THE ENGLISH AT QUEBEC.
The first care of the new Company was to succor1 Quebec, whose inmates2 were on the verge3 of starvation. Four armed vessels4, with a fleet of transports commanded by Roquemont, one of the associates, sailed from Dieppe with colonists5 and supplies in April, 1628; but nearly at the same time another squadron, destined6 also for Quebec, was sailing from an English port. War had at length broken out in France. The Huguenot revolt had come to a head. Rochelle was in arms against the King; and Richelieu, with his royal ward7, was beleaguering8 it with the whole strength of the kingdom. Charles the First of England, urged by the heated passions of Buckingham, had declared himself for the rebels, and sent a fleet to their aid. At home, Charles detested9 the followers10 of Calvin as dangerous to his own authority; abroad, he befriended them as dangerous to the authority of a rival. In France, Richelieu crushed Protestantism as a curb11 to the house of Bourbon; in Germany, he nursed and strengthened it as a curb to the house of Austria.
The attempts of Sir William Alexander to colonize12 Acadia had of late turned attention in England towards the New World; and on the breaking out of the war an expedition was set on foot, under the auspices13 of that singular personage, to seize on the French possessions in North America. It was a private enterprise, undertaken by London merchants, prominent among whom was Gervase Kirke, an Englishman of Derbyshire, who had long lived at Dieppe, and had there married a Frenchwoman. Gervase Kirke and his associates fitted out three small armed ships, commanded respectively by his sons David, Lewis, and Thomas. Letters of marque were obtained from the King, and the adventurers were authorized14 to drive out the French from Acadia and Canada. Many Huguenot refugees were among the crews. Having been expelled from New France as settlers, the persecuted15 sect16 were returning as enemies. One Captain Michel, who had been in the service of the Caens, "a furious Calvinist," is said to have instigated17 the attempt, acting18, it is affirmed, under the influence of one of his former employers.
Meanwhile the famished19 tenants20 of Quebec were eagerly waiting the expected succor. Daily they gazed beyond Point Levi and along the channels of Orleans, in the vain hope of seeing the approaching sails. At length, on the ninth of July, two men, worn with struggling through forests and over torrents21, crossed the St. Charles and mounted the rock. They were from Cape22 Tourmente, where Champlain had some time before established an outpost, and they brought news that, according to the report of Indians, six large vessels lay in the harbor of Tadoussac. The friar Le Caron was at Quebec, and, with a brother Recollet, he went in a canoe to gain further intelligence. As the missionary23 scouts24 were paddling along the borders of the Island of Orleans, they met two canoes advancing in hot haste, manned by Indians, who with shouts and gestures warned them to turn back.
The friars, however, waited till the canoes came up, when they saw a man lying disabled at the bottom of one of them, his moustaches burned by the flash of the musket25 which had wounded him. He proved to be Foucher, who commanded at Cape Tourmente. On that morning,—such was the story of the fugitives,—twenty men had landed at that post from a small fishing-vessel. Being to all appearance French, they were hospitably26 received; but no sooner had they entered the houses than they began to pillage27 and burn all before them, killing28 the cattle, wounding the commandant, and making several prisoners.
The character of the fleet at Tadoussac was now sufficiently29 clear. Quebec was incapable30 of defence. Only fifty pounds of gunpowder31 were left in the magazine; and the fort, owing to the neglect and ill-will of the Caens, was so wretchedly constructed, that, a few days before, two towers of the main building had fallen. Champlain, however, assigned to each man his post, and waited the result. On the next afternoon, a boat was seen issuing from behind the Point of Orleans and hovering32 hesitatingly about the mouth of the St. Charles. On being challenged, the men on board proved to be Basque fishermen, lately captured by the English, and now sent by Kirke unwilling33 messengers to Champlain. Climbing the steep pathway to the fort, they delivered their letter,—a summons, couched in terms of great courtesy, to surrender Quebec. There was no hope but in courage. A bold front must supply the lack of batteries and ramparts; and Champlain dismissed the Basques with a reply, in which, with equal courtesy, he expressed his determination to hold his position to the last.
All now stood on the watch, hourly expecting the enemy; when, instead of the hostile squadron, a small boat crept into sight, and one Desdames, with ten Frenchmen, landed at the storehouses. He brought stirring news. The French commander, Roquemont, had despatched him to tell Champlain that the ships of the Hundred Associates were ascending34 the St. Lawrence, with reinforcements and supplies of all kinds. But on his way Desdames had seen an ominous35 sight,—the English squadron standing36 under full sail out of Tadoussac, and steering37 downwards38 as if to intercept39 the advancing succor. He had only escaped them by dragging his boat up the beach and hiding it; and scarcely were they out of sight when the booming of cannon40 told him that the fight was begun.
Racked with suspense41, the starving tenants of Quebec waited the result; but they waited in vain. No white sail moved athwart the green solitudes42 of Orleans. Neither friend nor foe43 appeared; and it was not till long afterward44 that Indians brought them the tidings that Roquemont's crowded transports had been overpowered, and all the supplies destined to relieve their miseries45 sunk in the St. Lawrence or seized by the victorious46 English. Kirke, however, deceived by the bold attitude of Champlain, had been too discreet47 to attack Quebec, and after his victory employed himself in cruising for French fishing-vessels along the borders of the Gulf48.
Meanwhile, the suffering at Quebec increased daily. Somewhat less than a hundred men, women, and children were cooped up in the fort, subsisting49 on a meagre pittance50 of pease and Indian corn. The garden of the Heberts, the only thrifty51 settlers, was ransacked52 for every root or seed that could afford nutriment. Months wore on, and in the spring the distress53 had risen to such a pitch that Champlain had wellnigh resolved to leave to the women, children, and sick the little food that remained, and with the able-bodied men invade the Iroquois, seize one of their villages, fortify54 himself in it, and sustain his followers on the buried stores of maize55 with which the strongholds of these provident56 savages57 were always furnished.
Seven ounces of pounded pease were now the daily food of each; and, at the end of May, even this failed. Men, women, and children betook themselves to the woods, gathering58 acorns59 and grubbing up roots. Those of the plant called Solomon's seal were most in request. Some joined the Hurons or the Algonquins; some wandered towards the Abenakis of Maine; some descended60 in a boat to Gaspe, trusting to meet a French fishing-vessel. There was scarcely one who would not have hailed the English as deliverers. But the English had sailed home with their booty, and the season was so late that there was little prospect61 of their return. Forgotten alike by friends and foes62, Quebec was on the verge of extinction63.
On the morning of the nineteenth of July, an Indian, renowned64 as a fisher of eels65, who had built his hut on the St. Charles, hard by the new dwelling66 of the Jesuits, came, with his usual imperturbability67 of visage, to Champlain. He had just discovered three ships sailing up the south channel of Orleans. Champlain was alone. All his followers were absent, fishing or searching for roots. At about ten o'clock his servant appeared with four small bags of roots, and the tidings that he had seen the three ships a league off, behind Point Levi. As man after man hastened in, Champlain ordered the starved and ragged68 band, sixteen in all, to their posts, whence with hungry eyes, they watched the English vessels anchoring in the basin below, and a boat with a white flag moving towards the shore. A young officer landed with a summons to surrender. The terms of capitulation were at length settled. The French were to be conveyed to their own country, and each soldier was allowed to take with him his clothes, and, in addition, a coat of beaver69-skin. On this some murmuring rose, several of those who had gone to the Hurons having lately returned with peltry of no small value. Their complaints were vain; and on the twentieth of July, amid the roar of cannon from the ships, Lewis Kirke, the Admiral's brother, landed at the head of his soldiers, and planted the cross of St. George where the followers of Wolfe again planted it a hundred and thirty years later. After inspecting the worthless fort, he repaired to the houses of the Recollets and Jesuits on the St. Charles. He treated the former with great courtesy, but displayed against the latter a violent aversion, expressing his regret that he could not have begun his operations by battering70 their house about their ears. The inhabitants had no cause to complain of him. He urged the widow and family of the settler Hebert, the patriarch, as he has been styled, of New France, to remain and enjoy the fruits of their industry under English allegiance; and, as beggary in France was the alternative, his offer was accepted.
Champlain, bereft71 of his command, grew restless, and begged to be sent to Tadoussac, where the Admiral, David Kirke, lay with his main squadron, having sent his brothers Lewis and Thomas to seize Quebec. Accordingly, Champlain, with the Jesuits, embarking72 with Thomas Kirke, descended the river. Off Mal Bay a strange sail was seen. As she approached, she proved to be a French ship, in fact, she was on her way to Quebec with supplies, which, if earlier sent, would have saved the place. She had passed the Admiral's squadron in a fog; but here her good fortune ceased. Thomas Kirke bore down on her, and the cannonade began. The fight was hot and doubtful; but at length the French struck, and Kirke sailed into Tadoussac with his prize. Here lay his brother, the Admiral, with five armed ships.
The Admiral's two voyages to Canada were private ventures; and though he had captured nineteen fishing-vessels, besides Roquemont's eighteen transports and other prizes, the result had not answered his hopes. His mood, therefore, was far from benign73, especially as he feared, that, owing to the declaration of peace, he would be forced to disgorge a part of his booty; yet, excepting the Jesuits, he treated his captives with courtesy, and often amused himself with shooting larks74 on shore in company with Champlain. The Huguenots, however, of whom there were many in his ships, showed an exceeding bitterness against the Catholics. Chief among them was Michel, who had instigated and conducted the enterprise, the merchant admiral being but an indifferent seaman75. Michel, whose skill was great, held a high command and the title of Rear-Admiral. He was a man of a sensitive temperament76, easily piqued77 on the point of honor. His morbid78 and irritable79 nerves were wrought80 to the pitch of frenzy81 by the reproaches of treachery and perfidy82 with which the French prisoners assailed83 him, while, on the other hand, he was in a state of continual rage at the fancied neglect and contumely of his English associates. He raved84 against Kirke, who, as he declared, treated him with an insupportable arrogance85. "I have left my country," he exclaimed, "for the service of foreigners; and they give me nothing but ingratitude86 and scorn." His fevered mind, acting on his diseased body, often excited him to transports of fury, in which he cursed indiscriminately the people of St. Malo, against whom he had a grudge87, and the Jesuits, whom he detested. On one occasion, Kirke was conversing88 with some of the latter.
"Gentlemen," he said, "your business in Canada was to enjoy what belonged to M. de Caen, whom you dispossessed."
"Pardon me, sir," answered Brebeuf, "we came purely89 for the glory of God, and exposed ourselves to every kind of danger to convert the Indians."
Here Michel broke in: "Ay, ay, convert the Indians! You mean, convert the beaver!"
"That is false!" retorted Brebeuf.
Michel raised his fist, exclaiming, "But for the respect I owe the General, I would strike you for giving me the lie."
Brebeuf, a man of powerful frame and vehement90 passions, nevertheless regained91 his practised self-command, and replied: "You must excuse me. I did not mean to give you the lie. I should be very sorry to do so. The words I used are those we use in the schools when a doubtful question is advanced, and they mean no offence. Therefore I ask you to pardon me."
Despite the apology, Michel's frenzied92 brain harped93 the presumed insult, and he raved about it without ceasing.
"Bon Dieu!" said Champlain, "you swear well for a Reformer!"
"I know it," returned Michel; "I should be content if I had but struck that Jesuit who gave me the lie before my General."
At length, one of his transports of rage ended in a lethargy from which he never awoke. His funeral was conducted with a pomp suited to his rank; and, amid discharges of cannon whose dreary94 roar was echoed from the yawning gulf of the Saguenay, his body was borne to its rest under the rocks of Tadoussac. Good Catholics and good Frenchmen saw in his fate the immediate95 finger of Providence96. "I do not doubt that his soul is in perdition," remarks Champlain, who, however, had endeavored to befriend the unfortunate man during the access of his frenzy.
Having finished their carousings, which were profuse97, and their trade with the Indians, which was not lucrative98, the English steered99 down the St. Lawrence. Kirke feared greatly a meeting with Razilly, a naval100 officer of distinction, who was to have sailed from France with a strong force to succor Quebec; but, peace having been proclaimed, the expedition had been limited to two ships under Captain Daniel. Thus Kirke, wilfully101 ignoring the treaty of peace, was left to pursue his depredations102 unmolested. Daniel, however, though too weak to cope with him, achieved a signal exploit. On the island of Cape Breton, near the site of Louisburg, he found an English fort, built two months before, under the auspices, doubtless, of Sir William Alexander. Daniel, regarding it as a bold encroachment103 on French territory, stormed it at the head of his pike-men, entered sword in hand, and took it with all its defenders104.
Meanwhile, Kirke with his prisoners was crossing the Atlantic. His squadron at length reached Plymouth, whence Champlain set out for London. Here he had an interview with the French ambassador, who, at his instance, gained from the King a promise, that, in pursuance of the terms of the treaty concluded in the previous April, New France should be restored to the French Crown.
It long remained a mystery why Charles consented to a stipulation105 which pledged him to resign so important a conquest. The mystery is explained by the recent discovery of a letter from the King to Sir Isaac Wake, his ambassador at Paris. The promised dowry of Queen Henrietta Maria, amounting to eight hundred thousand crowns, had been but half paid by the French government, and Charles, then at issue with his Parliament, and in desperate need of money, instructs his ambassador, that, when he receives the balance due, and not before, he is to give up to the French both Quebec and Port Royal, which had also been captured by Kirke. The letter was accompanied by "solemn instruments under our hand and seal" to make good the transfer on fulfillment of the condition. It was for a sum equal to about two hundred and forty thousand dollars that Charles entailed106 on Great Britain and her colonies a century of bloody107 wars. The Kirkes and their associates, who had made the conquest at their own cost, under the royal authority, were never reimbursed108, though David Kirke received the honor of knighthood, which cost the King nothing.
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1
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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beleaguering
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| v.围攻( beleaguer的现在分词 )；困扰；骚扰 | |
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detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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curb
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| n.场外证券市场，场外交易；vt.制止，抑制 | |
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colonize
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| v.建立殖民地，拓殖；定居，居于 | |
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auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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hospitably
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| 亲切地，招待周到地，善于款待地 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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steering
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| n.操舵装置 | |
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downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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pittance
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| n.微薄的薪水，少量 | |
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thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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provident
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| adj.为将来做准备的，有先见之明的 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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eels
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| abbr. 电子发射器定位系统（=electronic emitter location system） | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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imperturbability
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| n.冷静；沉着 | |
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ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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battering
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| n.用坏，损坏v.连续猛击( batter的现在分词 ) | |
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bereft
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| adj.被剥夺的 | |
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embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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benign
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| adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的 | |
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larks
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| n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了 | |
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75
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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piqued
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| v.伤害…的自尊心( pique的过去式和过去分词 )；激起（好奇心） | |
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morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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irritable
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| adj.急躁的；过敏的；易怒的 | |
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80
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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81
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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84
raved
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| v.胡言乱语( rave的过去式和过去分词 )；愤怒地说；咆哮；痴心地说 | |
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85
arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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86
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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grudge
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| n.不满，怨恨，妒嫉；vt.勉强给，不情愿做 | |
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conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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90
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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frenzied
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| a.激怒的；疯狂的 | |
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93
harped
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| vi.弹竖琴（harp的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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99
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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100
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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101
wilfully
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| adv.任性固执地；蓄意地 | |
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102
depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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103
encroachment
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| n.侵入，蚕食 | |
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104
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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105
stipulation
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| n.契约，规定，条文；条款说明 | |
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106
entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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107
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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108
reimbursed
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| v.偿还，付还( reimburse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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