Military Frontier.—The Canadian Settler.—Seignior and Vassal1.—Example of Talon2.—Plan of Settlement.—Aspect of Canada.—Quebec.—The River Settlements.—Montreal.—The Pioneers.
We have seen the settler landed and married; let us follow him to his new home. At the end of Talon’s administration, the head of the colony, that is to say the island of Montreal and the borders of the Richelieu, was the seat of a peculiar3 colonization4, the chief object of which was to protect the rest of Canada against Iroquois incursions. The lands along the Richelieu, from its mouth to a point above Chambly, were divided in large seigniorial grants among several officers of the regiment5 of Carignan, who in their turn granted out the land to the soldiers, reserving a sufficient portion as their own. The officer thus became a kind of feudal6 chief, and the whole settlement a permanent military cantonment admirably suited to the object in view. The disbanded soldier was practically a soldier still, but he was also a farmer and a landholder.
Talon had recommended this plan as being in accordance with the example of the Romans. “The practice of that politic7 and martial8 people,” he wrote, “may, in my opinion, be wisely adopted in a country a thousand leagues distant from its monarch9. And as the peace and harmony of peoples depend above all things on their fidelity10 to their sovereign, our first kings, better statesmen than is commonly supposed, introduced into newly conquered countries men of war, of approved trust, in order at once to hold the inhabitants to their duty within, and repel11 the enemy from without.” *
The troops were accordingly discharged, and settled not alone on the Richelieu, but also along the St. Lawrence, between Lake St. Peter and Montreal, as well as at some other points. The Sulpitians, feudal owners of Montreal, adopted a similar policy, and surrounded their island with a border of fiefs large and small, granted partly to officers and partly to humbler settlers, bold, hardy13, and practised in bush-fighting. Thus a line of sentinels was posted around their entire shore, ready to give the alarm whenever an enemy appeared. About Quebec the settlements, covered as they were by those above, were for the most part of a more pacific character.
To return to the Richelieu. The towns and villages which have since grown upon its banks and along the adjacent shores of the St. Lawrence owe their names to these officers of Carignan, ancient lords of the soil: Sorel, Chambly, Saint Ours,
* Projets de Réglemens, 1667 (see Edits et Ordonnances, II.
29).
Contrec?ur, Yarennes, Verchères. Yet let it not be supposed that villages sprang up at once. The military seignior, valiant14 and poor as Walter the Penniless, was in no condition to work such magic. His personal possessions usually consisted of little but his sword and the money which the king had paid him for marrying a wife. A domain15 varying from half a league to six leagues in front on the river, and from half a league to two leagues in depth, had been freely given him. When he had distributed a part of it in allotments to the soldiers, a variety of tasks awaited him: to clear and cultivate his land; to build his seigniorial mansion16, often a log hut; to build a fort; to build a chapel17; and to build a mill. To do all this at once was impossible. Chambly, the chief proprietor18 on the Richelieu, was better able than the others to meet the exigency19. He built himself a good house, where, with cattle and sheep furnished by the king, he lived in reasonable comfort. * The king’s fort, close at hand, spared him and his tenants20 the necessity of building one for themselves, and furnished, no doubt, a mill, a chapel, and a chaplain. His brother officers, Sorel excepted, were less fortunate. They and their tenants were forced to provide defence as well as shelter. Their houses were all built together, and surrounded by a palisade, so as to form a little fortified21 village. The ever-active benevolence22 of the king had aided them in the task, for the soldiers were still maintained by him
* Frontenac au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1672. Marie de
l’Incarnation speaks of these officers on the Richelieu as
très honnêtes gens.
while clearing the lands and building the houses destined23 to be their own; nor was it till this work was done that the provident24 government despatched them to Quebec with orders to bring back wives. The settler, thus lodged25 and wedded26, was required on his part to aid in clearing lands for those who should come after him. *
It was chiefly in the more exposed parts of the colony, that the houses were gathered together in palisaded villages, thus forcing the settler to walk or paddle some distance to his farm. He naturally preferred to build when he could on the front of his farm itself, near the river, which supplied the place of a road. As the grants of land were very narrow, his house was not far from that of his next neighbor, and thus a line of dwellings27 was ranged along the shore, forming what in local language was called a c?te, a use of the word peculiar to Canada, where it still prevails.
The impoverished28 seignior rarely built a chapel. Most of the early Canadian churches were built with funds furnished by the seminaries of Quebec or of Montreal, aided by contributions of material and labor29 from the parishioners. ** Meanwhile mass was said in some house of the neighborhood by
* “Sa Majesté semble prétendre faire la dépense entière pour
bois, la culture et semence de deux arpens de terre,
l’avance de quelques farines aux familles venantes,” etc.,
military settlers alike. The established settler was allowed
four years to clear two arpents of land for a new-comer. The
soldiers were maintained by the king during a year, while
preparing their farms and houses. Talon asks that two years
more be given them. Talon au Roy. 10 Nov., 1670
** La Tour, Vie de Laval, chap. x.
a missionary31 priest, paddling his canoe from village to village, or from c?te to c?te.
The mill was an object of the last importance. It was built of stone and pierced with loopholes, to serve as a blockhouse in case of attack. The great mill at Montreal was one of the chief defences of the place. It was at once the duty and the right of the seignior to supply his tenants, or rather vassals32, with this essential requisite33, and they on their part were required to grind their grain at his mill, leaving the fourteenth part in payment. But for many years there was not a seigniory in Canada, where this fraction would pay the wages of a miller34 and, except the ecclesiastical corporations, there were few seigniors who could pay the cost of building. The first settlers were usually forced to grind for themselves after the tedious fashion of the Indians.
Talon, in his capacity of counsellor, friend, and father to all Canada, arranged the new settlements near Quebec in the manner which he judged best, and which he meant to serve as an example to the rest of the colony. It was his aim to concentrate population around this point, so that, should an enemy appear, the sound of a cannon-shot from the Chateau35 St. Louis might summon a numerous body of defenders36 to this the common point of rendezvous37. * He bought a tract38 of land near Quebec, laid it out, and settled it as a model seigniory, hoping, as he says, to kindle39 a spirit of emulation40 among the new-made seigniors to whom he
* Projets de Réglemens, 1667.
had granted lands from the king. He also laid out at the royal cost three villages in the immediate41 neighborhood, planning them with great care, and peopling them partly with families newly arrived, partly with soldiers, and partly with old settlers, in order that the new-comers might take lessons from the experience of these veterans. That each village might be complete in itself, he furnished it as well as he could with the needful carpenter, mason, blacksmith, and shoemaker. These inland villages, called respectively Bourg Royal, Bourg la Reine, and Bourg Talon, did not prove very thrifty43. * Wherever the settlers were allowed to choose for themselves, they ranged their dwellings along the watercourses. With the exception of Talon’s villages, one could have seen nearly every house in Canada, by paddling a canoe up the St. Lawrence and the Richelieu. The settlements formed long thin lines on the edges of the rivers; a convenient arrangement, but one very unfavorable to defence, to ecclesiastical control, and to strong government. The king soon discovered this; and repeated orders were sent to concentrate the inhabitants and form Canada into villages, instead of c?tes. To do so would have involved a general revocation44 of grants and abandonment of houses and clearings, a measure too arbitrary and too wasteful45, even for Louis XIV., and one extremely difficult to enforce. Canada persisted in attenuating46 herself, and the royal will was foiled.
* In 1672, the king, as a mark of honor, attached these
villages to Talon’s seigniory. Documents on Seigniorial
As you ascended48 the St. Lawrence, the first harboring place of civilization was Tadoussao, at the mouth of the Saguenay, where the company had its trading station, where its agents ruled supreme49, and where, in early summer, all was alive with canoes and wigwams, and troops of Montagnais savages50, bringing their furs to market. Leave Tadoussac behind, and, embarked52 in a sailboat or a canoe, follow the northern coast. Far on the left, twenty miles away, the southern shore lies pale and dim, and mountain ranges wave their faint outline along the sky. You pass the beetling53 rocks of Mai Bay, a solitude54 but for the bark hut of some wandering Indian beneath the cliff; the Eboulements with their wild romantic gorge55, and foaming56 waterfalls; and the Bay of St. Paul with its broad valley and its woody mountains, rich with hidden stores of iron. Vast piles of savage51 verdure border the mighty57 stream, till at length the mountain of Cape58 Tourmente upheaves its huge bulk from the bosom59 of the water, shadowed by lowering clouds, and dark with forests. Just beyond, begin the settlements of Laval’s vast seigniory of Beaupré, which had not been forgotten in the distribution of emigrants60, and which, in 1667, contained more inhabitants than Quebec itself. * The ribbon of rich meadow land that borders that beautiful shore, was yellow with wheat
de Beaupré, 656; Beauport, 123; Island of Orleans, 529;
other settlements included under the government of Quebec,
1,011; C?te de Lauzon (south shore), 113; Trois Rivières and
in harvest time, and on the woody slopes behind, the frequent clearings and the solid little dwellings of logs continued for a long distance to relieve the sameness of the forest. After passing the cataract64 af Montmorenci, there was another settlement, much smaller, at Beauport, the seigniory of the ex-physician Giffard, one of the earliest proprietors65 in Canada. The neighboring shores of the island of Orleans were also edged with houses and clearings. The promontory66 of Quebec now towered full in sight, crowned with church, fort, chateau, convents, and seminary. There was little else on the rock. Priests, nuns67, government officials, and soldiers, were the denizens68 of the Upper Town; while commerce and the trades were cabined along the strand69 beneath. * From the gallery of the chateau, you might toss a pebble70 far down on their shingled71 roofs. In the midst of them was the magazine of the company, with its two round towers and two projecting wings. It was here that all the beaver-skins of the colony were collected, assorted72, and shipped for France. The so-called chateau St. Louis was an indifferent wooden structure planted on a site truly superb; above the Lower Town, above the river, above the ships, gazing abroad on a majestic73 panorama74 of waters, forests, and mountains. ** Behind it was the area of the fort, of which it formed one side. The
* According to Juchereau, there were seventy houses at
Quebec about the time of Tracy’s arrival.
the fort and chateau; a beggarly account of rubbish. The
governor lived in the chateau, and soldiers were on guard night and day in the fort. At some little distance was the convent of the Ursulines, ugly but substantial, * where Mother Mary of the Incarnation ruled her pupils and her nuns; and a little further on, towards the right, was the H?tel Dieu. Between them were the massive buildings of the Jesuits, then as now facing the principal square. At one side was their church, newly finished; and opposite, across the square, stood and still stands the great church of Notre Dame77. Behind the church was Laval’s seminary, with the extensive enclosures belonging to it. The sénéchaussée or court-house, the tavern78 of one Jacques Boisdon on the square near the church, and a few houses along the line of what is now St. Louis Street, comprised nearly all the civil part of the Upper Town. The ecclesiastical buildings were of stone, and the church of Notre Dame and the Jesuit College were marvels79 of size and solidity in view of the poverty and weakness of the colony. **
Proceeding80 upward along the north shore of the St. Lawrence, one found a cluster of houses at Cap Rouge81, and, further on, the frequent rude beginnings of a seigniory. The settlements thickened on
interesting Vie de Marie de l'Incarnation. It was burned in
1686.
** The first stone of Notre Dame de Quebec was laid in
September, 1647, and the first mass was said in it on the
24th of December, 1650. The side walls still remain as part
of the present structure. The Jesuit college was also begun
in 1647. The walls and roof were finished in 1649. The
church connected with it, since destroyed, was begun in
1666. Journal des Jésuites.
approaching Three Rivers, a fur-trading hamlet enclosed with a square palisade. Above this place, a line of incipient83 seigniories bordered the river, most of them granted to officers: Laubia, a captain; Labadie, a sergeant84; Moras, an ensign; Berthier, a captain; Raudin, an ensign; La Valterie, a lieutenant85. * Under their auspices86, settlers, military and civilian87, were ranging themselves along the shore, and ugly gaps in the forest thickly set with stumps88 bore witness to their toils89. These settlements rapidly extended, till in a few years a chain of houses and clearings reached with little interruption from Quebec to Montreal. Such was the fruit of Tracy’s chastisement90 of the Mohawks, and the influx91 of immigrants that followed.
As you approached Montreal, the fortified mill built by the Sulpitians at Point aux Trembles towered above the woods; and soon after the newly built chapel of the Infant Jesus. More settlements followed, till at length the great fortified mill of Montreal rose in sight; then the long row of compact wooden houses, the H?tel Dieu, and the rough masonry92 of the seminary of St. Sulpice. Beyond the town, the clearings continued at intervals93 till you reached Lake St. Louis, where young Cavelier de la Salle had laid out his seigniory of La Chine, and abandoned it to begin his hard career of western exploration. Above the island of Montreal,
* Documents on the Seigniorial Tenure; Abstracts of Titles.
Most of these grants, like those on the Richelieu, were made
by Talon in 1672; but the land had, in many cases, been
occupied and cleared in anticipation94 of the title.
Now cross Lake St. Louis, shoot the rapids of La Chine, and follow the southern shore downward. Here the seigniories of Longueuil, Boucherville, Yarennes, Verchères, and Contrecoeur were already begun. From the fort of Sorel one could visit the military seigniories along the Richelieu or descend97 towards Quebec, passing on the way those of Lussaudière, Becancour, Lobinière, and others still in a shapeless infancy98. Even far below Quebec, at St. Anne de la Pocatière, River Ouelle, and other points, cabins and clearings greeted the eye of the passing canoeman.
For a year or two, the settler’s initiation99 was a rough one; but when he had a few acres under tillage he could support himself and his family on the produce, aided by hunting, if he knew how to use a gun, and by the bountiful profusion100 of eels101 which the St. Lawrence never failed to yield in their season, and which, smoked or salted, supplied his larder102 for months. In winter he hewed103 timber, sawed planks104, or split shingles for the market of Quebec, obtaining in return such necessaries as he required. With thrift42 and hard work he was sure of comfort at last; but the former habits of the military settlers and of many of the others were not favorable to a routine of dogged industry. The sameness and solitude of their new life often became insufferable; nor, married as they had been, was the domestic hearth105 likely to supply much consolation106. Yet, thrifty or not, they multiplied apace.
“A poor man,” says Mother Mary, “will have eight children and more, who run about in winter with bare heads and bare feet, and a little jacket on their backs, live on nothing but bread and eels, and on that grow fat and stout107.” With such treatment the weaker sort died; but the strong survived, and out of this rugged108 nursing sprang the hardy Canadian race of bush-rangers and bush-fighters.
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1
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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talon
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| n.爪；（如爪般的）手指；爪状物 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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6
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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8
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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10
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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11
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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13
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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14
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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16
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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18
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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19
exigency
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| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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21
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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22
benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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23
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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24
provident
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| adj.为将来做准备的，有先见之明的 | |
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25
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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27
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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28
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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29
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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30
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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31
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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32
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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33
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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chateau
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| n.城堡，别墅 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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41
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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revocation
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| n.废止，撤回 | |
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wasteful
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| adj.（造成）浪费的，挥霍的 | |
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attenuating
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| v.（使）变细( attenuate的现在分词 )；（使）变薄；（使）变小；减弱 | |
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tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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beetling
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| adj.突出的，悬垂的v.快速移动( beetle的现在分词 ) | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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cataract
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| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
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proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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denizens
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| n.居民，住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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pebble
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| n.卵石，小圆石 | |
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shingled
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| adj.盖木瓦的；贴有墙面板的v.用木瓦盖(shingle的过去式和过去分词形式) | |
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assorted
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| adj.各种各样的，各色俱备的 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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inventory
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| n.详细目录，存货清单 | |
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shingles
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| n.带状疱疹；（布满海边的）小圆石( shingle的名词复数 )；屋顶板；木瓦（板）；墙面板 | |
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dame
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| n.女士 | |
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tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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rouge
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| n.胭脂，口红唇膏；v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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stumps
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| （被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分 | |
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toils
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| 网 | |
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chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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initiation
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| n.开始 | |
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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eels
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| abbr. 电子发射器定位系统（=electronic emitter location system） | |
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larder
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| n.食物贮藏室，食品橱 | |
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hewed
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的过去式和过去分词 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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