LA SALLE ON THE ILLINOIS.
The St. Joseph.—Adventure of La Salle.—The Prairies.—Famine.—The Great Town of the Illinois.—Indians.—Intrigues1.—Difficulties.—Policy of la Salle.—Desertion.—Another Attempt to poison La Salle.
LA SALLE'S ADVENTURE.
On the third of December the party re-embarked4, thirty-three in all, in eight canoes,[140] and ascended5 the chill current of the St. Joseph, bordered with dreary6 meadows and bare gray forests. When they approached the site of the present village of South Bend, they looked anxiously along the shore on their right to find the portage or path leading to the headquarters of the Illinois. The Mohegan was absent, hunting; and, unaided by his practised eye, they passed the path without seeing it. La Salle landed to search the woods. Hours passed, and he did not return. Hennepin and Tonty grew uneasy, disembarked, bivouacked, ordered guns to be fired, and sent out men to scour7 the country. Night came, but not their lost leader. Muffled8 in their blankets and [Pg 165] powdered by the thick-falling snow-flakes, they sat ruefully speculating as to what had befallen him; nor was it till four o'clock of the next afternoon that they saw him approaching along the margin9 of the river. His face and hands were besmirched10 with charcoal11; and he was further decorated with two opossums which hung from his belt, and which he had killed with a stick as they were swinging head downwards12 from the bough13 of a tree, after the fashion of that singular beast. He had missed his way in the forest, and had been forced to make a wide circuit around the edge of a swamp; while the snow, of which the air was full, added to his perplexities. Thus he pushed on through the rest of the day and the greater part of the night, till, about two o'clock in the morning, he reached the river again, and fired his gun as a signal to his party. Hearing no answering shot, he pursued his way along the bank, when he presently saw the gleam of a fire among the dense14 thickets15 close at hand. Not doubting that he had found the bivouac of his party, he hastened to the spot. To his surprise, no human being was to be seen. Under a tree beside the fire was a heap of dry grass impressed with the form of a man who must have fled but a moment before, for his couch was still warm. It was no doubt an Indian, ambushed16 on the bank, watching to kill some passing enemy. La Salle called out in several Indian languages; but there was dead silence all around. He then, with admirable coolness, took possession of the quarters he had found, shouting to [Pg 166] their invisible proprietor17 that he was about to sleep in his bed; piled a barricade18 of bushes around the spot, rekindled19 the dying fire, warmed his benumbed hands, stretched himself on the dried grass, and slept undisturbed till morning.
The Mohegan had rejoined the party before La Salle's return, and with his aid the portage was soon found. Here the party encamped. La Salle, who was excessively fatigued22, occupied, together with Hennepin, a wigwam covered in the Indian manner with mats of reeds. The cold forced them to kindle20 a fire, which before daybreak set the mats in a blaze; and the two sleepers23 narrowly escaped being burned along with their hut.
THE KANKAKEE.
In the morning, the party shouldered their canoes and baggage and began their march for the sources of the river Illinois, some five miles distant. Around them stretched a desolate24 plain, half-covered with snow and strewn with the skulls25 and bones of buffalo26; while, on its farthest verge27, they could see the lodges29 of the Miami Indians, who had made this place their abode30. As they filed on their way, a man named Duplessis, bearing a grudge31 against La Salle, who walked just before him, raised his gun to shoot him through the back, but was prevented by one of his comrades. They soon reached a spot where the oozy32, saturated33 soil quaked beneath their tread. All around were clumps34 of alder-bushes, tufts of rank grass, and pools of glistening35 water. In the midst a dark and lazy current, which a tall man might [Pg 167] bestride, crept twisting like a snake among the weeds and rushes. Here were the sources of the Kankakee, one of the heads of the Illinois.[141] They set their canoes on this thread of water, embarked their baggage and themselves, and pushed down the sluggish36 streamlet, looking, at a little distance, like men who sailed on land. Fed by an unceasing tribute of the spongy soil, it quickly widened to a river; and they floated on their way through a voiceless, lifeless solitude37 of dreary oak barrens, or boundless38 marshes39 overgrown with reeds. At night, they built their fire on ground made firm by frost, and bivouacked among the rushes. A few days brought them to a more favored region. On the right hand and on the [Pg 168] left stretched the boundless prairie, dotted with leafless groves40 and bordered by gray wintry forests, scorched41 by the fires kindled21 in the dried grass by Indian hunters, and strewn with the carcasses and the bleached42 skulls of innumerable buffalo. The plains were scored with their pathways, and the muddy edges of the river were full of their hoof-prints. Yet not one was to be seen. At night, the horizon glowed with distant fires; and by day the savage43 hunters could be descried44 at times roaming on the verge of the prairie. The men, discontented and half-starved, would have deserted45 to them had they dared. La Salle's Mohegan could kill no game except two lean deer, with a few wild geese and swans. At length, in their straits, they made a happy discovery. It was a buffalo bull, fast mired46 in a slough47. They killed him, lashed48 a cable about him, and then twelve men dragged out the shaggy monster, whose ponderous49 carcass demanded their utmost efforts.
The scene changed again as they descended50. On either hand ran ranges of woody hills, following the course of the river; and when they mounted to their tops, they saw beyond them a rolling sea of dull green prairie, a boundless pasture of the buffalo and the deer, in our own day strangely transformed,—yellow in harvest-time with ripened52 wheat, and dotted with the roofs of a hardy53 and valiant54 yeomanry.[142]
[Pg 169]
THE ILLINOIS TOWN.
They passed the site of the future town of Ottawa, and saw on their right the high plateau of Buffalo Rock, long a favorite dwelling55-place of Indians. A league below, the river glided56 among islands bordered with stately woods. Close on their left towered a lofty cliff,[143] crested57 with trees that overhung the rippling58 current; while before them spread the valley of the Illinois, in broad low meadows, bordered on the right by the graceful59 hills at whose foot now lies the village of Utica. A population far more numerous then tenanted the valley. Along the right bank of the river were clustered the lodges of a great Indian town. Hennepin counted four hundred and sixty of them.[144] In shape, they were somewhat like the [Pg 170] arched top of a baggage-wagon. They were built of a framework of poles, covered with mats of rushes closely interwoven; and each contained three or four fires, of which the greater part served for two families.
HUNGER RELIEVED.
Here, then, was the town; but where were the inhabitants? All was silent as the desert. The lodges were empty, the fires dead, and the ashes cold. La Salle had expected this; for he knew that in the autumn the Illinois always left their towns for their winter hunting, and that the time of their return had not yet come. Yet he was not the less [Pg 171] embarrassed, for he would fain have bought a supply of food to relieve his famished61 followers62. Some of them, searching the deserted town, presently found the caches, or covered pits, in which the Indians hid their stock of corn. This was precious beyond measure in their eyes, and to touch it would be a deep offence. La Salle shrank from provoking their anger, which might prove the ruin of his plans; but his necessity overcame his prudence63, and he took thirty minots of corn, hoping to appease64 the owners by presents. Thus provided, the party embarked again, and resumed their downward voyage.
On New Year's Day, 1680, they landed and heard mass. Then Hennepin wished a happy new year to La Salle first, and afterwards to all the men, making them a speech, which, as he tells us, was "most touching65."[145] He and his two brethren next embraced the whole company in turn, "in a manner," writes the father, "most tender and affectionate," exhorting66 them, at the same time, to patience, faith, and constancy. Four days after these solemnities, they reached the long expansion of the river then called Pimitoui, and now known as Peoria Lake, and leisurely67 made their way downward to the site of the city of Peoria.[146] Here, as evening drew near, they [Pg 172] saw a faint spire68 of smoke curling above the gray forest, betokening69 that Indians were at hand. La Salle, as we have seen, had been warned that these tribes had been taught to regard him as their enemy; and when, in the morning, he resumed his course, he was prepared alike for peace or war.
The shores now approached each other; and the Illinois was once more a river, bordered on either hand with overhanging woods.[147]
At nine o'clock, doubling a point, he saw about eighty Illinois wigwams, on both sides of the river. He instantly ordered the eight canoes to be ranged in line, abreast70, across the stream,—Tonty on the right, and he himself on the left. The men laid down their paddles and seized their weapons; while, in this warlike guise71, the current bore them swiftly into the midst of the surprised and astounded72 savages73. The camps were in a panic. Warriors74 whooped75 and howled; squaws and children screeched76 in chorus. Some snatched their bows and war-clubs; some ran in terror; and, in the midst of the hubbub77, La Salle leaped ashore78, followed by his men. None knew better how to deal with Indians; and he made no sign of friendship, knowing that it might be construed79 as a token of fear. His little knot of Frenchmen stood, gun in hand, passive, yet prepared for battle. [Pg 173] The Indians, on their part, rallying a little from their fright, made all haste to proffer80 peace. Two of their chiefs came forward, holding out the calumet; while another began a loud harangue81, to check the young warriors who were aiming their arrows from the farther bank. La Salle, responding to these friendly overtures82, displayed another calumet; while Hennepin caught several scared children and soothed83 them with winning blandishments.[148] The uproar84 was quelled85; and the strangers were presently seated in the midst of the camp, beset86 by a throng87 of wild and swarthy figures.
ILLINOIS HOSPITALITY.
Food was placed before them; and, as the Illinois code of courtesy enjoined88, their entertainers conveyed the morsels89 with their own hands to the lips of these unenviable victims of their hospitality, while others rubbed their feet with bear's grease. La Salle, on his part, made them a gift of tobacco and hatchets90; and when he had escaped from their caresses91, rose and harangued92 them. He told them that he had been forced to take corn from their granaries, lest his men should die of hunger; but he prayed them not to be offended, promising93 full restitution94 or ample payment. He had come, he said, to protect them against their enemies, and teach them to pray to the true God. As for the Iroquois, they were subjects of the Great King, and therefore brethren of the French; yet, nevertheless, should they begin a war and invade the country of the Illinois, he would [Pg 174] stand by them, give them guns, and fight in their defence, if they would permit him to build a fort among them for the security of his men. It was also, he added, his purpose to build a great wooden canoe, in which to descend51 the Mississippi to the sea, and then return, bringing them the goods of which they stood in need; but if they would not consent to his plans and sell provisions to his men, he would pass on to the Osages, who would then reap all the benefits of intercourse95 with the French, while they were left destitute96, at the mercy of the Iroquois.[149]
This threat had its effect, for it touched their deep-rooted jealousy97 of the Osages. They were lavish98 of promises, and feasts and dances consumed the day. Yet La Salle soon learned that the intrigues of his enemies were still pursuing him. That evening, unknown to him, a stranger appeared in the Illinois camp. He was a Mascoutin chief, named Monso, attended by five or six Miamis, and bringing a gift of knives, hatchets, and kettles to the Illinois.[150] The chiefs assembled in a secret nocturnal session, where, smoking their pipes, they listened with open ears to the harangue of the envoys99. Monso told them that he had come in behalf of certain Frenchmen, whom he named, to warn his hearers against the designs of La Salle, whom he denounced [Pg 175] as a partisan100 and spy of the Iroquois, affirming that he was now on his way to stir up the tribes beyond the Mississippi to join in a war against the Illinois, who, thus assailed101 from the east and from the west, would be utterly102 destroyed. There was no hope for them, he added, but in checking the farther progress of La Salle, or, at least, retarding103 it, thus causing his men to desert him. Having thrown his fire-brand, Monso and his party left the camp in haste, dreading104 to be confronted with the object of their aspersions.[151]
FRESH INTRIGUES.
In the morning, La Salle saw a change in the behavior of his hosts. They looked on him askance, cold, sullen105, and suspicious. There was one Omawha, a chief, whose favor he had won the day before by the politic106 gift of two hatchets and three knives, and who now came to him in secret to tell him what had taken place at the nocturnal council. La Salle at once saw in it a device of his enemies; and this belief was confirmed, when, in the afternoon, Nicanopé, brother of the head chief, sent to invite the Frenchmen to a feast. They repaired to his lodge28; but before dinner was served,—that is to say, while the guests, white and red, were seated on [Pg 176] mats, each with his hunting-knife in his hand, and the wooden bowl before him which was to receive his share of the bear's or buffalo's meat, or the corn boiled in fat, with which he was to be regaled,—while such was the posture107 of the company, their host arose and began a long speech. He told the Frenchmen that he had invited them to his lodge less to refresh their bodies with good cheer than to cure their minds of the dangerous purpose which possessed108 them, of descending109 the Mississippi. Its shores, he said, were beset by savage tribes, against whose numbers and ferocity their valor110 would avail nothing; its waters were infested111 by serpents, alligators112, and unnatural113 monsters; while the river itself, after raging among rocks and whirlpools, plunged114 headlong at last into a fathomless115 gulf116, which would swallow them and their vessel117 forever.
LA SALLE AND THE INDIANS.
La Salle's men were for the most part raw hands, knowing nothing of the wilderness118, and easily alarmed at its dangers; but there were two among them, old coureurs de bois, who unfortunately knew too much; for they understood the Indian orator119, and explained his speech to the rest. As La Salle looked around on the circle of his followers, he read an augury120 of fresh trouble in their disturbed and rueful visages. He waited patiently, however, till the speaker had ended, and then answered him, through his interpreter, with great composure. First, he thanked him for the friendly warning which his affection had impelled121 him to utter; but, he continued, [Pg 177] the greater the danger, the greater the honor; and even if the danger were real, Frenchmen would never flinch122 from it. But were not the Illinois jealous? Had they not been deluded123 by lies? "We were not asleep, my brother, when Monso came to tell you, under cover of night, that we were spies of the Iroquois. The presents he gave you, that you might believe his falsehoods, are at this moment buried in the earth under this lodge. If he told the truth, why did he skulk124 away in the dark? Why did he not show himself by day? Do you not see that when we first came among you, and your camp was all in confusion, we could have killed you without needing help from the Iroquois? And now, while I am speaking, could we not put your old men to death, while your young warriors are all gone away to hunt? If we meant to make war on you, we should need no help from the Iroquois, who have so often felt the force of our arms. Look at what we have brought you. It is not weapons to destroy you, but merchandise and tools for your good. If you still harbor evil thoughts of us, be frank as we are, and speak them boldly. Go after this impostor Monso, and bring him back, that we may answer him face to face; for he never saw either us or the Iroquois, and what can he know of the plots that he pretends to reveal?"[152] Nicanopé had nothing to [Pg 178] reply, and, grunting125 assent126 in the depths of his throat, made a sign that the feast should proceed.
The French were lodged127 in huts, near the Indian camp; and, fearing treachery, La Salle placed a guard at night. On the morning after the feast, he came out into the frosty air and looked about him for the sentinels. Not one of them was to be seen. Vexed128 and alarmed, he entered hut after hut and roused his drowsy129 followers. Six of the number, including two of the best carpenters, were nowhere to be found. Discontented and mutinous130 from the first, and now terrified by the fictions of Nicanopé, they had deserted, preferring the hardships of the midwinter forest to the mysterious terrors of the Mississippi. La Salle mustered131 the rest before him, and inveighed132 sternly against the cowardice133 and baseness of those who had thus abandoned him, regardless of his many favors. If any here, he added, are afraid, let them but wait till the spring, and they shall have free leave to return to Canada, safely and without dishonor.[153]
LA SALLE AGAIN POISONED.
This desertion cut him to the heart. It showed him that he was leaning on a broken reed; and he felt that, on an enterprise full of doubt and peril134, there were scarcely four men in his party whom he could trust. Nor was desertion the worst he had to fear; for here, as at Fort Frontenac, an attempt was made to kill him. Tonty tells us that poison was [Pg 179] placed in the pot in which their food was cooked, and that La Salle was saved by an antidote135 which some of his friends had given him before he left France. This, it will be remembered, was an epoch136 of poisoners. It was in the following month that the notorious La Voisin was burned alive, at Paris, for practices to which many of the highest nobility were charged with being privy137, not excepting some in whose veins138 ran the blood of the gorgeous spendthrift who ruled the destinies of France.[154]
In these early French enterprises in the West, it was to the last degree difficult to hold men to their duty. Once fairly in the wilderness, completely freed from the sharp restraints of authority in which they had passed their lives, a spirit of lawlessness broke out among them with a violence proportioned to the pressure which had hitherto controlled it. Discipline had no resources and no guarantee; while those outlaws139 of the forest, the coureurs de bois, were always before their eyes, a standing140 example of unbridled license141. La Salle, eminently142 skilful143 in his dealings with Indians, was rarely so happy with his own countrymen; and yet the desertions from which he was continually suffering were due far more to the inevitable144 difficulty of his position than to any want of conduct on his part.
FOOTNOTES:
[140] Lettre de Duchesneau à ——, 10 Nov., 1680.
[141] The Kankakee was called at this time the Theakiki, or Haukiki (Marest); a name which, as Charlevoix says, was afterwards corrupted145 by the French to Kiakiki whence, probably, its present form. In La Salle's time, the name "Theakiki" was given to the river Illinois through all its course. It was also called the Rivière Seignelay, the Rivière des Macopins, and the Rivière Divine, or Rivière de la Divine. The latter name, when Charlevoix visited the country in 1721, was confined to the northern branch. He gives an interesting and somewhat graphic146 account of the portage and the sources of the Kankakee, in his letter dated De la Source du Theakiki, ce dix-sept Septembre, 1721.
Why the Illinois should ever have been called the "Divine," it is not easy to see. The Memoirs147 of St. Simon suggest an explanation. Madame de Frontenac and her friend Mademoiselle d'Outrelaise, he tells us, lived together in apartments at the Arsenal148, where they held their salon149 and exercised a great power in society. They were called at court les Divines. (St. Simon, v. 335: Cheruel.) In compliment to Frontenac, the river may have been named after his wife or her friend. The suggestion is due to M. Margry. I have seen a map by Raudin, Frontenac's engineer, on which the river is called "Rivière de la Divine ou l'Outrelaise."
[142] The change is very recent. Within the memory of men not yet old, wolves and deer, besides wild swans, wild turkeys, cranes, and pelicans150, abounded151 in this region. In 1840, a friend of mine shot a deer from the window of a farmhouse153, near the present town of La Salle. Running wolves on horseback was his favorite amusement in this part of the country. The buffalo long ago disappeared; but the early settlers found frequent remains154 of them. Mr. James Clark, of Utica, Ill., told me that he once found a large quantity of their bones and skulls in one place, as if a herd155 had perished in the snowdrifts.
[144] La Louisiane, 137. Allouez (Relation, 1673-79) found three hundred and fifty-one lodges. This was in 1677. The population of this town, which embraced five or six distinct tribes of the Illinois, was continually changing. In 1675, Marquette addressed here an auditory composed of five hundred chiefs and old men, and fifteen hundred young men, besides women and children. He estimates the number of fires at five or six hundred. (Voyages du Père Marquette, 98: Lenox.) Membré, who was here in 1680, says that it then contained seven or eight thousand souls. (Membré in Le Clerc, Premier158 établissement de la Foy, ii. 173.) On the remarkable159 manuscript map of Franquelin, 1684, it is set down at twelve hundred warriors, or about six thousand souls. This was after the destructive inroad of the Iroquois. Some years later, Rasle reported upwards160 of twenty-four hundred families. (Lettre à son Frère, in Lettres édifiantes.)
At times, nearly the whole Illinois population was gathered here. At other times, the several tribes that composed it separated, some dwelling apart from the rest; so that at one period the Illinois formed eleven villages, while at others they were gathered into two, of which this was much the larger. The meadows around it were extensively cultivated, yielding large crops, chiefly of Indian corn. The lodges were built along the river-bank for a distance of a mile, and sometimes far more. In their shape, though not in their material, they resembled those of the Hurons. There were no palisades or embankments.
This neighborhood abounds161 in Indian relics162. The village graveyard163 appears to have been on a rising ground, near the river immediately in front of the town of Utica. This is the only part of the river bottom, from this point to the Mississippi, not liable to inundation164 in the spring floods. It now forms part of a farm occupied by a tenant60 of Mr. James Clark. Both Mr. Clark and his tenant informed me that every year great quantities of human bones and teeth were turned up here by the plough. Many implements165 of stone are also found, together with beads166 and other ornaments167 of Indian and European fabric168.
[145] "Les paroles les plus touchantes."—Hennepin (1683), 139. The later editions add the modest qualification, "que je pus."
[146] Peoria was the name of one of the tribes of the Illinois. Hennepin's dates here do not exactly agree with those of La Salle (Lettre du 29 Sept., 1680), who says that they were at the Illinois village on the first of January, and at Peoria Lake on the fifth.
[147] At least, it is so now at this place. Perhaps, in La Salle's time, it was not wholly so; for there is evidence, in various parts of the West, that the forest has made considerable encroachments on the open country.
[148] Hennepin (1683), 142.
[149] Hennepin (1683), 144-149. The later editions omit a part of the above.
[150] "Un sauvage, nommé Monso, qui veut dire169 Chevreuil."—La Salle. Probably Monso is a misprint for Mouso, as mousoa is Illinois for chevreuil, or deer.
[151] Hennepin (1683), 151, (1704), 205; Le Clerc, ii. 157; Mémoire du Voyage de M. de la Salle. This is a paper appended to Frontenac's Letter to the Minister, 9 Nov., 1680. Hennepin prints a translation of it in the English edition of his later work. It charges the Jesuit Allouez with being at the bottom of the intrigue2. Compare Lettre de La Salle, 29 Sept., 1680 (Margry, ii. 41), and Mémoire de La Salle, in Thomassy, Géologie Pratique de la Louisiane, 203.
[152] The above is a paraphrase171, with some condensation172, from Hennepin, whose account is substantially identical with that of La Salle.
[153] Hennepin (1683), 162. Déclaration faite par3 Moyse Hillaret, charpentier de barque, cy devant au service du Sr. de la Salle.
[154] The equally noted173 Brinvilliers was burned four years before. An account of both will be found in the Letters of Madame de Sévigné. The memoirs of the time abound152 in evidence of the frightful174 prevalence of these practices, and the commotion175 which they excited in all ranks of society.
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intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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scour
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| v.搜索；擦，洗，腹泻，冲刷 | |
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muffled
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| adj.（声音）被隔的；听不太清的；（衣服）裹严的；蒙住的v.压抑，捂住( muffle的过去式和过去分词 )；用厚厚的衣帽包着（自己） | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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besmirched
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| v.弄脏( besmirch的过去式和过去分词 )；玷污；丑化；糟蹋（名誉等） | |
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charcoal
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| n.炭，木炭，生物炭 | |
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downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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bough
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| n.大树枝，主枝 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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ambushed
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| v.埋伏( ambush的过去式和过去分词 )；埋伏着 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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barricade
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| n.路障，栅栏，障碍；vt.设路障挡住 | |
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rekindled
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| v.使再燃( rekindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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sleepers
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| n.卧铺（通常以复数形式出现）；卧车( sleeper的名词复数 )；轨枕；睡觉（呈某种状态）的人；小耳环 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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25
skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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27
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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28
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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30
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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31
grudge
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| n.不满，怨恨，妒嫉；vt.勉强给，不情愿做 | |
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32
oozy
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| adj.软泥的 | |
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33
saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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34
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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35
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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36
sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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37
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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38
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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39
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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40
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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41
scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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42
bleached
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| 漂白的，晒白的，颜色变浅的 | |
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43
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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44
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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45
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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46
mired
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| abbr.microreciprocal degree 迈尔德（色温单位）v.深陷( mire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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47
slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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48
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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49
ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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50
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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51
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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52
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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53
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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54
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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55
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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56
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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57
crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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58
rippling
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| 起涟漪的，潺潺流水般声音的 | |
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59
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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60
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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61
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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62
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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63
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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64
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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65
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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66
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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67
leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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68
spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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69
betokening
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的现在分词 ) | |
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70
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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71
guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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72
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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73
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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74
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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75
whooped
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| 叫喊( whoop的过去式和过去分词 )； 高声说； 唤起 | |
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76
screeched
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| v.发出尖叫声( screech的过去式和过去分词 )；发出粗而刺耳的声音；高叫 | |
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77
hubbub
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| n.嘈杂；骚乱 | |
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78
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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79
construed
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| v.解释（陈述、行为等）( construe的过去式和过去分词 )；翻译，作句法分析 | |
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80
proffer
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| v.献出，赠送；n.提议，建议 | |
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81
harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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82
overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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83
soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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84
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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85
quelled
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| v.（用武力）制止，结束，镇压( quell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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87
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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88
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
morsels
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| n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑 | |
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90
hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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91
caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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92
harangued
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| v.高谈阔论( harangue的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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94
restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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95
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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96
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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97
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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98
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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99
envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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100
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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101
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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102
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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103
retarding
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| 使减速( retard的现在分词 )； 妨碍； 阻止； 推迟 | |
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104
dreading
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| v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的现在分词 ) | |
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105
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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106
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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107
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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108
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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109
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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110
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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111
infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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112
alligators
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| n.短吻鳄( alligator的名词复数 ) | |
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113
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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114
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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115
fathomless
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| a.深不可测的 | |
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116
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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117
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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118
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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119
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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120
augury
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| n.预言，征兆，占卦 | |
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121
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
flinch
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| v.畏缩，退缩 | |
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123
deluded
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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124
skulk
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| v.藏匿；潜行 | |
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125
grunting
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| 咕哝的，呼噜的 | |
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126
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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127
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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128
vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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129
drowsy
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| adj.昏昏欲睡的，令人发困的 | |
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130
mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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131
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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132
inveighed
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| v.猛烈抨击，痛骂，谩骂( inveigh的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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133
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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134
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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135
antidote
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| n.解毒药，解毒剂 | |
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136
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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137
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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138
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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139
outlaws
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| 歹徒，亡命之徒( outlaw的名词复数 )； 逃犯 | |
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140
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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141
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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142
eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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143
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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144
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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145
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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146
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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147
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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148
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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149
salon
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| n.[法]沙龙；客厅；营业性的高级服务室 | |
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150
pelicans
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| n.鹈鹕( pelican的名词复数 ) | |
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151
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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152
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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153
farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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154
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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155
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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156
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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157
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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158
premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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159
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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160
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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161
abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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162
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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163
graveyard
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| n.坟场 | |
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164
inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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165
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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166
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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167
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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168
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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169
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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170
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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171
paraphrase
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| vt.将…释义，改写；n.释义，意义 | |
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172
condensation
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| n.压缩，浓缩；凝结的水珠 | |
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173
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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174
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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175
commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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