THE VOYAGE.
Disputes with Beaujeu.—St. Domingo.—La Salle Attacked with Fever: his Desperate Condition.—The Gulf1 Of Mexico.—A Vain Search and a Fatal Error.
The four ships sailed from Rochelle on the twenty-fourth of July. Four days after, the "Joly" broke her bowsprit, by design as La Salle fancied. They all put back to Rochefort, where the mischief2 was quickly repaired; and they put to sea again. La Salle, and the chief persons of the expedition, with a crowd of soldiers, artisans, and women, the destined3 mothers of Louisiana, were all on board the "Joly." Beaujeu wished to touch at Madeira, to replenish4 his water-casks. La Salle refused, lest by doing so the secret of the enterprise might reach the Spaniards. One Paget, a Huguenot, took up the word in support of Beaujeu. La Salle told him that the affair was none of his; and as Paget persisted with increased warmth and freedom, he demanded of Beaujeu if it was with his consent that a man of no rank spoke5 to him in that manner. Beaujeu sustained [Pg 367] the Huguenot. "That is enough," returned La Salle, and withdrew into his cabin.[278]
This was not the first misunderstanding; nor was it the last. There was incessant6 chafing7 between the two commanders; and the sailors of the "Joly" were soon of one mind with their captain. When the ship crossed the tropic, they made ready a tub on deck to baptize the passengers, after the villanous practice of the time; but La Salle refused to permit it, at which they were highly exasperated8, having promised themselves a bountiful ransom9, in money or liquor, from their victims. "Assuredly," says Joutel, "they would gladly have killed us all."
ST. DOMINGO.
When, after a wretched voyage of two months the ships reached St. Domingo, a fresh dispute occurred. It had been resolved at a council of officers to stop at Port de Paix; but Beaujeu, on pretext10 of a fair wind, ran by that place in the night, and cast anchor at Petit Goave, on the other side of the island. La Salle was extremely vexed11; for he expected to meet at Port de Paix the Marquis de Saint-Laurent, lieutenant12-general of the islands, Bégon the intendant, and De Cussy, governor of La Tortue, who had orders to supply him with provisions and give him all possible aid.
The "Joly" was alone: the other vessels13 had lagged behind. She had more than fifty sick men on [Pg 368] board, and La Salle was of the number. He sent a messenger to Saint-Laurent, Bégon, and Cussy, begging them to come to him; ordered Joutel to get the sick ashore14, suffocating15 as they were in the hot and crowded ship; and caused the soldiers to be landed on a small island in the harbor. Scarcely had the voyagers sung Te Deum for their safe arrival, when two of the lagging vessels appeared, bringing tidings that the third, the ketch "St. Fran?ois," had been taken by Spanish buccaneers. She was laden16 with provisions, tools, and other necessaries for the colony; and the loss was irreparable. Beaujeu was answerable for it; for had he anchored at Port de Paix, it would not have occurred. The lieutenant-general, with Bégon and Cussy, who presently arrived, plainly spoke their minds to him.[279]
ILLNESS OF LA SALLE.
La Salle's illness increased. "I was walking with him one day," writes Joutel, "when he was seized of a sudden with such a weakness that he could not stand, and was obliged to lie down on the ground. When he was a little better, I led him to a chamber17 of a house that the brothers Duhaut had hired. Here we put him to bed, and in the morning he was attacked by a violent fever."[280] "It was so violent that," says another of his shipmates, "his imagination pictured to him things equally terrible and amazing."[281] He lay delirious18 in the wretched garret, [Pg 369] attended by his brother, and one or two others who stood faithful to him. A goldsmith of the neighborhood, moved at his deplorable condition, offered the use of his house; and Abbé Cavelier had him removed thither19. But there was a tavern20 hard by, and the patient was tormented21 with daily and nightly riot. At the height of the fever, a party of Beaujeu's sailors spent a night in singing and dancing before the house; and, says Cavelier, "The more we begged them to be quiet, the more noise they made." La Salle lost reason and well-nigh life; but at length his mind resumed its balance, and the violence of the disease abated22. A friendly Capucin friar offered him the shelter of his roof; and two of his men supported him thither on foot, giddy with exhaustion23 and hot with fever. Here he found repose24, and was slowly recovering, when some of his attendants rashly told him the loss of the ketch "St. Fran?ois;" and the consequence was a critical return of the disease.[282]
There was no one to fill his place. Beaujeu would not; Cavelier could not. Joutel, the gardener's son, was apparently25 the most trusty man of the company; but the expedition was virtually without a head. The men roamed on shore, and plunged26 into every excess of debauchery, contracting diseases which eventually killed them.
COMPLAINTS OF BEAUJEU.
Beaujeu, in the extremity28 of ill-humor, resumed [Pg 370] his correspondence with Seignelay. "But for the illness of the Sieur de la Salle," he writes, "I could not venture to report to you the progress of our voyage, as I am charged only with the navigation, and he with the secrets; but as his malady29 has deprived him of the use of his faculties30, both of body and mind, I have thought myself obliged to acquaint you with what is passing, and of the condition in which we are."
He then declares that the ships freighted by La Salle were so slow that the "Joly" had continually been forced to wait for them, thus doubling the length of the voyage; that he had not had water enough for the passengers, as La Salle had not told him that there were to be any such till the day they came on board; that great numbers were sick, and that he had told La Salle there would be trouble if he filled all the space between decks with his goods, and forced the soldiers and sailors to sleep on deck; that he had told him he would get no provisions at St. Domingo, but that he insisted on stopping; that it had always been so,—that whatever he proposed La Salle would refuse, alleging31 orders from the King; "and now," pursues the ruffled32 commander, "everybody is ill; and he himself has a violent fever, as dangerous, the surgeon tells me, to the mind as to the body."
The rest of the letter is in the same strain. He says that a day or two after La Salle's illness began, his brother Cavelier came to ask him to take charge [Pg 371] of his affairs; but that he did not wish to meddle33 with them, especially as nobody knows anything about them, and as La Salle has sold some of the ammunition34 and provisions; that Cavelier tells him that he thinks his brother keeps no accounts, wishing to hide his affairs from everybody; that he learns from buccaneers that the entrance of the Mississippi is very shallow and difficult, and that this is the worst season for navigating35 the Gulf; that the Spaniards have in these seas six vessels of from thirty to sixty guns each, besides row-galleys; but that he is not afraid, and will perish, or bring back an account of the Mississippi. "Nevertheless," he adds, "if the Sieur de la Salle dies, I shall pursue a course different from that which he has marked out; for I do not approve his plans."
"If," he continues, "you permit me to speak my mind, M. de la Salle ought to have been satisfied with discovering his river, without undertaking36 to conduct three vessels with troops two thousand leagues through so many different climates, and across seas entirely37 unknown to him. I grant that he is a man of knowledge, that he has reading, and even some tincture of navigation; but there is so much difference between theory and practice, that a man who has only the former will always be at fault. There is also a great difference between conducting canoes on lakes and along a river, and navigating ships with troops on distant oceans."[283]
[Pg 372]
While Beaujeu was complaining of La Salle, his followers38 were deserting him. It was necessary to send them on board ship, and keep them there; for there were French buccaneers at Petit Goave, who painted the promised land in such dismal39 colors that many of the adventurers completely lost heart. Some, too, were dying. "The air of this place is bad," says Joutel; "so are the fruits; and there are plenty of women worse than either."[284]
It was near the end of November before La Salle could resume the voyage. He was told that Beaujeu had said that he would not wait longer for the store-ship "Aimable," and that she might follow as she could.[285] Moreover, La Salle was on ill terms with Aigron, her captain, who had declared that he would have nothing more to do with him.[286] Fearing, therefore, that some mishap40 might befall her, he resolved to embark41 in her himself, with his brother Cavelier, Membré, Douay, and others, the trustiest of his followers. On the twenty-fifth they set sail; the "Joly" and the little frigate42 "Belle43" following. They coasted the shore of Cuba, and landed at the Isle44 of Pines, where La Salle shot an alligator45, which the soldiers ate; and the hunter brought in a wild pig, half of which he sent to Beaujeu. Then they advanced to Cape46 St. Antoine, where bad weather and contrary winds long detained them. A load of [Pg 373] cares oppressed the mind of La Salle, pale and haggard with recent illness, wrapped within his own thoughts, and seeking sympathy from none.
A VAIN SEARCH.
At length they entered the Gulf of Mexico, that forbidden sea whence by a Spanish decree, dating from the reign47 of Philip II., all foreigners were excluded on pain of extermination48.[287] Not a man on board knew the secrets of its perilous49 navigation. Cautiously feeling their way, they held a north-westerly course, till on the twenty-eighth of December a sailor at the mast-head of the "Aimable" saw land. La Salle and all the pilots had been led to form an exaggerated idea of the force of the easterly currents; and they therefore supposed themselves near the Bay of Appalache, when, in fact, they were much farther westward50.
On New Year's Day they anchored three leagues from the shore. La Salle, with the engineer Minet, went to explore it, and found nothing but a vast marshy51 plain, studded with clumps52 of rushes. Two days after there was a thick fog, and when at length it cleared, the "Joly" was nowhere to be seen. La Salle in the "Aimable," followed closely by the little frigate "Belle," stood westward along the coast. When at the mouth of the Mississippi in 1682, he had taken its latitude53, but unhappily could not determine its longitude54; and now every eye on board was strained to detect in the monotonous55 lines [Pg 374] of the low shore some tokens of the great river. In fact, they had already passed it. On the sixth of January, a wide opening was descried56 between two low points of land; and the adjacent sea was discolored with mud. "La Salle," writes his brother Cavelier, "has always thought that this was the Mississippi." To all appearance, it was the entrance of Galveston Bay.[288] But why did he not examine it? Joutel says that his attempts to do so were frustrated57 by the objections of the pilot of the "Aimable," to which, with a facility very unusual with him, he suffered himself to yield. Cavelier declares, on the other hand, that he would not enter the opening because he was afraid of missing the "Joly." But he might have entered with one of his two vessels, while the other watched outside for the absent ship. From whatever cause, he lay here five or six days, waiting in vain for Beaujeu;[289] till, at last, thinking that he must have passed westward, he resolved to follow. The "Aimable" and the "Belle" again spread their sails, and coasted the shores of Texas. Joutel, with a boat's crew, tried to land; but the sand-bars and breakers repelled58 him. A party of Indians swam out through the surf, and were taken on board; but La Salle could learn nothing from them, as their language was unknown to him. [Pg 375] Again Joutel tried to land, and again the breakers repelled him. He approached as near as he dared, and saw vast plains and a dim expanse of forest, buffalo59 running with their heavy gallop60 along the shore, and deer grazing on the marshy meadows.
THE SHORES OF TEXAS.
Soon after, he succeeded in landing at a point somewhere between Matagorda Island and Corpus Christi Bay. The aspect of the country was not cheering, with its barren plains, its reedy marshes61, its interminable oyster-beds, and broad flats of mud bare at low tide. Joutel and his men sought in vain for fresh water, and after shooting some geese and ducks returned to the "Aimable." Nothing had been seen of Beaujeu and the "Joly;" the coast was trending southward; and La Salle, convinced that he must have passed the missing ship, turned to retrace62 his course. He had sailed but a few miles when the wind failed, a fog covered the sea, and he was forced to anchor opposite one of the openings into the lagoons63 north of Mustang Island. At length, on the nineteenth, there came a faint breeze; the mists rolled away before it, and to his great joy he saw the "Joly" approaching.
"His joy," says Joutel, "was short." Beaujeu's lieutenant, Aire, came on board to charge him with having caused the separation, and La Salle retorted by throwing the blame on Beaujeu. Then came a debate as to their position. The priest Esmanville was present, and reports that La Salle seemed greatly perplexed64. He had more cause for perplexity than [Pg 376] he knew; for in his ignorance of the longitude of the Mississippi, he had sailed more than four hundred miles beyond it.
Of this he had not the faintest suspicion. In full sight from his ship lay a reach of those vast lagoons which, separated from the sea by narrow strips of land, line this coast with little interruption from Galveston Bay to the Rio Grande. The idea took possession of him that the Mississippi discharged itself into these lagoons, and thence made its way to the sea through the various openings he had seen along the coast, chief among which was that he had discovered on the sixth, about fifty leagues from the place where he now was.[290]
PERPLEXITY OF LA SALLE.
Yet he was full of doubt as to what he should do. Four days after rejoining Beaujeu, he wrote him the [Pg 377] strange request to land the troops, that he "might fulfil his commission;" that is, that he might set out against the Spaniards.[291] More than a week passed, a gale65 had set in, and nothing was done. Then La Salle wrote again, intimating some doubt as to whether he was really at one of the mouths of the Mississippi, and saying that, being sure that he had passed the principal mouth, he was determined66 to go back to look for it.[292] Meanwhile, Beaujeu was in a state of great irritation67. The weather was stormy, and the coast was dangerous. Supplies were scanty68; and La Salle's soldiers, still crowded in the "Joly," were consuming the provisions of the ship. Beaujeu gave vent27 to his annoyance69, and La Salle retorted in the same strain.
According to Joutel, he urged the naval70 commander to sail back in search of the river; and Beaujeu refused, unless La Salle should give the soldiers provisions. La Salle, he adds, offered to supply them with rations71 for fifteen days; and Beaujeu declared this insufficient72. There is reason, however, to believe that the request was neither made by the one nor refused by the other so positively73 as here appears.
FOOTNOTES:
[278] Lettre (sans nom d'auteur) écrite de St. Domingue, 14 Nov., 1684 (Margry, ii. 492); Mémoire autographe de l'Abbé Jean Cavelier sur le Voyage de 1684. Compare Joutel.
[279] Mémoire de MM. de Saint-Laurens et Bégon (Margry, ii. 499); Joutel, Journal Historique, 28.
[280] Relation de Henri Joutel (Margry, iii. 98).
[281] Lettre (sans nom d'auteur), 14 Nov., 1684 (Margry, ii. 496).
[282] The above particulars are from the memoir74 of La Salle's brother, Abbé Cavelier, already cited.
[283] Lettre de Beaujeu au Ministre, 20 Oct., 1684.
[284] Relation de Henri Joutel (Margry, iii. 105).
[285] Mémoire autographe de l'Abbé Jean Cavelier.
[286] Lettre de Beaujeu au Ministre, 20 Oct., 1684.
[287] Letter of Don Luis de Onis to the Secretary of State (American State Papers, xii, 27-31).
[288] "La hauteur75 nous a fait remarquer ... que ce que nous avions vu le sixième janvier estoit en effet la principale entrée de la rivière que nous cherchions."—Lettre de La Salle au Ministre, 4 Mars, 1687.
[289] Mémoire autographe de l'Abbé Cavelier.
[290] "Depuis que nous avions quitté cette rivière qu'il croyoit infailliblement estre le fleuve Colbert [Mississippi] nous avions fait environ 45 lieues ou 50 au plus." (Cavelier, Mémoire.) This, taken in connection with the statement of La Salle that this "principale entrée de la rivière que nous cherchions" was twenty-five or thirty leagues northeast from the entrance of the Bay of St. Louis (Matagorda Bay), shows that it can have been no other than the entrance of Galveston Bay, mistaken by him for the chief outlet76 of the Mississippi. It is evident that he imagined Galveston Bay to form a part of the chain of lagoons from which it is in fact separated. He speaks of these lagoons as "une espèce de baye fort longue et fort large, dans laquelle le fleuve Colbert se décharge." He adds that on his descent to the mouth of the river in 1682 he had been deceived in supposing that this expanse of salt water, where no shore was in sight, was the open sea. Lettre de La Salle au Ministre, 4 Mars, 1685. Galveston Bay and the mouth of the Mississippi differ little in latitude, though separated by about five and a half degrees of longitude.
[291] Lettre de La Salle à Beaujeu, 23 Jan., 1685 (Margry, ii. 526).
[292] This letter is dated, "De l'emboucheure d'une rivière que je crois estre une des descharges du Mississipy" (Margry, ii. 528).
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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chafing
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| n.皮肤发炎v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的现在分词 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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pretext
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vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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suffocating
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| a.使人窒息的 | |
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laden
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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tavern
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tormented
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abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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exhaustion
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repose
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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extremity
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malady
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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ruffled
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| adj. 有褶饰边的, 起皱的 动词ruffle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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meddle
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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navigating
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的现在分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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undertaking
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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alligator
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| n.短吻鳄(一种鳄鱼) | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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frustrated
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| adj.挫败的，失意的，泄气的v.使不成功( frustrate的过去式和过去分词 )；挫败；使受挫折；令人沮丧 | |
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repelled
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| v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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retrace
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| v.折回；追溯，探源 | |
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lagoons
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| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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memoir
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| n.[pl.]回忆录，自传；记事录 | |
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hauteur
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| n.傲慢 | |
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outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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