JEAN RIBAUT.
In the year 1562 a cloud of black and deadly portent1 was thickening over France. Surely and swiftly she glided2 towards the abyss of the religious wars. None could pierce the future, perhaps none dared to contemplate3 it: the wild rage of fanaticism4 and hate, friend grappling with friend, brother with brother, father with son; altars profaned6, hearth-stones made desolate7, the robes of Justice herself bedrenched with murder. In the gloom without lay Spain, imminent9 and terrible. As on the hill by the field of Dreux, her veteran bands of pikemen, dark masses of organized ferocity, stood biding10 their time while the battle surged below, and then swept downward to the slaughter,—so did Spain watch and wait to trample11 and crush the hope of humanity.
In these days of fear, a second Huguenot colony sailed for the New World. The calm, stern man who represented and led the Protestantism of France felt to his inmost heart the peril12 of the time. He would fain build up a city of refuge for the persecuted13 sect14. Yet Gaspar de Coligny, too high in power and rank to be openly assailed15, was forced to act with caution. He must act, too, in the name of the Crown, and in virtue16 of his office of Admiral of France. A nobleman and a soldier,—for the Admiral of France was no seaman17,—he shared the ideas and habits of his class; nor is there reason to believe him to have been in advance of his time in a knowledge of the principles of successful colonization18. His scheme promised a military colony, not a free commonwealth19. The Huguenot party was already a political as well as a religious party. At its foundation lay the religious element, represented by Geneva, the martyrs20, and the devoted21 fugitives22 who sang the psalms23 of Marot among rocks and caverns24. Joined to these were numbers on whom the faith sat lightly, whose hope was in commotion25 and change. Of the latter, in great part, was the Huguenot noblesse, from Conde, who aspired26 to the crown,
"Ce petit homme tant joli,
Qui toujours chante, toujours rit,"
to the younger son of the impoverished27 seigneur whose patrimony28 was his sword. More than this, the restless, the factious29, and the discontented, began to link their fortunes to a party whose triumph would involve confiscation30 of the wealth of the only rich class in France. An element of the great revolution was already mingling31 in the strife32 of religions.
America was still a land of wonder. The ancient spell still hung unbroken over the wild, vast world of mystery beyond the sea,—a land of romance, adventure, and gold.
Fifty-eight years later the Puritans landed on the sands of Massachusetts Bay. The illusion was gone,—the ignis fatuus of adventure, the dream of wealth. The rugged33 wilderness34 offered only a stern and hard won independence. In their own hearts, and not in the promptings of a great leader or the patronage35 of an equivocal government, their enterprise found its birth and its achievement. They were of the boldest and most earnest of their sect. There were such among the French disciples36 of Calvin; but no Mayflower ever sailed from a port of France. Coligny's colonists37 were of a different stamp, and widely different was their fate.
An excellent seaman and stanch38 Protestant, Jean Ribaut of Dieppe, commanded the expedition. Under him, besides sailors, were a band of veteran soldiers, and a few young nobles. Embarked39 in two of those antiquated40 craft whose high poops and tub-like porportions are preserved in the old engravings of De Bry, they sailed from Havre on the eighteenth of February, 1562. They crossed the Atlantic, and on the thirtieth of April, in the latitude41 of twenty-nine and a half degrees, saw the long, low line where the wilderness of waves met the wilderness of woods. It was the coast of Florida. They soon descried42 a jutting43 point, which they called French Cape44, perhaps one of the headlands of Matanzas Inlet. They turned their prows45 northward46, coasting the fringes of that waste of verdure which rolled in shadowy undulation far to the unknown West.
On the next morning, the first of May, they found themselves off the mouth of a great river. Riding at anchor on a sunny sea, they lowered their boats, crossed the bar that obstructed47 the entrance, and floated on a basin of deep and sheltered water, "boyling and roaring," says Ribaut, "through the multitude of all kind of fish." Indians were running along the beach, and out upon the sand-bars, beckoning48 them to land. They pushed their boats ashore49 and disembarked,—sailors, soldiers, and eager young nobles. Corselet and morion, arquebuse and halberd, flashed in the sun that flickered50 through innumerable leaves, as, kneeling on the ground, they gave thanks to God, who had guided their voyage to an issue full of promise. The Indians, seated gravely under the neighboring trees, looked on in silent respect, thinking that they worshipped the sun. "They be all naked and of a goodly stature51, mightie, and as well shapen and proportioned of body as any people in ye world; and the fore52 part of their body and armes be painted with pretie deuised workes, of Azure53, red, and blacke, so well and so properly as the best Painter of Europe could not amende it." With their squaws and children, they presently drew near, and, strewing54 the earth with laurel boughs55, sat down among the Frenchmen. Their visitors were much pleased with them, and Ribaut gave the chief, whom he calls the king, a robe of blue cloth, worked in yellow with the regal fleur-de-lis.
But Ribaut and his followers56, just escaped from the dull prison of their ships, were intent on admiring the wild scenes around them. Never had they known a fairer May-day. The quaint57 old narrative58 is exuberant59 with delight. The tranquil60 air, the warm sun, woods fresh with young verdure, meadows bright with flowers; the palm, the cypress61, the pine, the magnolia; the grazing deer; herons, curlews, bitterns, woodcock, and unknown water-fowl that waded62 in the ripple63 of the beach; cedars64 bearded from crown to root with long, gray moss65; huge oaks smothering66 in the folds of enormous grapevines;—such were the objects that greeted them in their roamings, till their new-discovered land seemed "the fairest, fruitfullest, and pleasantest of al the world."
They found a tree covered with caterpillars67, and hereupon the ancient black-letter says: "Also there be Silke wormes in meruielous number, a great deale fairer and better then be our silk wormes. To bee short, it is a thing vnspeakable to consider the thinges that bee seene there, and shalbe founde more and more in this incomperable lande." 9
Above all, it was plain to their excited fancy that the country was rich in gold and silver, turquoises68 and pearls. One of these last, "as great as an Acorne at ye least," hung from the neck of an Indian who stood near their boats as they re-embarked. They gathered, too, from the signs of their savage69 visitors, that the wonderful land of Cibola, with its seven cities and its untold70 riches, was distant but twenty days' journey by water. In truth, it was two thousand miles westward71, and its wealth a fable72.
They named the river the River of May. It is now the St. John's. "And on the next morning," says Ribault, "we returned to land againe, accompanied with the Captaines, Gentlemen, and Souldiers, and others of our small troope, carrying with us a Pillour or columne of harde stone, our king's armes graved therein, to plant and set the same in the enterie of the Porte; and being come thither73 we espied74 on the south syde of the River a place very fitte for that purpose upon a little hill compassed with Cypres, Bayes, Paulmes, and other trees, with sweete smelling and pleasant shrubbes." Here they set the column, and then, again embarking75, held their course northward, happy in that benign76 decree which locks from mortal eyes the secrets of the future.
Next they anchored near Fernandina, and to a neighboring river, probably the St. Mary's, gave the name of the Seine. Here, as morning broke on the fresh, moist meadows hung with mists, and on broad reaches of inland waters which seemed like lakes, they were tempted77 to land again, and soon "espied an innumerable number of footesteps of great Hartes and Hindes of a wonderfull greatnesse, the steppes being all fresh and new, and it seemeth that the people doe nourish them like tame Cattell." By two or three weeks of exploration they seem to have gained a clear idea of this rich semi-aquatic region. Ribaut describes it as "a countrie full of hauens, riuers, and Ilands, of such fruitfulnes as cannot with tongue be expressed." Slowly moving northward, they named each river, or inlet supposed to be a river, after some stream of France,—the Loire, the Charente, the Garonne, the Gironde. At length, opening betwixt flat and sandy shores, they saw a commodious78 haven79, and named it Port Royal.
On the twenty-seventh of May they crossed the bar where the war-ships of Dupont crossed three hundred years later, passed Hilton Head, and held their course along the peaceful bosom80 of Broad River. 10 On the left they saw a stream which they named Libourne, probably Skull81 Creek82; on the right, a wide river, probably the Beaufort. When they landed, all was solitude83. The frightened Indians had fled, but they lured84 them back with knives, beads85, and looking-glasses, and enticed86 two of them on board their ships. Here, by feeding, clothing, and caressing87 them, they tried to wean them from their fears, thinking to carry them to France, in obedience88 to a command of Catherine de Medicis; but the captive warriors89 moaned and lamented90 day and night, and at length made their escape.
Ranging the woods, they found them full of game, wild turkeys and partridges, bears and lynxes. Two deer, of unusual size, leaped from the underbrush. Cross-bow and arquebuse were brought to the level; but the Huguenot captain, "moved with the singular fairness and bigness of them," forbade his men to shoot.
Preliminary exploration, not immediate91 settlement, had been the object of the voyage; but all was still rose-color in the eyes of the voyagers, and many of their number would gladly linger in the New Canaan. Ribaut was more than willing to humor them. He mustered92 his company on deck, and made them a harangue93. He appealed to their courage and their patriotism94, told them how, from a mean origin, men rise by enterprise and daring to fame and fortune, and demanded who among them would stay behind and hold Port Royal for the King. The greater part came forward, and "with such a good will and joly corage," writes the commander, "as we had much to do to stay their importunitie." Thirty were chosen, and Albert de Pierria was named to command them.
A fort was begun on a small stream called the Chenonceau, probably Archer's Creek, about six miles from the site of Beaufort. 11 They named it Charlesfort, in honor of the unhappy son of Catherine de Medicis, Charles the Ninth, the future hero of St. Bartholomew. Ammunition95 and stores were sent on shore, and on the eleventh of June, with his diminished company, Ribaut again embarked and spread his sails for France.
From the beach at Hilton Head, Albert and his companions might watch the receding96 ships, growing less and less on the vast expanse of blue, dwindling97 to faint specks98, then vanishing on the pale verge99 of the waters. They were alone in those fearful solitudes100. From the north pole to Mexico there was no Christian101 denizen102 but they.
The pressing question was how they were to subsist103. Their thought was not of subsistence, but of gold. Of the thirty, the greater number were soldiers and sailors, with a few gentlemen; that is to say, men of the sword, born within the pale of nobility, who at home could neither labor104 nor trade without derogation from their rank. For a time they busied themselves with finishing their fort, and, this done, set forth105 in quest of adventures.
The Indians had lost fear of them. Ribaut had enjoined106 upon them to use all kindness and gentleness in their dealing107 with the men of the woods; and they more than obeyed him. They were soon hand and glove with chiefs, warriors, and squaws; and as with Indians the adage108 that familiarity breeds contempt holds with peculiar109 force, they quickly divested110 themselves of the prestige which had attached at the outset to their supposed character of children of the Sun. Good-will, however, remained, and this the colonists abused to the utmost.
Roaming by river, swamp, and forest, they visited in turn the villages of five petty chiefs, whom they called kings, feasting everywhere on hominy, beans, and game, and loaded with gifts. One of these chiefs, named Audusta, invited them to the grand religious festival of his tribe. When they arrived, they found the village alive with preparation, and troops of women busied in sweeping111 the great circular area where the ceremonies were to take place. But as the noisy and impertinent guests showed a disposition112 to undue113 merriment, the chief shut them all in his wigwam, lest their Gentile eyes should profane5 the mysteries. Here, immured114 in darkness, they listened to the howls, yelpings, and lugubrious115 songs that resounded116 from without. One of them, however, by some artifice117, contrived118 to escape, hid behind a bush, and saw the whole solemnity,—the procession of the medicinemen and the bedaubed and befeathered warriors; the drumming, dancing, and stamping; the wild lamentation119 of the women as they gashed120 the arms of the young girls with sharp mussel-shells, and flung the blood into the air with dismal121 outcries. A scene of ravenous122 feasting followed, in which the French, released from durance, were summoned to share.
After the carousal123 they returned to Charlesfort, where they were soon pinched with hunger. The Indians, never niggardly124 of food, brought them supplies as long as their own lasted; but the harvest was not yet ripe, and their means did not match their good-will. They told the French of two other kings, Ouade and Couexis, who dwelt towards the south, and were rich beyond belief in maize125, beans, and squashes. The mendicant126 colonists embarked without delay, and, with an Indian guide, steered127 for the wigwams of these potentates129, not by the open sea, but by a perplexing inland navigation, including, as it seems, Calibogue Sound and neighboring waters. Reaching the friendly villages, on or near the Savannah, they were feasted to repletion130, and their boat was laden131 with vegetables and corn. They returned rejoicing; but their joy was short. Their store-house at Charlesfort, taking fire in the night, burned to the ground, and with it their newly acquired stock.
Once more they set out for the realms of King Ouade, and once more returned laden with supplies. Nay132, the generous savage assured them that, so long as his cornfields yielded their harvests, his friends should not want.
How long this friendship would have lasted may well be doubted. With the perception that the dependants133 on their bounty134 were no demigods, but a crew of idle and helpless beggars, respect would soon have changed to contempt, and contempt to ill-will. But it was not to Indian war-clubs that the infant colony was to owe its ruin. It carried within itself its own destruction. The ill-assorted band of lands-men and sailors, surrounded by that influence of the wilderness which wakens the dormant135 savage in the breasts of men, soon fell into quarrels. Albert, a rude soldier, with a thousand leagues of ocean betwixt him and responsibility, grew harsh, domineering, and violent beyond endurance. None could question or oppose him without peril of death. He hanged with his own hands a drummer who had fallen under his displeasure, and banished136 a soldier, named La Chore, to a solitary137 island, three leagues from the fort, where he left him to starve. For a time his comrades chafed138 in smothered139 fury. The crisis came at length. A few of the fiercer spirits leagued together, assailed their tyrant140, murdered him, delivered the famished141 soldier, and called to the command one Nicolas Barre, a man of merit. Barre took the command, and thenceforth there was peace.
Peace, such as it was, with famine, homesickness, and disgust. The rough ramparts and rude buildings of Charlesfort, hatefully familiar to their weary eyes, the sweltering forest, the glassy river, the eternal silence of the lifeless wilds around them, oppressed the senses and the spirits. They dreamed of ease, of home, of pleasures across the sea, of the evening cup on the bench before the cabaret, and dances with kind wenches of Dieppe. But how to escape? A continent was their solitary prison, and the pitiless Atlantic shut them in. Not one of them knew how to build a ship; but Ribaut had left them a forge, with tools and iron, and strong desire supplied the place of skill. Trees were hewn down and the work begun. Had they put forth to maintain themselves at Port Royal the energy and resource which they exerted to escape from it, they might have laid the cornerstone of a solid colony.
All, gentle and simple, labored142 with equal zeal143. They calked the seams with the long moss which hung in profusion144 from the neighboring trees; the pines supplied them with pitch; the Indians made for them a kind of cordage; and for sails they sewed together their shirts and bedding. At length a brigantine worthy145 of Robinson Crusoe floated on the waters of the Chenonceau. They laid in what provision they could, gave all that remained of their goods to the Indians, embarked, descended146 the river, and put to sea. A fair wind filled their patchwork147 sails and bore them from the hated coast. Day after day they held their course, till at length the breeze died away and a breathless calm fell on the waters. Florida was far behind; France farther yet before.
Floating idly on the glassy waste, the craft lay motionless. Their supplies gave out. Twelve kernels148 of maize a day were each man's portion; then the maize failed, and they ate their shoes and leather jerkins. The water-barrels were drained, and they tried to slake149 their thirst with brine. Several died, and the rest, giddy with exhaustion150 and crazed with thirst, were forced to ceaseless labor, bailing151 out the water that gushed152 through every seam. Head-winds set in, increasing to a gale153, and the wretched brigantine, with sails close-reefed, tossed among the savage billows at the mercy of the storm. A heavy sea rolled down upon her, and burst the bulwarks154 on the windward side. The surges broke over her, and, clinging with desperate grip to spars and cordage, the drenched8 voyagers gave up all for lost. At length she righted. The gale subsided155, the wind changed, and the crazy, water-logged vessel156 again bore slowly towards France.
Gnawed157 with famine, they counted the leagues of barren ocean that still stretched before, and gazed on each other with haggard wolfish eyes, till a whisper passed from man to man that one, by his death, might ransom158 all the rest. The lot was cast, and it fell on La Chore, the same wretched man whom Albert had doomed159 to starvation on a lonely island. They killed him, and with ravenous avidity portioned out his flesh. The hideous160 repast sustained them till the land rose in sight, when, it is said, in a delirium161 of joy, they could no longer steer128 their vessel, but let her drift at the will of the tide. A small English bark bore down upon them, took them all on board, and, after landing the feeblest, carried the rest prisoners to Queen Elizabeth. 12
Thus closed another of those scenes of woe162 whose lurid163 clouds are thickly piled around the stormy dawn of American history. It was the opening act of a wild and tragic164 drama.
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1
portent
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| n.预兆；恶兆；怪事 | |
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glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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profaned
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| v.不敬( profane的过去式和过去分词 )；亵渎，玷污 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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biding
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| v.等待，停留( bide的现在分词 )；居住；（过去式用bided）等待；面临 | |
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trample
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| vt.踩，践踏；无视，伤害，侵犯 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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aspired
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| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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patrimony
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| n.世袭财产，继承物 | |
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factious
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| adj.好搞宗派活动的，派系的，好争论的 | |
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confiscation
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| n. 没收, 充公, 征收 | |
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mingling
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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antiquated
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| adj.陈旧的，过时的 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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jutting
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| v.（使）突出( jut的现在分词 )；伸出；（从…）突出；高出 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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prows
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| n.船首( prow的名词复数 ) | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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beckoning
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| adj.引诱人的，令人心动的v.（用头或手的动作）示意，召唤( beckon的现在分词 ) | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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flickered
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| （通常指灯光）闪烁，摇曳( flicker的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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52
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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53
azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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54
strewing
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| v.撒在…上( strew的现在分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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55
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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56
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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57
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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58
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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59
exuberant
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| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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60
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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61
cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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62
waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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64
cedars
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| 雪松，西洋杉( cedar的名词复数 ) | |
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65
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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66
smothering
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的现在分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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67
caterpillars
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| n.毛虫( caterpillar的名词复数 )；履带 | |
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68
turquoises
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| n.绿松石( turquoise的名词复数 )；青绿色 | |
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69
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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70
untold
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| adj.数不清的，无数的 | |
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71
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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72
fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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73
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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74
espied
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| v.看到( espy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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75
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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76
benign
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| adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的 | |
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77
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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78
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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79
haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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80
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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81
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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82
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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83
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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84
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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85
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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86
enticed
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| 诱惑，怂恿( entice的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
caressing
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| 爱抚的，表现爱情的，亲切的 | |
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88
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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89
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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90
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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91
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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92
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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93
harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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94
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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95
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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96
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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97
dwindling
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| adj.逐渐减少的v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的现在分词 ) | |
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98
specks
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| n.眼镜；斑点，微粒，污点( speck的名词复数 ) | |
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99
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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100
solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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101
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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102
denizen
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| n.居民，外籍居民 | |
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103
subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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104
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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105
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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106
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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107
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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108
adage
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| n.格言，古训 | |
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109
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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110
divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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111
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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112
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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113
undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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114
immured
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| v.禁闭，监禁( immure的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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115
lugubrious
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| adj.悲哀的，忧郁的 | |
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116
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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117
artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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118
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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119
lamentation
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| n.悲叹，哀悼 | |
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120
gashed
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| v.划伤，割破( gash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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122
ravenous
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| adj.极饿的，贪婪的 | |
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123
carousal
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| n.喧闹的酒会 | |
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124
niggardly
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| adj.吝啬的，很少的 | |
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125
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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126
mendicant
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| n.乞丐；adj.行乞的 | |
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127
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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128
steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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129
potentates
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| n.君主，统治者( potentate的名词复数 )；有权势的人 | |
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130
repletion
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| n.充满，吃饱 | |
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131
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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132
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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133
dependants
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| 受赡养者，受扶养的家属( dependant的名词复数 ) | |
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134
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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135
dormant
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| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
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136
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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137
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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138
chafed
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| v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的过去式 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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139
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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140
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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141
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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142
labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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143
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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144
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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145
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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146
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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147
patchwork
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| n.混杂物；拼缝物 | |
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148
kernels
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| 谷粒( kernel的名词复数 )； 仁； 核； 要点 | |
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149
slake
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| v.解渴，使平息 | |
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150
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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151
bailing
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| （凿井时用吊桶）排水 | |
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152
gushed
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| v.喷，涌( gush的过去式和过去分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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153
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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154
bulwarks
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| n.堡垒( bulwark的名词复数 )；保障；支柱；舷墙 | |
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155
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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156
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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157
gnawed
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| 咬( gnaw的过去式和过去分词 )； （长时间） 折磨某人； （使）苦恼； （长时间）危害某事物 | |
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158
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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159
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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160
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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161
delirium
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| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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162
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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163
lurid
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| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
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164
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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