To us of this day, the result of the American part of the war seems a foregone conclusion. It was far from being so; and very far from being so regarded by our forefathers5. The numerical superiority of the British colonies was offset6 by organic weaknesses fatal to vigorous and united action. Nor at the outset did they, or the mother-country, 2
V1 aim at conquering Canada, but only at pushing back her boundaries. Canada—using the name in its restricted sense—was a position of great strength; and even when her dependencies were overcome, she could hold her own against forces far superior. Armies could reach her only by three routes,—the Lower St. Lawrence on the east, the Upper St. Lawrence on the west, and Lake Champlain on the south. The first access was guarded by a fortress7 almost impregnable by nature, and the second by a long chain of dangerous rapids; while the third offered a series of points easy to defend. During this same war, Frederic of Prussia held his ground triumphantly8 against greater odds9, though his kingdom was open on all sides to attack.
It was the fatuity10 of Louis XV. and his Pompadour that made the conquest of Canada possible. Had they not broken the traditionary policy of France, allied11 themselves to Austria, her ancient enemy, and plunged12 needlessly into the European war, the whole force of the kingdom would have been turned, from the first, to the humbling13 of England and the defence of the French colonies. The French soldiers left dead on inglorious Continental14 battle-fields could have saved Canada, and perhaps made good her claim to the vast territories of the West.
But there were other contingencies15. The possession of Canada was a question of diplomacy16 as well as of war. If England conquered her, she might restore her, as she had lately restored Cape17 3
V1 Breton. She had an interest in keeping France alive on the American continent. More than one clear eye saw, at the middle of the last century, that the subjection of Canada would lead to a revolt of the British colonies. So long as an active and enterprising enemy threatened their borders, they could not break with the mother-country, because they needed her help. And if the arms of France had prospered18 in the other hemisphere; if she had gained in Europe or Asia territories with which to buy back what she had lost in America, then, in all likelihood, Canada would have passed again into her hands.
The most momentous and far-reaching question ever brought to issue on this continent was: Shall France remain here, or shall she not? If, by diplomacy or war, she had preserved but the half, or less than the half, of her American possessions, then a barrier would have been set to the spread of the English-speaking races; there would have been no Revolutionary War; and for a long time, at least, no independence. It was not a question of scanty19 populations strung along the banks of the St. Lawrence; it was—or under a government of any worth it would have been—a question of the armies and generals of France. America owes much to the imbecility of Louis XV. and the ambitious vanity and personal dislikes of his mistress.
The Seven Years War made England what she is. It crippled the commerce of her rival, ruined France in two continents, and blighted20 her as a 4
V1 colonial power. It gave England the control of the seas and the mastery of North America and India, made her the first of commercial nations, and prepared that vast colonial system that has planted new Englands in every quarter of the globe. And while it made England what she is, it supplied to the United States the indispensable condition of their greatness, if not of their national existence.
Before entering on the story of the great contest, we will look at the parties to it on both sides of the Atlantic.
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1
momentous
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adj.重要的,重大的 | |
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2
averted
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防止,避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 ); 转移 | |
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3
strife
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n.争吵,冲突,倾轧,竞争 | |
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4
civilized
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a.有教养的,文雅的 | |
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5
forefathers
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n.祖先,先人;祖先,祖宗( forefather的名词复数 );列祖列宗;前人 | |
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offset
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n.分支,补偿;v.抵消,补偿 | |
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7
fortress
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n.堡垒,防御工事 | |
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8
triumphantly
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ad.得意洋洋地;得胜地;成功地 | |
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9
odds
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n.让步,机率,可能性,比率;胜败优劣之别 | |
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10
fatuity
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n.愚蠢,愚昧 | |
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11
allied
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adj.协约国的;同盟国的 | |
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12
plunged
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v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 );暴跌;骤降;突降 | |
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13
humbling
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adj.令人羞辱的v.使谦恭( humble的现在分词 );轻松打败(尤指强大的对手);低声下气 | |
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14
continental
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adj.大陆的,大陆性的,欧洲大陆的 | |
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15
contingencies
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n.偶然发生的事故,意外事故( contingency的名词复数 );以备万一 | |
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16
diplomacy
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n.外交;外交手腕,交际手腕 | |
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17
cape
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n.海角,岬;披肩,短披风 | |
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18
prospered
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成功,兴旺( prosper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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19
scanty
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adj.缺乏的,仅有的,节省的,狭小的,不够的 | |
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blighted
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adj.枯萎的,摧毁的 | |
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