Death of Frontenac.
His Last Hours ? His Will ? His Funeral ? His Eulogist and his Critic ? His Disputes with the Clergy1 ? His Character.
In November, when the last ship had gone, and Canada was sealed from the world for half a year, a mortal illness fell upon the governor. On the twenty-second, he had strength enough to dictate2 his will, seated in an easy-chair in his chamber3 at the chateau4. His colleague and adversary5, Champigny, often came to visit him, and did all in his power to soothe6 his last moments. The reconciliation7 between them was complete. One of his Récollet friends, Father Olivier Goyer, administered extreme unction; and, on the afternoon of the twenty-eighth, he died, in perfect composure and full possession of his faculties9. He was in his seventy-eighth year.
He was greatly beloved by the humbler classes, who, days before his death, beset10 the chateau, praising and lamenting11 him. Many of higher station shared the popular grief. "He was the love and delight of New France," says one of 429 them: "churchmen honored him for his piety12, nobles esteemed14 him for his valor15, merchants respected him for his equity16, and the people loved him for his kindness." [1] "He was the father of the poor," says another, "the protector of the oppressed, and a perfect model of virtue17 and piety." [2] An Ursuline nun18 regrets him as the friend and patron of her sisterhood, and so also does the superior of the H?tel-Dieu. [3] His most conspicuous19 though not his bitterest opponent, the intendant Champigny, thus announced his death to the court: "I venture to send this letter by way of New England to tell you that Monsieur le Comte de Frontenac died on the twenty-eighth of last month, with the sentiments of a true Christian20. After all the disputes we have had together, you will hardly believe, Monseigneur, how truly and deeply I am touched by his death. He treated me during his illness in a manner so obliging, that I should be utterly21 void of gratitude22 if I did not feel thankful to him." [4]
[1] La Potherie, I. 244, 246.
[2] Hennepin, 41 (1704). Le Clerc speaks to the same effect.
[3] Histoire des Ursulines de Québec, I. 508; Juchereau, 378.
[4] Champigny au Ministre, 22 Dec., 1698.
As a mark of kind feeling, Frontenac had bequeathed to the intendant a valuable crucifix, and to Madame de Champigny a reliquary which he had long been accustomed to wear. For the rest, he gave fifteen hundred livres to the Récollets, to be expended23 in masses for his soul, and that of his wife after her death. To her he bequeathed all the remainder of 430 his small property, and he also directed that his heart should be sent her in a case of lead or silver. [5] His enemies reported that she refused to accept it, saying that she had never had it when he was living, and did not want it when he was dead.
[5] Testament24 du Comte de Frontenac. I am indebted to Abbé Bois of Maskinongé for a copy of this will. Frontenac expresses a wish that the heart should be placed in the family tomb at the Church of St. Nicolas des Champs.
On the Friday after his death, he was buried as he had directed, not in the cathedral, but in the church of the Récollets, a preference deeply offensive to many of the clergy. The bishop25 officiated; and then the Récollet, Father Goyer, who had attended his death-bed, and seems to have been his confessor, mounted the pulpit, and delivered his funeral oration26. "This funeral pageantry," exclaimed the orator27, "this temple draped in mourning, these dim lights, this sad and solemn music, this great assembly bowed in sorrow, and all this pomp and circumstance of death, may well penetrate28 your hearts. I will not seek to dry your tears, for I cannot contain my own. After all, this is a time to weep, and never did people weep for a better governor."
A copy of this eulogy29 fell into the hands of an enemy of Frontenac, who wrote a running commentary upon it. The copy thus annotated30 is still preserved at Quebec. A few passages from the orator and his critic will show the violent conflict of opinion concerning the governor, and illustrate31 in some sort, though with more force than fairness, the contradictions of his character:—
431The Orator. "This wise man, to whom the Senate of Venice listened with respectful attention, because he spoke32 before them with all the force of that eloquence33 which you, Messieurs, have so often admired,—" [6]
[6] Alluding34 to an incident that occurred when Frontenac commanded a Venetian force for the defence of Candia against the Turks.
The Critic. "It was not his eloquence that they admired, but his extravagant35 pretensions36, his bursts of rage, and his unworthy treatment of those who did not agree with him."
The Orator. "This disinterested37 man, more busied with duty than with gain,—"
The Critic. "The less said about that the better."
The Orator. "Who made the fortune of others, but did not increase his own,—"
The Critic. "Not for want of trying, and that very often in spite of his conscience and the king's orders."
The Orator. "Devoted38 to the service of his king, whose majesty39 he represented, and whose person he loved,—"
The Critic. "Not at all. How often has he opposed his orders, even with force and violence, to the great scandal of everybody!"
The Orator. "Great in the midst of difficulties, by that consummate40 prudence41, that solid judgment42, that presence of mind, that breadth and elevation43 of thought, which he retained to the last moment of his life,—"
The Critic. "He had in fact a great capacity for political man?uvres and tricks; but as for the solid judgment ascribed to 432 him, his conduct gives it the lie, or else, if he had it, the vehemence44 of his passions often unsettled it. It is much to be feared that his presence of mind was the effect of an obstinate45 and hardened self-confidence by which he put himself above everybody and every thing, since he never used it to repair, so far as in him lay, the public and private wrongs he caused. What ought he not to have done here, in this temple, to ask pardon for the obstinate and furious heat with which he so long persecuted46 the Church; upheld and even instigated47 rebellion against her; protected libertines48, scandal-mongers, and creatures of evil life against the ministers of Heaven; molested49, persecuted, vexed50 persons most eminent51 in virtue, nay52, even the priests and magistrates53, who defended the cause of God; sustained in all sorts of ways the wrongful and scandalous traffic in brandy with the Indians; permitted, approved, and supported the license54 and abuse of taverns55; authorized56 and even introduced, in spite of the remonstrances57 of the servants of God, criminal and dangerous diversions; tried to decry58 the bishop and the clergy, the missionaries59, and other persons of virtue, and to injure them, both here and in France, by libels and calumnies60; caused, in fine, either by himself or through others, a multitude of disorders61, under which this infant church has groaned62 for many years! What, I say, ought he not to have done before dying to atone63 for these scandals, and give proof of sincere penitence64 and compunction? God gave him full time to recognize his errors, and yet to the last he showed a great indifference65 in all these matters. When, in presence of the Holy Sacrament, he was asked according to the ritual, 'Do you not beg pardon for all the ill examples you may have given?' he answered, 'Yes,' but did not confess that he had ever given any. In a word, he behaved during the few days before his death like one who had led an irreproachable66 life, and had nothing to fear. And this is the presence of mind that he retained to his last moment!"
The Orator. "Great in dangers by his courage, he always came off with honor, and never was reproached with rashness,—"
433The Orator. "Great in religion by his piety, he practised its good works in spirit and in truth,—"
The Critic. "Say rather that he practised its forms with parade and ostentation68: witness the inordinate69 ambition with which he always claimed honors in the Church, to which he had no right; outrageously70 affronted71 intendants, who opposed his pretensions; required priests to address him when preaching, and in their intercourse72 with him demanded from them humiliations which he did not exact from the meanest military officer. This was his way of making himself great in religion and piety, or, more truly, in vanity and hypocrisy74. How can a man be called great in religion, when he openly holds opinions entirely75 opposed to the True Faith, such as, that all men are predestined, that Hell will not last for ever, and the like?"
The Critic. "Then one must have taken him at exactly the right moment, and not when he was foaming76 at the mouth with rage."
The Orator. "A mingled77 air of nobility and gentleness; a countenance78 that bespoke79 the probity80 that appeared in all his acts, and a sincerity81 that could not dissimulate,—"
The Critic. "The eulogist did not know the old fox."
The Critic. "What friends? Was it persons of the other sex? Of these he was always fond, and too much for the honor of some of them."
The Orator. "Disinterested for himself, ardent83 for others, he used his credit at court only to recommend their services, excuse their faults, and obtain favors for them,—"
434The Critic. "True; but it was for his creatures and for nobody else."
The Orator. "I pass in silence that reading of spiritual books which he practised as an indispensable duty more than forty years; that holy avidity with which he listened to the word of God,—"
The Critic. "Only if the preacher addressed the sermon to him, and called him Monseigneur. As for his reading, it was often Jansenist books, of which he had a great many, and which he greatly praised and lent freely to others."
The Orator. "He prepared for the sacraments by meditation84 and retreat,—"
The Critic. "And generally came out of his retreat more excited than ever against the Church."
The Orator. "Let us not recall his ancient and noble descent, his family connected with all that is greatest in the army, the magistracy, and the government; Knights85, Marshals of France, Governors of Provinces, Judges, Councillors, and Ministers of State: let us not, I say, recall all these without remembering that their examples roused this generous heart to noble emulation86; and, as an expiring flame grows brighter as it dies, so did all the virtues87 of his race unite at last in him to end with glory a long line of great men, that shall be no more except in history."
The Critic. "Well laid on, and too well for his hearers to believe him. Far from agreeing that all these virtues were collected in the person of his pretended hero, they would find it very hard to admit that he had even one of them." [7]
[7] Oraison Funèbre du très-haut et très-puissant Seigneur Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau, etc., avec des remarques critiques, 1698. 435 That indefatigable88 investigator89 of Canadian history, the late M. Jacques Viger, to whom I am indebted for a copy of this eulogy, suggested that the anonymous90 critic may have been Abbé la Tour, author of the Vie de Laval. If so, his statements need the support of more trustworthy evidence. The above extracts are not consecutive91, but are taken from various parts of the manuscript.
It is clear enough from what quiver these arrows came. From the first, Frontenac had set himself in opposition92 to the most influential93 of the Canadian clergy. When he came to the colony, their power in the government was still enormous, and even the most devout94 of his predecessors95 had been forced into conflict with them to defend the civil authority; but, when Frontenac entered the strife96, he brought into it an irritability97, a jealous and exacting98 vanity, a love of rule, and a passion for having his own way, even in trifles, which made him the most exasperating99 of adversaries100. Hence it was that many of the clerical party felt towards him a bitterness that was far from ending with his life.
The sentiment of a religion often survives its convictions. However heterodox in doctrine101, he was still wedded102 to the observances of the Church, and practised them, under the ministration of the Récollets, with an assiduity that made full amends103 to his conscience for the vivacity104 with which he opposed the rest of the clergy. To the Récollets their patron was the most devout of men; to his ultramontane adversaries, he was an impious persecutor105.
His own acts and words best paint his character, and it is needless to enlarge upon it. What perhaps 436 may be least forgiven him is the barbarity of the warfare106 that he waged, and the cruelties that he permitted. He had seen too many towns sacked to be much subject to the scruples107 of modern humanitarianism108; yet he was no whit109 more ruthless than his times and his surroundings, and some of his contemporaries find fault with him for not allowing more Indian captives to be tortured. Many surpassed him in cruelty, none equalled him in capacity and vigor110. When civilized111 enemies were once within his power, he treated them, according to their degree, with a chivalrous112 courtesy, or a generous kindness. If he was a hot and pertinacious113 foe114, he was also a fast friend; and he excited love and hatred115 in about equal measure. His attitude towards public enemies was always proud and peremptory116, yet his courage was guided by so clear a sagacity that he never was forced to recede117 from the position he had taken. Towards Indians, he was an admirable compound of sternness and conciliation8. Of the immensity of his services to the colony there can be no doubt. He found it, under Denonville, in humiliation73 and terror; and he left it in honor, and almost in triumph.
In spite of Father Goyer, greatness must be denied him; but a more remarkable118 figure, in its bold and salient individuality and sharply marked light and shadow, is nowhere seen in American history. [8]
[8] There is no need to exaggerate the services of Frontenac. Nothing could be more fallacious than the assertion, often repeated, that in 437 his time Canada withstood the united force of all the British colonies. Most of these colonies took no part whatever in the war. Only two of them took an aggressive part, New York and Massachusetts. New York attacked Canada twice, with the two inconsiderable war-parties of John Schuyler in 1690 and of Peter Schuyler in the next year. The feeble expedition under Winthrop did not get beyond Lake George. Massachusetts, or rather her seaboard towns, attacked Canada once. Quebec, it is true, was kept in alarm during several years by rumors119 of another attack from the same quarter; but no such danger existed, as Massachusetts was exhausted120 by her first effort. The real scourge121 of Canada was the Iroquois, supplied with arms and ammunition122 from Albany.
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1
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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chateau
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| n.城堡，别墅 | |
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adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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soothe
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| v.安慰；使平静；使减轻；缓和；奉承 | |
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reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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conciliation
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| n.调解，调停 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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lamenting
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| adj.悲伤的，悲哀的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的现在分词 ) | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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nun
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| n.修女，尼姑 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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oration
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| n.演说，致辞，叙述法 | |
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orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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eulogy
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| n.颂词；颂扬 | |
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annotated
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| v.注解，注释( annotate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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vehemence
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| n.热切；激烈；愤怒 | |
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obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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libertines
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| n.放荡不羁的人，淫荡的人( libertine的名词复数 ) | |
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molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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vexed
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| adj.争论不休的；（指问题等）棘手的；争论不休的问题；烦恼的v.使烦恼( vex的过去式和过去分词 )；使苦恼；使生气；详细讨论 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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decry
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| v.危难，谴责 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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calumnies
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| n.诬蔑，诽谤，中伤（的话）( calumny的名词复数 ) | |
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disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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groaned
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| v.呻吟( groan的过去式和过去分词 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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atone
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| v.赎罪，补偿 | |
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penitence
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| n.忏悔，赎罪；悔过 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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irreproachable
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| adj.不可指责的，无过失的 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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outrageously
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| 凶残地； 肆无忌惮地； 令人不能容忍地； 不寻常地 | |
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affronted
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| adj.被侮辱的，被冒犯的v.勇敢地面对( affront的过去式和过去分词 )；相遇 | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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75
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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78
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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bespoke
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| adj.（产品）订做的；专做订货的v.预定( bespeak的过去式 )；订（货）；证明；预先请求 | |
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80
probity
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| n.刚直；廉洁，正直 | |
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81
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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82
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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84
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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85
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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86
emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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87
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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investigator
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| n.研究者，调查者，审查者 | |
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anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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irritability
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| n.易怒 | |
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exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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exasperating
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| adj. 激怒的 动词exasperate的现在分词形式 | |
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adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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101
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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102
wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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104
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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105
persecutor
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| n. 迫害者 | |
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106
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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107
scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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108
humanitarianism
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| n.博爱主义；人道主义；基督凡人论 | |
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whit
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| n.一点，丝毫 | |
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110
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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111
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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112
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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113
pertinacious
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| adj.顽固的 | |
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114
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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115
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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116
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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117
recede
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| vi.退(去)，渐渐远去；向后倾斜，缩进 | |
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118
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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119
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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120
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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121
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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122
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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