LAUDONNIERE.
ON the twenty-fifth of June, 1564, a French squadron anchored a second time off the mouth of the River of May. There were three vessels2, the smallest of sixty tons, the largest of one hundred and twenty, all crowded with men. Rene de Laudonniere held command. He was of a noble race of Poiton, attached to the house of Chatillon, of which Coligny was the head; pious3, we are told, and an excellent marine4 officer. An engraving5, purporting6 to be his likeness7, shows us a slender figure, leaning against the mast, booted to the thigh8, with slouched hat and plume9, slashed10 doublet, and short cloak. His thin oval face, with curled moustache and close-trimmed beard, wears a somewhat pensive11 look, as if already shadowed by the destiny that awaited him.
The intervening year since Ribaut's voyage had been a dark year for France. From the peaceful solitude12 of the River of May, that voyager returned to a land reeking13 with slaughter14. But the carnival15 of bigotry16 and hate had found a pause. The Peace of Amboise had been signed. The fierce monk17 choked down his venom18; the soldier sheathed19 his sword, the assassin his dagger20; rival chiefs grasped hands, and masked their rancor21 under hollow smiles. The king and the queen-mother, helpless amid the storm of factions22 which threatened their destruction, smiled now on Conde, now on Guise,—gave ear to the Cardinal23 of Lorraine, or listened in secret to the emissaries of Theodore Beza. Coligny was again strong at Court. He used his opportunity, and solicited25 with success the means of renewing his enterprise of colonization26.
Men were mustered27 for the work. In name, at least, they were all Huguenots yet now, as before, the staple28 of the projected colony was unsound,—soldiers, paid out of the royal treasury29, hired artisans and tradesmen, with a swarm30 of volunteers from the young Huguenot nobles, whose restless swords had rusted31 in their scabbards since the peace. The foundation-stone was forgotten. There were no tillers of the soil. Such, indeed, were rare among the Huegonots; for the dull peasants who guided the plough clung with blind tenacity32 to the ancient faith. Adventurous33 gentlemen, reckless soldiers, discontented tradesmen, all keen for novelty and heated with dreams of wealth,—these were they who would build for their country and their religion an empire beyond the sea.
On Thursday, the twenty-second of June, Laudonniere saw the low coast-line of Florida, and entered the harbor of St. Augustine, which he named the River of Dolphins, "because that at mine arrival I saw there a great number of Dolphins which were playing in the mouth thereof." Then he bore northward34, following the coast till, on the twenty-fifth, he reached the mouth of the St. John's or River of May. The vessels anchored, the boats were lowered, and he landed with his principal followers35 on the south shore, near the present village of Mayport. It was the very spot where he had landed with Ribaut two years before. They were scarcely on shore when they saw an Indian chief, "which having espied36 us cryed very far off, Antipola! Antipola! and being so joyful37 that he could not containe himselfe, he came to meet us accompanied with two of his sonnes, as faire and mightie persons as might be found in al the world. There was in their trayne a great number of men and women which stil made very much of us, and by signes made us understand how glad they were of our arrival. This good entertainment past, the Paracoussy [chief] prayed me to goe see the pillar which we had erected38 in the voyage of John Ribault." The Indians, regarding it with mysterious awe39, had crowned it with evergreens41, and placed baskets full of maize42 before it as an offering.
The chief then took Laudonniere by the hand, telling him that he was named Satouriona, and pointed43 out the extent of his dominions44, far up the river and along the adjacent coasts. One of his sons, a man "perfect in beautie, wisedome, and honest sobrietie," then gave the French commander a wedge of silver, and received some trifles in return, after which the voyagers went back to their ships. "I prayse God continually," says Laudonniere, "for the great love I have found in these savages46."
In the morning the French landed again, and found their new friends on the same spot, to the number of eighty or more, seated under a shelter of boughs48, in festal attire49 of smoke-tanned deer-skins, painted in many colors. The party then rowed up the river, the Indians following them along the shore. As they advanced, coasting the borders of a great marsh50 that lay upon their left, the St. John's spread before them in vast sheets of glistening51 water, almost level with its flat, sedgy shores, the haunt of alligators53, and the resort of innumerable birds. Beyond the marsh, some five miles from the mouth of the river, they saw a ridge54 of high ground abutting55 on the water, which, flowing beneath in a deep, strong current, had undermined it, and left a steep front of yellowish sand. This was the hill now called St. John's Bluff56. Here they landed and entered the woods, where Laudonniere stopped to rest while his lieutenant57, Ottigny, with a sergeant58 and a few soldiers, went to explore the country.
They pushed their way through the thickets59 till they were stopped by a marsh choked with reeds, at the edge of which, under a great laurel-tree, they had seated themselves to rest, overcome with the summer heat, when five Indians suddenly appeared, peering timidly at them from among the bushes. Some of the men went towards them with signs of friendship, on which, taking heart, they drew near, and one of them, who was evidently a chief, made a long speech, inviting60 the strangers to their dwellings62. The way was across the marsh, through which they carried the lieutenant and two or three of the soldiers on their backs, while the rest circled by a narrow path through the woods. When they reached the lodges64, a crowd of Indians came out "to receive our men gallantly65, and feast them after their manner." One of them brought a large earthen vessel1 full of spring water, which was served out to each in turn in a wooden cup. But what most astonished the French was a venerable chief, who assured them that he was the father of five successive generations, and that he had lived two hundred and fifty years. Opposite sat a still more ancient veteran, the father of the first, shrunken to a mere66 anatomy67, and "seeming to be rather a dead carkeis than a living body." "Also," pursues the history, "his age was so great that the good man had lost his sight, and could not speak one onely word but with exceeding great paine." In spite of his dismal68 condition, the visitors were told that he might expect to live, in the course of nature, thirty or forty years more. As the two patriarchs sat face to face, half hidden with their streaming white hair, Ottigny and his credulous69 soldiers looked from one to the other, lost in speechless admiration70.
One of these veterans made a parting present to his guests of two young eagles, and Ottigny and his followers returned to report what they had seen. Laudonniere was waiting for them on the side of the hill; and now, he says, "I went right to the toppe thereof, where we found nothing else but Cedars71, Palme, and Baytrees of so sovereigne odour that Baulme smelleth nothing like in comparison." From this high standpoint they surveyed their Canaan. The unruffled river lay before them, with its marshy72 islands overgrown with sedge and bulrushes; while on the farther side the flat, green meadows spread mile on mile, veined with countless73 creeks74 and belts of torpid75 water, and bounded leagues away by the verge76 of the dim pine forest. On the right, the sea glistened77 along the horizon; and on the left, the St. John's stretched westward78 between verdant79 shores, a highway to their fancied Eldorado. "Briefly," writes Laudonniere, "the place is so pleasant that those which are melancholicke would be inforced to change their humour."
On their way back to the ships they stopped for another parley81 with the chief Satouriona, and Laudonniere eagerly asked where he had got the wedge of silver that he gave him in the morning. The chief told him by signs, that he had taken it in war from a people called Thimagoas, who lived higher up the River, and who were his mortal enemies; on which the French captain had the folly82 to promise that he would join in an expedition against them. Satouriona was delighted, and declared that, if he kept his word, he should have gold and silver to his heart's content.
Man and nature alike seemed to mark the borders of the River of May as the site of the new colony; for here, around the Indian towns, the harvests of maize, beans, and pumpkins83 promised abundant food, while the river opened a ready way to the mines of gold and silver and the stores of barbaric wealth which glittered before the dreaming vision of the colonists84. Yet, the better to satisfy himself and his men, Laudonniere weighed anchor, and sailed for a time along the neighboring coasts. Returning, confirmed in his first impression, he set out with a party of officers and soldiers to explore the borders of the chosen stream. The day was hot. The sun beat fiercely on the woollen caps and heavy doublets of the men, till at length they gained the shade of one of those deep forests of pine where the dead, hot air is thick with resinous85 odors, and the earth, carpeted with fallen leaves, gives no sound beneath the foot. Yet, in the stillness, deer leaped up on all sides as they moved along. Then they emerged into sunlight. A meadow was before them, a running brook86, and a wall of encircling forests. The men called it the Vale of Laudonniere. The afternoon was spent, and the sun was near its setting, when they reached the bank of the river. They strewed87 the ground with boughs and leaves, and, stretched on that sylvan88 couch, slept the sleep of travel-worn and weary men.
They were roused at daybreak by sound of trumpet89, and after singing a psalm90 they set themselves to their task. It was the building of a fort, and the spot they chose was a furlong or more above St. John's Bluff, where close to the water was a wide, flat knoll91, raised a few feet above the marsh and the river. 13 Boats came up the stream with laborers92, tents, provisions, cannon93, and tools. The engineers marked out the work in the form of a triangle; and, from the noble volunteer to the meanest artisan, all lent a hand to complete it. On the river side the defences were a palisade of timber. On the two other sides were a ditch, and a rampart of fascines, earth, and sods. At each angle was a bastion, in one of which was the magazine. Within was a spacious94 parade, around it were various buildings for lodging95 and storage, and a large house with covered galleries was built on the side towards the river for Laudonniere and his officers. 14In honor of Charles the Ninth the fort was named Fort Caroline.
Meanwhile Satouriona, "lord of all that country," as the narratives96 style him, was seized with misgivings97 on learning these proceedings98. The work was scarcely begun, and all was din24 and confusion around the incipient99 fort, when the startled Frenchmen saw the neighboring height of St. John's swarming100 with naked warriors101. Laudonniere set his men in array, and for a season, pick and spade were dropped for arquebuse and pike. The savage45 chief descended102 to the camp. The artist Le Moyne, who saw him, drew his likeness from memory, a tall, athletic103 figure, tattooed104 in token of his rank, plumed105, bedecked with strings106 of beads107, and girdled with tinkling108 pieces of metal which hung from the belt which formed his only garment. He came in regal state, a crowd of warriors around him, and, in advance, a troop of young Indians armed with spears. Twenty musicians followed, blowing hideous109 discord110 through pipes of reeds, while he seated himself on the ground "like a monkey," as Le Moyne has it in the grave Latin of his Brevis Narratio. A council followed, in which broken words were aided by signs and pantomime; and a treaty of alliance was made, Laudonniere renewing his rash promise to aid the chief against his enemies. Satouriona, well pleased, ordered his Indians to help the French in their work. They obeyed with alacrity111, and in two days the buildings of the fort were all thatched, after the native fashion, with leaves of the palmetto.
These savages belonged to one of the confederacies into which the native tribes of Florida were divided, and with three of which the French came into contact. The first was that of Satouriona; and the second was that of the people called Thimagoas, who, under a chief named Outina, dwelt in forty villages high up the St. John's. The third was that of the chief, cacique, or paracoussy whom the French called King Potanou, and whose dominions lay among the pine barrens, cypress112 swamps, and fertile hummocks113 westward and northwestward of this remarkable114 river. These three confederacies hated each other, and were constantly at war. Their social state was more advanced than that of the wandering hunter tribes. They were an agricultural people, and around all their villages were fields of maize, beans, and pumpkins. The harvest was gathered into a public granary, and they lived on it during three fourths of the year, dispersing115 in winter to hunt among the forests.
They were exceedingly well formed; the men, or the principal among them, were tattooed on the limbs and body, and in summer were nearly naked. Some wore their straight black hair flowing loose to the waist; others gathered it in a knot at the crown of the head. They danced and sang about the scalps of their enemies, like the tribes of the North; and like them they had their "medicine-men," who combined the functions of physicians, sorcerers, and priests. The most prominent feature of their religion was sun-worship.
Their villages were clusters of large dome-shaped huts, framed with poles and thatched with palmetto leaves. In the midst was the dwelling61 of the chief, much larger than the rest, and sometimes raised on an artificial mound116. They were enclosed with palisades, and, strange to say, some of them were approached by wide avenues, artificially graded, and several hundred yards in length. Traces of these may still be seen, as may also the mounds117 in which the Floridians, like the Hurons and various other tribes, collected at stated intervals118 the bones of their dead.
Social distinctions were sharply defined among them. Their chiefs, whose office was hereditary119, sometimes exercised a power almost absolute. Each village had its chief, subordinate to the grand chief of the confederacy. In the language of the French narratives, they were all kings or lords, vassals120 of the great monarch122 Satouriona, Outina, or Potanou. All these tribes are now extinct, and it is difficult to ascertain123 with precision their tribal124 affinities125. There can be no doubt that they were the authors of the aboriginal126 remains127 at present found in various parts of Florida.
Having nearly finished the fort, Laudonniere declares that he "would not lose the minute of an houre without employing of the same in some vertuous exercise;" and he therefore sent his lieutenant, Ottigny, to spy out the secrets of the interior, and to learn, above all, "what this Thimagoa might be, whereof the Paracoussy Satouriona had spoken to us so often." As Laudonniere stood pledged to attack the Thimagoas, the chief gave Ottigny two Indian guides, who, says the record, were so eager for the fray129 that they seemed as if bound to a wedding feast.
The lazy waters of the St. John's, tinged130 to coffee color by the exudations of the swamps, curled before the prow131 of Ottigny's sail-boat as he advanced into the prolific132 wilderness133 which no European eye had ever yet beheld134. By his own reckoning, he sailed thirty leagues up the river, which would have brought him to a point not far below Palatka. Here, more than two centuries later, the Bartrams, father and son, guided their skiff and kindled135 their nightly bivouac-fire; and here, too, roamed Audubon, with his sketch-book and his gun. It was a paradise for the hunter and the naturalist136. Earth, air, and water teemed137 with life, in endless varieties of beauty and ugliness. A half-tropical forest shadowed the low shores, where the palmetto and the cabbage palm mingled138 with the oak, the maple139, the cypress, the liquid-ambar, the laurel, the myrtle, and the broad glistening leaves of the evergreen40 magnolia. Here was the haunt of bears, wild-cats, lynxes, cougars140, and the numberless deer of which they made their prey141. In the sedges and the mud the alligator52 stretched his brutish length; turtles with outstretched necks basked142 on half-sunken logs; the rattlesnake sunned himself on the sandy bank, and the yet more dangerous moccason lurked143 under the water-lilies in inlets and sheltered coves144. The air and the water were populous145 as the earth. The river swarmed146 with fish, from the fierce and restless gar, cased in his horny armor, to the lazy cat-fish in the muddy depths. There were the golden eagle and the white-headed eagle, the gray pelican147 and the white pelican, the blue heron and the white heron, the egret, the ibis, ducks of various sorts, the whooping148 crane, the black vulture, and the cormorant149; and when at sunset the voyagers drew their boat upon the strand150 and built their camp-fire under the arches of the woods, the owls151 whooped152 around them all night long, and when morning came the sultry mists that wrapped the river were vocal153 with the clamor of wild turkeys.
When Ottigny was about twenty leagues from Fort Caroline, his two Indian guides, who were always on the watch, descried154 three canoes, and in great excitement cried, "Thimagoa! Thimagoa!" As they drew near, one of them snatched up a halberd and the other a sword, and in their fury they seemed ready to jump into the water to get at the enemy. To their great disgust, Ottigny permitted the Thimagoas to run their canoes ashore155 and escape to the woods. Far from keeping Laudonniere's senseless promise to light them, he wished to make them friends; to which end he now landed with some of his men, placed a few trinkets in their canoes, and withdrew to a distance to watch the result. The fugitives156 presently returned, step by step, and allowed the French to approach them; on which Ottigny asked, by signs, if they had gold or silver. They replied that they had none, but that if he would give them one of his men they would show him where it was to be found. One of the soldiers boldly offered himself for the venture, and embarked157 with them. As, however, he failed to return according to agreement, Ottigny, on the next day, followed ten leagues farther up the stream, and at length had the good luck to see him approaching in a canoe. He brought little or no gold, but reported that he had heard of a certain chief, named Mayrra, marvellously rich, who lived three days' journey up the river; and with these welcome tidings Ottigny went back to Fort Caroline.
A fortnight later, an officer named Vasseur went up the river to pursue the adventure. The fever for gold had seized upon the French. As the villages of the Thimagoas lay between them and the imagined treasures, they shrank from a quarrel, and Laudonniere repented158 already of his promised alliance with Satouriona.
Vasseur was two days' sail from the fort when two Indians hailed him from the shore, inviting him to their dwellings. He accepted their guidance, and presently saw before him the cornfields and palisades of an Indian town. He and his followers were led through the wondering crowd to the lodge63 of Mollua, the chief, seated in the place of honor, and plentifully159 regaled with fish and bread. The repast over, Mollua made a speech. He told them that he was one of the forty vassal121 chiefs of the great Outina, lord of all the Thimagoas, whose warriors wore armor of gold and silver plate. He told them, too, of Potanou, his enemy, "a man cruell in warre;" and of the two kings of the distant Appalachian Mountains,—Onatheaqua and Houstaqua, "great lords and abounding160 in riches." While thus, with earnest pantomime and broken words, the chief discoursed161 with his guests, Vasseur, intent and eager, strove to follow his meaning; and no sooner did he hear of these Appalachian treasures than he promised to join Outina in war against the two potentates162 of the mountains. Mollua, well pleased, promised that each of Outina's vassal chiefs should requite163 their French allies with a heap of gold and silver two feet high. Thus, while Laudonniere stood pledged to Satouriona, Vasseur made alliance with his mortal enemy.
On his return, he passed a night in the lodge of one of Satouriona's chiefs, who questioned him touching164 his dealings with the Thimagoas. Vasseur replied that he had set upon them and put them to utter rout165. But as the chief, seeming as yet unsatisfied, continued his inquiries166, the sergeant Francois de la Caille drew his sword, and, like Falstaff, reenacted his deeds of valor167, pursuing and thrusting at the imaginary Thimagoas, as they fled before his fury. The chief, at length convinced, led the party to his lodge, and entertained them with a decoction of the herb called Cassina.
Satouriona, elated by Laudonniere's delusive168 promises of aid, had summoned his so-called vassals to war. Ten chiefs and some five hundred warriors had mustered at his call, and the forest was alive with their bivouacs. When all was ready, Satouriona reminded the French commander of his pledge, and claimed its fulfilment, but got nothing but evasions169 in return, He stifled170 his rage, and prepared to go without his fickle171 ally.
A fire was kindled near the bank of the river, and two large vessels of water were placed beside it. Here Satouriona took his stand, while his chiefs crouched172 on the grass around him, and the savage visages of his five hundred warriors filled the outer circle, their long hair garnished173 with feathers, or covered with the heads and skins of wolves, cougars, bears, or eagles. Satouriona, looking towards the country of his enemy, distorted his features into a wild expression of rage and hate; then muttered to himself; then howled an invocation to his god, the Sun; then besprinkled the assembly with water from one of the vessels, and, turning the other upon the fire, suddenly quenched174 it. "So," he cried, "may the blood of our enemies be poured out, and their lives extinguished!" and the concourse gave forth175 an explosion of responsive yells, till the shores resounded176 with the wolfish din.
The rites80 over, they set out, and in a few days returned exulting177, with thirteen prisoners and a number of scalps. These last were hung on a pole before the royal lodge; and when night came, it brought with it a pandemonium178 of dancing and whooping, drumming and feasting.
A notable scheme entered the brain of Laudonniere. Resolved, cost what it might, to make a friend of Outina, he conceived it to be a stroke of policy to send back to him two of the prisoners. In the morning he sent a soldier to Satouriona to demand them. The astonished chief gave a fiat179 refusal, adding that he owed the French no favors, for they had shamefully180 broken faith with him. On this, Laudonniere, at the head of twenty soldiers, proceeded to the Indian town, placed a guard at the opening of the great lodge, entered with his arquebusiers, and seated himself without ceremony in the highest place. Here, to show his displeasure, he remained in silence for half an hour. At length he spoke128, renewing his demand. For some moments Satouriona made no reply; then he coldly observed that the sight of so many armed men had frightened the prisoners away. Laudonniere grew peremptory181, when the chief's son, Athore, went out, and presently returned with the two Indians, whom the French led back to Fort Caroline.
Satouriona, says Laudonniere, "was wonderfully offended with his bravado182, and bethought himselfe by all meanes how he might be revenged of us." He dissembled for the time, and presently sent three of his followers to the fort with a gift of pumpkins; though under this show of good-will the outrage183 rankled184 in his breast, and he never forgave it. The French had been unfortunate in their dealings with the Indians. They had alienated185 old friends in vain attempts to make new ones.
Vasseur, with the Swiss ensign Arlac, a sergeant, and ten soldiers, went up the river early in September to carry back the two prisoners to Outina. Laudonniere declares that they sailed eighty leagues, which would have carried them far above Lake Monroe; but it is certain that his reckoning is grossly exaggerated. Their boat crawled up the hazy186 St. John's, no longer a broad lake like expanse, but a narrow and tortuous187 stream, winding188 between swampy189 forests, or through the vast savanna190, a verdant sea of brushes and grass. At length they came to a village called Mayarqua, and thence, with the help of their oars191, made their way to another cluster of wigwams, apparently192 on a branch of the main river. Here they found Outina himself, whom, prepossessed with ideas of feudality, they regarded as the suzerain of a host of subordinate lords and princes, ruling over the surrounding swamps and pine barrens. Outina gratefully received the two prisoners whom Laudonniere had sent to propitiate193 him, feasted the wonderful strangers, and invited them to join him on a raid against his rival, Potanou. Laudonniere had promised to join Satouriona against Outina, and Vasseur now promised to join Outina against Potanon, the hope of finding gold being in both cases the source of this impolitic compliance194. Vasseur went back to Fort Caroline with five of the men, and left Arlac with the remaining five to fight the battles of Ontina.
The warriors mustered to the number of some two hundred, and the combined force of white men and red took up their march. The wilderness through which they passed has not yet quite lost its characteristic features,—the bewildering monotony of the pine barrens, with their myriads195 of bare gray trunks and their canopy196 of perennial197 green, through which a scorching198 sun throws spots and streaks199 of yellow light, here on an undergrowth of dwarf200 palmetto, and there on dry sands half hidden by tufted wire-grass, and dotted with the little mounds that mark the burrows201 of the gopher; or those oases202 in the desert, the "hummocks," with their wild, redundant203 vegetation, their entanglement204 of trees, bushes, and vines, their scent205 of flowers and song of birds; or the broad sunshine of the savanna, where they waded206 to the neck in grass; or the deep swamp, where, out of the black and root-encumbered slough207, rise the huge buttressed208 trunks of the Southern cypress, the gray Spanish moss209 drooping210 from every bough47 and twig211, wrapping its victims like a drapery of tattered212 cobwebs, and slowly draining away their life, for even plants devour213 each other, and play their silent parts in the universal tragedy of nature.
The allies held their way through forest, savanna, and swamp, with Outina's Indians in the front, till they neared the hostile villages, when the modest warriors fell to the rear, and yielded the post of honor to the Frenchmen.
An open country lay before them, with rough fields of maize, beans, and pumpkins, and the palisades of an Indian town. Their approach was seen, and the warriors of Potanon swarmed out to meet them; but the sight of the bearded strangers, the flash and report of the fire-arms, and the fall of their foremost chief, shot through the brain by Arlac, filled them with consternation214, and they fled within their defences. Pursuers and pursued entered pell-mell together. The place was pillaged215 and burned, its inmates216 captured or killed, and the victors returned triumphant217.
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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purporting
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| v.声称是…，（装得）像是…的样子( purport的现在分词 ) | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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slashed
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| v.挥砍( slash的过去式和过去分词 )；鞭打；割破；削减 | |
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pensive
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| a.沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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sheathed
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| adj.雕塑像下半身包在鞘中的；覆盖的；铠装的；装鞘了的v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的过去式和过去分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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21
rancor
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| n.深仇，积怨 | |
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22
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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23
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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24
din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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25
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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26
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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27
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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28
staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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29
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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30
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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31
rusted
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| v.（使）生锈( rust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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32
tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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33
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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34
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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35
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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36
espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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37
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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38
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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39
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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40
evergreen
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| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
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41
evergreens
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| n.常青树，常绿植物，万年青( evergreen的名词复数 ) | |
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42
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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43
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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44
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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45
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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46
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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47
bough
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| n.大树枝，主枝 | |
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48
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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49
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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50
marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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51
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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52
alligator
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| n.短吻鳄(一种鳄鱼) | |
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53
alligators
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| n.短吻鳄( alligator的名词复数 ) | |
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54
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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55
abutting
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| adj.邻接的v.（与…）邻接( abut的现在分词 )；（与…）毗连；接触；倚靠 | |
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56
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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57
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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58
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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59
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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60
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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61
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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62
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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63
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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64
lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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65
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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66
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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67
anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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68
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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69
credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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70
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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71
cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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72
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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73
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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74
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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75
torpid
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| adj.麻痹的，麻木的，迟钝的 | |
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76
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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77
glistened
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| v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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79
verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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80
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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81
parley
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| n.谈判 | |
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82
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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83
pumpkins
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| n.南瓜( pumpkin的名词复数 )；南瓜的果肉，南瓜囊 | |
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84
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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85
resinous
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| adj.树脂的，树脂质的，树脂制的 | |
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86
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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87
strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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88
sylvan
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| adj.森林的 | |
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89
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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90
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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91
knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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92
laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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93
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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94
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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95
lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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96
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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97
misgivings
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧 | |
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98
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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99
incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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100
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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101
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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102
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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103
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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104
tattooed
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| v.刺青，文身( tattoo的过去式和过去分词 )；连续有节奏地敲击；作连续有节奏的敲击 | |
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105
plumed
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| 饰有羽毛的 | |
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106
strings
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| n.弦 | |
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107
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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108
tinkling
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| n.丁当作响声 | |
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109
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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110
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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111
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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112
cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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113
hummocks
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| n.小丘，岗( hummock的名词复数 ) | |
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114
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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115
dispersing
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| adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式 | |
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116
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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117
mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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118
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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119
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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120
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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121
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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122
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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123
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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124
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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125
affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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126
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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127
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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128
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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129
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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130
tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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131
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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132
prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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133
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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134
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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135
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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136
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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137
teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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138
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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139
maple
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| n.槭树，枫树，槭木 | |
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140
cougars
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| n.美洲狮( cougar的名词复数 ) | |
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141
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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142
basked
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的过去式和过去分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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143
lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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144
coves
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| n.小海湾( cove的名词复数 )；家伙 | |
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145
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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146
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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147
pelican
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| n.鹈鹕，伽蓝鸟 | |
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148
whooping
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| 发嗬嗬声的，发咳声的 | |
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149
cormorant
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| n.鸬鹚，贪婪的人 | |
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150
strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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151
owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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152
whooped
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| 叫喊( whoop的过去式和过去分词 )； 高声说； 唤起 | |
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153
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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154
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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155
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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156
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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157
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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159
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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160
abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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161
discoursed
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| 演说（discourse的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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162
potentates
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| n.君主，统治者( potentate的名词复数 )；有权势的人 | |
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163
requite
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| v.报酬，报答 | |
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164
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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165
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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166
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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167
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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168
delusive
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| adj.欺骗的，妄想的 | |
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169
evasions
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| 逃避( evasion的名词复数 )； 回避； 遁辞； 借口 | |
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170
stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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171
fickle
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| adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的，不坚定的 | |
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172
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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173
garnished
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| v.给（上餐桌的食物）加装饰( garnish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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174
quenched
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| 解（渴）( quench的过去式和过去分词 )； 终止（某事物）； （用水）扑灭（火焰等）； 将（热物体）放入水中急速冷却 | |
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175
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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176
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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177
exulting
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| vi. 欢欣鼓舞，狂喜 | |
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178
pandemonium
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| n.喧嚣，大混乱 | |
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179
fiat
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| n.命令，法令，批准；vt.批准，颁布 | |
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shamefully
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| 可耻地； 丢脸地； 不体面地； 羞耻地 | |
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181
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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182
bravado
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| n.虚张声势，故作勇敢，逞能 | |
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183
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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184
rankled
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| v.（使）痛苦不已，（使）怨恨不已( rankle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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185
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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186
hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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187
tortuous
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| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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188
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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189
swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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190
savanna
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| n.大草原 | |
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191
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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192
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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193
propitiate
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| v.慰解，劝解 | |
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194
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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195
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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196
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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197
perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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198
scorching
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| adj. 灼热的 | |
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199
streaks
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| n.（与周围有所不同的）条纹( streak的名词复数 )；（通常指不好的）特征（倾向）；（不断经历成功或失败的）一段时期v.快速移动( streak的第三人称单数 )；使布满条纹 | |
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200
dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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201
burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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202
oases
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲( oasis的名词复数 )；（困苦中）令人快慰的地方（或时刻）；乐土；乐事 | |
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203
redundant
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| adj.多余的，过剩的；(食物)丰富的；被解雇的 | |
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204
entanglement
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| n.纠缠，牵累 | |
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205
scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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206
waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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207
slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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208
buttressed
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| v.用扶壁支撑，加固( buttress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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209
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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210
drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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211
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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212
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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213
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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214
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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215
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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216
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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217
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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