thatching, or sat under his own bread-fruit trees, with none to molest23 or alarm him. There was not a padlock in the valley, nor anything that answered the purpose of one: still there was no community of goods. This long spear, so elegantly carved, and highly polished, belongs to Wormoonoo: it is far handsomer than the one which old Marheyo so greatly prizes; it is the most valuable article belonging to its owner. And yet I have seen it leaning against a cocoanut tree in the grove24, and there it was found when sought for. Here is a sperm-whale tooth, graven all over with cunning devices: it is the property of Karluna; it is the most precious of the damsel’s ornaments25. In her estimation its price is far above rubies—and yet there hangs the dental jewel by its cord of braided bark, in the girl’s house, which is far back in the valley; the door is left open, and all the inmates26 have gone off to bathe in the stream.*
*The strict honesty which the inhabitants of nearly all the Polynesian Islands manifest toward each other, is in striking contrast with the thieving propensities27 some of them evince in their intercourse with foreigners. It would almost seem that, according to their peculiar28 code of morals, the pilfering29 of a hatchet30 or a wrought31 nail from a European, is looked upon as a praiseworthy action. Or rather, it may be presumed, that bearing in mind the wholesale32 forays made upon them by their nautical33 visitors, they consider the property of the latter as a fair object of reprisal34. This consideration, while it serves to reconcile an apparent contradiction in the moral character of the islanders, should in some measure alter that low opinion of it which the reader of South Sea voyages is too apt to form.
So much for the respect in which ‘personal property’ is held in Typee; how secure an investment of ‘real property’ may be, I cannot take upon me to say. Whether the land of the valley was the joint35 property of its inhabitants, or whether it was parcelled out among a certain number of landed proprietors36 who allowed everybody to ‘squat’ and ‘poach’ as much as he or she pleased, I never could ascertain37. At any rate, musty parchments and title-deeds there were none on the island; and I am half inclined to believe that its inhabitants hold their broad valleys in fee simple from Nature herself; to have and to hold, so long as grass grows and water runs; or until their French visitors, by a summary mode of conveyancing, shall appropriate them to their own benefit and behoof.
Yesterday I saw Kory-Kory hie him away, armed with a long pole, with which, standing38 on the ground, he knocked down the fruit from the topmost boughs39 of the trees, and brought them home in his basket of cocoanut leaves. Today I see an islander, whom I know to reside in a distant part of the valley, doing the self-same thing. On the sloping bank of the stream are a number of banana-trees I have often seen a score or two of young people making a merry foray on the great golden clusters, and bearing them off, one after another, to different parts of the vale, shouting and trampling40 as they went. No churlish old curmudgeon41 could have been the owner of that grove of bread-fruit trees, or of these gloriously yellow bunches of bananas.
From what I have said it will be perceived that there is a vast difference between ‘personal property’ and ‘real estate’ in the valley of Typee. Some individuals, of course, are more wealthy than others. For example, the ridge-pole of Marheyo’s house bends under the weight of many a huge packet of tappa; his long couch is laid with mats placed one upon the other seven deep. Outside, Tinor has ranged along in her bamboo cupboard—or whatever the place may be called—a goodly array of calabashes and wooden trenchers. Now, the house just beyond the grove, and next to Marheyo’s, occupied by Ruaruga, is not quite so well furnished. There are only three moderate-sized packages swinging overhead: there are only two layers of mats beneath; and the calabashes and trenchers are not so numerous, nor so tastefully stained and carved. But then, Ruaruga has a house—not so pretty a one, to be sure—but just as commodious42 as Marheyo’s; and, I suppose, if he wished to vie with his neighbour’s establishment, he could do so with very little trouble. These, in short, constituted the chief differences perceivable in the relative wealth of the people in Typee.
Civilization does not engross44 all the virtues45 of humanity: she has not even her full share of them. They flourish in greater abundance and attain46 greater strength among many barbarous people. The hospitality of the wild Arab, the courage of the North American Indian, and the faithful friendship of some of the Polynesian nations, far surpass anything of a similar kind among the polished communities of Europe. If truth and justice, and the better principles of our nature, cannot exist unless enforced by the statute-book, how are we to account for the social condition of the Typees? So pure and upright were they in all the relations of life, that entering their valley, as I did, under the most erroneous impressions of their character, I was soon led to exclaim in amazement47: ‘Are these the ferocious48 savages, the blood-thirsty cannibals of whom I have heard such frightful49 tales! They deal more kindly50 with each other, and are more humane51 than many who study essays on virtue and benevolence52, and who repeat every night that beautiful prayer breathed first by the lips of the divine and gentle Jesus.’ I will frankly53 declare that after passing a few weeks in this valley of the Marquesas, I formed a higher estimate of human nature than I had ever before entertained. But alas54! since then I have been one of the crew of a man-of-war, and the pent-up wickedness of five hundred men has nearly overturned all my previous theories.
There was one admirable trait in the general character of the Typees which, more than anything else, secured my admiration55: it was the unanimity56 of feeling they displayed on every occasion. With them there hardly appeared to be any difference of opinion upon any subject whatever. They all thought and acted alike. I do not conceive that they could support a debating society for a single night: there would be nothing to dispute about; and were they to call a convention to take into consideration the state of the tribe, its session would be a remarkably57 short one. They showed this spirit of unanimity in every action of life; everything was done in concert and good fellowship. I will give an instance of this fraternal feeling.
One day, in returning with Kory-Kory from my accustomed visit to the Ti, we passed by a little opening in the grove; on one side of which, my attendant informed me, was that afternoon to be built a dwelling18 of bamboo. At least a hundred of the natives were bringing materials to the ground, some carrying in their hands one or two of the canes58 which were to form the sides, others slender rods of the habiscus, strung with palmetto leaves, for the roof. Every one contributed something to the work; and by the united, but easy, and even indolent, labours of all, the entire work was completed before sunset. The islanders, while employed in erecting59 this tenement60, reminded me of a colony of beavers61 at work. To be sure, they were hardly as silent and demure62 as those wonderful creatures, nor were they by any means as diligent63. To tell the truth they were somewhat inclined to be lazy, but a perfect tumult64 of hilarity65 prevailed; and they worked together so unitedly, and seemed actuated by such an instinct of friendliness66, that it was truly beautiful to behold67.
Not a single female took part in this employment: and if the degree of consideration in which the ever-adorable sex is held by the men be—as the philosophers affirm—a just criterion of the degree of refinement68 among a people, then I may truly pronounce the Typees to be as polished a community as ever the sun shone upon. The religious restrictions69 of the taboo alone excepted, the women of the valley were allowed every possible indulgence. Nowhere are the ladies more assiduously courted; nowhere are they better appreciated as the contributors to our highest enjoyments70; and nowhere are they more sensible of their power. Far different from their condition among many rude nations, where the women are made to perform all the work while their ungallant lords and masters lie buried in sloth71, the gentle sex in the valley of Typee were exempt72 from toil73, if toil it might be called that, even in the tropical climate, never distilled74 one drop of perspiration75. Their light household occupations, together with the manufacture of tappa, the platting of mats, and the polishing of drinking-vessels76, were the only employments pertaining77 to the women. And even these resembled those pleasant avocations78 which fill up the elegant morning leisure of our fashionable ladies at home. But in these occupations, slight and agreeable though they were, the giddy young girls very seldom engaged. Indeed these wilful79 care-killing damsels were averse80 to all useful employment.
Like so many spoiled beauties, they ranged through the groves—bathed in the stream—danced—flirted—played all manner of mischievous81 pranks82, and passed their days in one merry round of thoughtless happiness.
During my whole stay on the island I never witnessed a single quarrel, nor anything that in the slightest degree approached even to a dispute. The natives appeared to form one household, whose members were bound together by the ties of strong affection. The love of kindred I did not so much perceive, for it seemed blended in the general love; and where all were treated as brothers and sisters, it was hard to tell who were actually related to each other by blood.
Let it not be supposed that I have overdrawn83 this picture. I have not done so. Nor let it be urged, that the hostility84 of this tribe to foreigners, and the hereditary85 feuds86 they carry on against their fellow-islanders beyond the mountains, are facts which contradict me. Not so; these apparent discrepancies87 are easily reconciled. By many a legendary88 tale of violence and wrong, as well as by events which have passed before their eyes, these people have been taught to look upon white men with abhorrence89. The cruel invasion of their country by Porter has alone furnished them with ample provocation90; and I can sympathize in the spirit which prompts the Typee warrior91 to guard all the passes to his valley with the point of his levelled spear, and, standing upon the beach, with his back turned upon his green home, to hold at bay the intruding92 European.
As to the origin of the enmity of this particular clan93 towards the neighbouring tribes, I cannot so confidently speak. I will not say that their foes94 are the aggressors, nor will I endeavour to palliate their conduct. But surely, if our evil passions must find vent9, it is far better to expend95 them on strangers and aliens, than in the bosom96 of the community in which we dwell. In many polished countries civil contentions97, as well as domestic enmities, are prevalent, and the same time that the most atrocious foreign wars are waged. How much less guilty, then, are our islanders, who of these three sins are only chargeable with one, and that the least criminal!
The reader will ere long have reason to suspect that the Typees are not free from the guilt98 of cannibalism99; and he will then, perhaps, charge me with admiring a people against whom so odious43 a crime is chargeable. But this only enormity in their character is not half so horrible as it is usually described. According to the popular fictions, the crews of vessels, shipwrecked on some barbarous coast, are eaten alive like so many dainty joints100 by the uncivil inhabitants; and unfortunate voyagers are lured101 into smiling and treacherous102 bays; knocked on the head with outlandish war-clubs; and served up without any prelimary dressing103. In truth, so horrific and improbable are these accounts, that many sensible and well-informed people will not believe that any cannibals exist; and place every book of voyages which purports104 to give any account of them, on the same shelf with Blue Beard and Jack105 the Giant-Killer. While others, implicitly106 crediting the most extravagant107 fictions, firmly believe that there are people in the world with tastes so depraved that they would infinitely108 prefer a single mouthful of material humanity to a good dinner of roast beef and plum pudding. But here, Truth, who loves to be centrally located, is again found between the two extremes; for cannibalism to a certain moderate extent is practised among several of the primitive109 tribes in the Pacific, but it is upon the bodies of slain110 enemies alone, and horrible and fearful as the custom is, immeasurably as it is to be abhorred111 and condemned112, still I assert that those who indulge in it are in other respects humane and virtuous113.
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1
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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3
taboo
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| n.禁忌，禁止接近，禁止使用；adj.禁忌的；v.禁忌，禁制，禁止 | |
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equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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apprehending
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的现在分词 )； 理解 | |
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vagrants
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| 流浪者( vagrant的名词复数 )； 无业游民； 乞丐； 无赖 | |
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well-being
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| n.安康，安乐，幸福 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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enigma
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| n.谜，谜一样的人或事 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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inborn
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| adj.天生的，生来的，先天的 | |
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precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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disquieting
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| adj.令人不安的，令人不平静的v.使不安，使忧虑，使烦恼( disquiet的现在分词 ) | |
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assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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pilfering
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| v.偷窃（小东西），小偷( pilfer的现在分词 )；偷窃（一般指小偷小摸） | |
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30
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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31
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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reprisal
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| n.报复，报仇，报复性劫掠 | |
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joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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curmudgeon
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| n. 脾气暴躁之人，守财奴，吝啬鬼 | |
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commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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43
odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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engross
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| v.使全神贯注 | |
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45
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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46
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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47
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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48
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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49
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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50
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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51
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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52
benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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53
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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54
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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55
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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56
unanimity
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| n.全体一致，一致同意 | |
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57
remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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58
canes
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| n.（某些植物，如竹或甘蔗的）茎( cane的名词复数 )；（用于制作家具等的）竹竿；竹杖 | |
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59
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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tenement
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| n.公寓；房屋 | |
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beavers
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| 海狸( beaver的名词复数 )； 海狸皮毛； 棕灰色； 拼命工作的人 | |
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demure
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| adj.严肃的；端庄的 | |
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diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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hilarity
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| n.欢乐；热闹 | |
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66
friendliness
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| n.友谊，亲切，亲密 | |
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67
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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73
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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distilled
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| adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 )；从…提取精华 | |
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perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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avocations
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| n.业余爱好，嗜好( avocation的名词复数 )；职业 | |
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wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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pranks
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| n.玩笑，恶作剧( prank的名词复数 ) | |
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overdrawn
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| 透支( overdraw的过去分词 )； (overdraw的过去分词) | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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discrepancies
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| n.差异，不符合（之处），不一致（之处）( discrepancy的名词复数 ) | |
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legendary
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| adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学） | |
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abhorrence
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| n.憎恶；可憎恶的事 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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intruding
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| v.侵入，侵扰，打扰( intrude的现在分词)；把…强加于 | |
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clan
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| n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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expend
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| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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contentions
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| n.竞争( contention的名词复数 )；争夺；争论；论点 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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101
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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103
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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purports
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| v.声称是…，（装得）像是…的样子( purport的第三人称单数 ) | |
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105
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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implicitly
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| adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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108
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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109
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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110
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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111
abhorred
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| v.憎恶( abhor的过去式和过去分词 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
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112
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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