Assumptions, hasty, crude, and vain,
Full oft to use will Science deign1;
The corks2 the novice3 plies4 today
The swimmer soon shall cast away.
—A. H. Clough, Poem (1840)
Again I spring to make my choice;
Again in tones of ire
I hear a God’s tremendous voice—
“Be counsel’d, and retire!”
—Matthew Arnold, “The Lake” (1853)
The trial of Lieutenant5 Emile de La Ronciere in 1835 is psychiatrically one of the most interesting of early nine-teenth-century cases. The son of the martinet6 Count de La Ronciere, Emile was evidently a rather frivolous—he had a mistress and got badly into debt—yet not unusual young man for his country, period and profession. In 1834 he was attached to the famous cavalry7 school at Saumur in the Loire valley. His commanding officer was the Baron8 de Morell, who had a highly strung daughter of sixteen, named Marie. In those days commanding officers’ houses served in garrison9 as a kind of mess for their subordinates. One evening the Baron, as stiffnecked as Emile’s father, but a good deal more influential10, called the lieutenant up to him and, in the presence of his brother officers and several ladies, furiously ordered him to leave the house. The next day La Ronciere was presented with a vicious series of poison-pen letters threatening the Morell family. All displayed an uncanny knowledge of the most intimate details of the life of the household, and all—the first absurd flaw in the prosecution11 case—were signed with the lieutenant’s initials.
Worse was to come. On the night of September 24th, 1834, Marie’s English governess, a Miss Allen, was woken by her sixteen-year-old charge, who told in tears how La Ronci-ere, in full uniform, had just forced his way through the window into her adjacent bedroom, bolted the door, made obscene threats, struck her across the breasts and bitten her hand, then forced her to raise her night-chemise and wound-ed her in the upper thigh12. He had then escaped by the way he had come.
The very next morning another lieutenant supposedly fa-vored by Marie de Morell received a highly insulting letter, again apparently13 from La Ronciere. A duel14 was fought. La Ronciere won, but the severely15 wounded adversary16 and his second refused to concede the falsity of the poison-pen charge. They threatened La Ronciere that his father would be told if he did not sign a confession17 of guilt18; once that was done, the matter would be buried. After a night of agonized19 indecision, La Ronciere foolishly agreed to sign.
He then asked for leave and went to Paris, in the belief that the affair would be hushed up. But signed letters contin-ued to appear in the Morells’ house. Some claimed that Marie was pregnant, others that her parents would soon both be murdered, and so on. The Baron had had enough. La Ronciere was arrested.
The number of circumstances in the accused’s favor was so large that we can hardly believe today that he should have been brought to trial, let alone convicted. To begin with, it was common knowledge in Saumur that Marie had been piqued20 by La Ronciere’s obvious admiration21 for her hand-some mother, of whom the daughter was extremely envious22. Then the Morell mansion23 was surrounded by sentries24 on the night of the attempted rape25; not one had noticed anything untoward26, even though the bedroom concerned was on the top floor and reachable only by a ladder it would have required at least three men to carry and “mount”—therefore a ladder that would have left traces in the soft soil beneath the window ... and the defense27 established that there had been none. Furthermore, the glazier brought in to mend the pane28 broken by the intruder testified that all the broken glass had fallen outside the house and that it was in any case impossible to reach the window catch through the small aperture29 made. Then the defense asked why during the as-sault Marie had never once cried for help; why the light-sleeping Miss Allen had not been woken by the scuffling; why she and Marie then went back to sleep without waking Madame de Morell, who slept through the whole incident on the floor below; why the thigh wound was not examined until months after the incident (and was then pronounced to be a light scratch, now fully30 healed); why Marie went to a ball only two evenings later and led a perfectly31 normal life until the arrest was finally made—when she promptly32 had a ner-vous breakdown33 (again, the defense showed that it was far from the first in her young life); how the letters could still appear in the house, even when the penniless La Ronciere was in jail awaiting trial; why any poison-pen letter-writer in his senses should not only not disguise his writing (which was easily copiable) but sign his name; why the letters showed an accuracy of spelling and grammar (students of French will be pleased to know that La Ronciere invariably forgot to make his past participles agree) conspicuously34 absent from genuine correspondence produced for comparison; why twice he even failed to spell his own name correctly; why the incriminating letters appeared to be written on paper—the greatest contemporary authority witnessed as much— identical to a sheaf found in Marie’s escritoire. Why and why and why, in short. As a final doubt, the defense also pointed35 out that a similar series of letters had been found previously36 in the Morells’ Paris house, and at a time when La Ronciere was on the other side of the world, doing service in Cayenne.
But the ultimate injustice37 at the trial (attended by Hugo, Balzac and George Sand among many other celebrities) was the court’s refusal to allow any cross-examination of the prosecution’s principal witness: Marie de Morell. She gave her evidence in a cool and composed manner; but the pres-ident of the court, under the cannon-muzzle eyes of the Baron and an imposing38 phalanx of distinguished39 relations, decided40 that her “modesty” and her “weak nervous state” forbade further interrogation.
La Ronciere was found guilty and sentenced to ten years’ imprisonment41. Almost every eminent42 jurist in Europe pro-tested, but in vain. We can see why he was condemned43, or rather, by what he was condemned: by social prestige, by the myth of the pure-minded virgin44, by psychological ignorance, by a society in full reaction from the pernicious notions of freedom disseminated45 by the French Revolution.
But now let me translate the pages that the doctor had marked. They come from the Observations Medico-psychologiques of a Dr. Karl Matthaei, a well-known Ger-man physician of his time, written in support of an abortive46 appeal against the La Ronciere verdict. Matthaei had al-ready had the intelligence to write down the dates on which the more obscene letters, culminating in the attempted rape, had occurred. They fell into a clear monthly—or menstrual— pattern. After analyzing47 the evidence brought before the court, the Herr Doktor proceeds, in a somewhat moralistic tone, to explain the mental illness we today call hysteria—the assumption, that is, of symptoms of disease or disability in order to gain the attention and sympathy of others: a neuro-sis or psychosis almost invariably caused, as we now know, by sexual repression48.
If I glance back over my long career as a doctor, I recall many incidents of which girls have been the heroines, although their par-ticipation seemed for long impossible . . .
Some forty years ago, I had among my patients the family of a lieutenant-general of cavalry. He had a small property some six miles from the town where he was in garrison, and he lived there, riding into town when his duties called. He had an exceptionally pretty daughter of sixteen years’ age. She wished fervently49 that her father lived in the town. Her exact reasons were never discov-ered, but no doubt she wished to have the company of the officers and the pleasures of society there. To get her way, she chose a highly criminal procedure: she set fire to the country home. A wing of it was burned to the ground. It was rebuilt. New attempts at arson50 were made: and one day once again part of the house went up in flames. No less than thirty attempts at arson were committed subsequently. However nearly one came upon the arsonist51, his identity was never discovered. Many people were apprehended52 and interrogated53. The one person who was never suspected was that beautiful young innocent daughter. Several years passed; and then finally she was caught in the act; and condemned to life im-prisonment in a house of correction.
In a large German city, a charming young girl of a distinguished family found her pleasure in sending anonymous54 letters whose purpose was to break up a recent happy marriage. She also spread vicious scandals concerning another young lady, widely admired for her talents and therefore an object of envy. These letters continued for several years. No shadow of suspicion fell on the authoress, though many other people were accused. At last she gave herself away, and was accused, and confessed to her crime ... She served a long sentence in prison for her evil.
Again, at the very time and in this very place where I write,* the police are investigating a similar affair . . .
[* Hanover, 1836.]
It may be objected that Marie de Morell would not have in-flicted pain on herself to attain55 her ends. But her suffering was very slight compared to that in other cases from the annals of medicine. Here are some very remarkable56 instances.
Professor Herholdt of Copenhagen knew an attractive young woman of excellent education and well-to-do parents. He, like many of his colleagues, was completely deceived by her. She ap-plied the greatest skill and perseverance57 to her deceits, and over a course of several years. She even tortured herself in the most atrocious manner. She plunged58 some hundreds of needles into the flesh of various parts of her body: and when inflammation or suppuration had set in she had them removed by incision59. She refused to urinate and had her urine removed each morning by means of a catheter. She herself introduced air into her bladder, which escaped when the instrument was inserted. For a year and a half she rested dumb and without movement, refused food, pretended spasms60, fainting fits, and so on. Before her tricks were discovered, several famous doctors, some from abroad, examined her and were horror-struck to see such suffering. Her unhappy story was in all the news-papers, and no one doubted the authenticity61 of her case. Finally, in 1826, the truth was discovered. The sole motives62 of this clever fraud (cette adroite trompeuse) were to become an object of ad-miration and astonishment63 to men, and to make a fool of the most learned, famous and perceptive64 of them. The history of this case, so important from the psychological point of view, may be found in Herholdt: Notes on the illness of Rachel Hertz between 1807 and 1826.
At Luneburg, a mother and daughter hit on a scheme whose aim was to draw a lucrative65 sympathy upon themselves—a scheme they pursued to the end with an appalling66 determination. The daughter complained of unbearable67 pain in one breast, lamented68 and wept, sought the help of the professions, tried all their remedies. The pain continued; a cancer was suspected. She herself elected without hesitation69 to have the breast extirpated70; it was found to be per-fectly healthy. Some years later, when sympathy for her had less-ened, she took up her old role. The other breast was removed, and was found to be as healthy as the first. When once again sympathy began to dry up, she complained of pain in the hand. She wanted that too to be amputated. But suspicion was aroused. She was sent to hospital, accused of false pretenses71, and finally dispatched to prison.
Lentin, in his Supplement to a practical knowledge of medicine (Hanover, 1798) tells this story, of which he was a witness. From a girl of no great age were drawn72, by the medium of forceps after previous incision of the bladder and its neck, no less than one hundred and four stones in ten months. The girl herself introduced the stones into her bladder, even though the subsequent operations caused her great loss of blood and atrocious pain. Before this, she had had vomiting73, convulsions and violent symptoms of many kinds. She showed a rare skill in her deceptions74.
After such examples, which it would be easy to extend, who would say that it is impossible for a girl, in order to attain a de-sired end, to inflict75 pain upon herself?*
[* I cannot leave the story of La Ronciere—which I have taken from the same 1835 account that Dr. Grogan handed Charles—without add-ing that in 1848, some years after the lieutenant had finished his time, one of the original prosecuting76 counsel had the belated honesty to sus-pect that he had helped procure77 a gross miscarriage78 of justice. He was by then in a position to have the case reopened. La Roncifere was com-pletely exonerated79 and rehabilitated80. He resumed his military career and might, at that very hour Charles was reading the black climax81 of his life, have been found leading a pleasant enough existence as mili-tary governor of Tahiti. But his story has an extraordinary final twist. Only quite recently has it become known that he at least partly deserved the hysterical82 Mile de Morell’s revenge on him. He had indeed entered her bedroom on that September night of 1834; but not through the window. Having earlier seduced83 the governess Miss Allen (perfide Albion!), he made a much simpler entry from her adjoining bedroom. The purpose of his visit was not amatory, but in fulfillment of a bet he had made with some brother officers, to whom he had boasted of hav-ing slept with Marie. He was challenged to produce proof in the form of a lock of hair—but not from the girl’s head. The wound in Marie’s thigh was caused by a pair of scissors; and the wound to her self-esteem becomes a good deal more explicable. An excellent discussion of this bizarre case may be found in Rene Floriot, Les Erreurs Judic-iaires, Paris, 1968.]
Those latter pages were the first Charles read. They came as a brutal84 shock to him, for he had no idea that such perversions85 existed—and in the pure and sacred sex. Nor, of course, could he see mental illness of the hysteric kind for what it is: a pitiable striving for love and security. He turned to the beginning of the account of the trial and soon found himself drawn fatally on into that. I need hardly say that he identified himself almost at once with the miserable86 Emile de La Ronciere; and towards the end of the trial he came upon a date that sent a shiver down his spine87. The day that other French lieutenant was condemned was the very same day that Charles had come into the world. For a moment, in that silent Dorset night, reason and science dissolved; life was a dark machine, a sinister88 astrology, a verdict at birth and without appeal, a zero over all.
He had never felt less free.
And he had never felt less sleepy. He looked at his watch. It lacked ten minutes of four o’clock. All was peace now outside. The storm had passed. Charles opened a window and breathed in the cold but clean spring air. Stars twinkled faintly overhead, innocently, disclaiming89 influence, either sin-ister or beneficent. And where was she? Awake also, a mile or two away, in some dark woodland darkness.
The effects of the cobbler and Grogan’s brandy had long worn off, leaving Charles only with a profound sense of guilt. He thought he recalled a malice90 in the Irish doctor’s eyes, a storing-up of this fatuous91 London gentleman’s troubles that would soon be whispered and retailed92 all over Lyme. Was it not notorious that his race could not keep a secret?
How puerile93, how undignified his behavior had been! He had lost not only Winsyatt that previous day, but all his self-respect. Even that last phrase was a tautology94; he had, quite simply, lost respect for everything he knew. Life was a pit in Bedlam95. Behind the most innocent faces lurked96 the vilest97 iniquities98. He was Sir Galahad shown Guinevere to be a whore.
To stop the futile99 brooding—if only he could act!—he picked up the fatal book and read again some of the passages in Matthaei’s paper on hysteria. He saw fewer parallels now with Sarah’s conduct. His guilt began to attach itself to its proper object. He tried to recollect100 her face, things she had said, the expression in her eyes as she had said them; but he could not grasp her. Yet it came to him that he knew her better, perhaps, than any other human being did. That ac-count of their meetings he had given Grogan . . . that he could remember, and almost word for word. Had he not, in his anxiety to hide his own real feelings, misled Grogan? Exaggerated her strangeness? Not honestly passed on what she had actually said?
Had he not condemned her to avoid condemning101 himself?
Endlessly he paced his sitting room, searching his soul and his hurt pride. Suppose she was what she had represented herself to be—a sinner, certainly, but also a woman of exceptional courage, refusing to turn her back on her sin? And now finally weakened in her terrible battle with her past and crying for help?
Why had he allowed Grogan to judge her for him?
Because he was more concerned to save appearances than his own soul. Because he had no more free will than an ammonite. Because he was a Pontius Pilate, a worse than he, not only condoning102 the crucifixion but encouraging, nay103, even causing—did not all spring from that second meeting, when she had wanted to leave, but had had discussion of her situation forced upon her?—the events that now led to its execution.
He opened the window again. Two hours had passed since he had first done so. Now a faint light spread from the east. He stared up at the paling stars.
Destiny.
Those eyes.
If he met Grogan, he met him. His conscience must explain his disobedience. He went into his bedroom. And there, with an outward sour gravity reflecting the inward, self-awed and indecipherable determination he had come to, he began to change his clothes.
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deign
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| v. 屈尊, 惠允 ( 做某事) | |
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corks
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| n.脐梅衣；软木( cork的名词复数 )；软木塞 | |
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novice
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| adj.新手的，生手的 | |
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plies
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的第三人称单数 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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martinet
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| n.要求严格服从纪律的人 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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agonized
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| v.使（极度）痛苦，折磨( agonize的过去式和过去分词 )；苦斗；苦苦思索；感到极度痛苦 | |
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piqued
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| v.伤害…的自尊心( pique的过去式和过去分词 )；激起（好奇心） | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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envious
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| adj.嫉妒的，羡慕的 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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rape
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untoward
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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pane
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aperture
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| n.孔，隙，窄的缺口 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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previously
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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disseminated
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| 散布，传播( disseminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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analyzing
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| v.分析；分析( analyze的现在分词 )；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析n.分析 | |
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repression
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| n.镇压，抑制，抑压 | |
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fervently
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| adv.热烈地，热情地，强烈地 | |
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arson
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| n.纵火，放火 | |
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arsonist
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| n.纵火犯 | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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interrogated
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| v.询问( interrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询 | |
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anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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incision
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| n．切口，切开 | |
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spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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perceptive
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| adj.知觉的，有洞察力的，感知的 | |
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lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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unbearable
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| adj.不能容忍的；忍受不住的 | |
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68
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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69
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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extirpated
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| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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71
pretenses
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| n.借口（pretense的复数形式） | |
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72
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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73
vomiting
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| 吐 | |
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74
deceptions
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| 欺骗( deception的名词复数 )； 骗术，诡计 | |
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75
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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76
prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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78
miscarriage
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| n.失败，未达到预期的结果；流产 | |
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79
exonerated
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| v.使免罪，免除( exonerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rehabilitated
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| 改造（罪犯等）( rehabilitate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使恢复正常生活； 使恢复原状； 修复 | |
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81
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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82
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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83
seduced
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| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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84
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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85
perversions
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| n.歪曲( perversion的名词复数 )；变坏；变态心理 | |
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86
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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87
spine
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| n.脊柱，脊椎；(动植物的)刺；书脊 | |
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88
sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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disclaiming
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| v.否认( disclaim的现在分词 ) | |
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90
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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fatuous
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| adj.愚昧的；昏庸的 | |
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92
retailed
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| vt.零售（retail的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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93
puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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94
tautology
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| n.无谓的重复；恒真命题 | |
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95
bedlam
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| n.混乱，骚乱；疯人院 | |
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96
lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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97
vilest
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| adj.卑鄙的( vile的最高级 )；可耻的；极坏的；非常讨厌的 | |
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98
iniquities
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| n.邪恶( iniquity的名词复数 )；极不公正 | |
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99
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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100
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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101
condemning
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的现在分词 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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102
condoning
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| v.容忍，宽恕，原谅( condone的现在分词 ) | |
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103
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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104
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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