"The snow hardened a good deal as we neared the summit," continued Frank; "in fact it was much more like ice than snow, and the walking became more difficult every minute. In some places it was as smooth as glass, and but for our outside stockings and the spikes6 in our shoes we would have been constantly slipping. Even as it was we had a good many falls, but nobody was seriously hurt by them. There was no danger of a long slide down the mountain, as the guide took us along a route where there were many hummocks7, or pillars of ice, so that we brought up against them whenever we had the misfortune to fall down.
"HURRAH FOR THE TOP!"
"Our woollen mittens8 were a great protection to our hands, which often came in contact with these pillars and would have been cut by them, as their tops and edges were sharp. We are told that persons who have made the ascent without gloves or mittens
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have had their hands so badly lacerated that they could not be used for days afterwards.
"We had no serious accidents, which is not always the case with parties making the ascent of Old Popo. Sometimes the snow slides down in the form of avalanches9, and occasionally the sand does the same thing. To be caught by one of these avalanches is almost certain death, but happily the guides know the mountain and its peculiarities11 so well that such accidents are rare. Parties have been overwhelmed by storms of hail in the same way that a party on Mont Blanc lost their lives several years ago. Considerable areas of sand and snow are sometimes set in motion by the tread of one's feet upon them, and the unfortunate climber who has caused it is carried down and dashed to death on the rocks below.
"One story that we heard was of three Indians who were descending14 the volcano. One of them saw a depression in the snow like a furrow15, and thought it offered an easy footing. He went to it, and suddenly disappeared from the sight of his companions. As they moved towards the place to ascertain16 what had happened, they felt the crust sinking beneath them, and had barely time to scramble17 back before a considerable area disappeared in a crevasse18. No trace of the missing Indian was ever found.
"It seemed as though our toil19 would never end, when suddenly Fred, who was in advance, gave a shout and sat down. He swung his hat in the air, and I wondered what he meant by it.
"'Here we are!' shouted Fred; 'we're at the crater.'
THE CRATER OF POPOCATEPETL.
"I hurried up as fast as I could, and sure enough there it was, a great chasm20 a thousand or more feet deep, and fully21 half a mile across. The sides narrow somewhat, so that a little way down you can make out pretty nearly all of the outline. The bottom of the crater can be called flat in a general way, though it is the farthest possible from the ideal of a ball-room floor. Steam and the vapors22 of sulphur rise from solfataras scattered23 over the bottom, and from these solfataras the sulphur is constantly forming. The supply is inexhaustible, as the formation goes, on a great deal faster than the miners can remove the product.
"We scrambled24 down perhaps 200 feet, to where the edge of the crater hung over like a precipice25. Here there is a malacate, or apparatus26 for hoisting27 out the sulphur. The men working in the sulphur-mines descend13 and ascend28 by this apparatus; in fact there is no other way of getting in or out of the crater.
"Our guide told us that the men run great risks, as stones are constantly falling from the sides of the crater, whence they are dislodged by the frost and by the action of the steam and sulphur jets. Rumblings
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like the premonitions of an earthquake are frequently heard, and sometimes the ground trembles so much as to make one's footing unsteady. In addition to this is the effect of the sulphur, which rots the clothes of the men, and causes their teeth to fall out. They sleep in caves in the sides of the crater, and on two or three occasions a caveful of men has been
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overwhelmed and killed by the stony29 avalanche10. Altogether the place did not appear attractive as a residence, and I was not surprised to learn that the men receive high wages, and even at the rate of pay they are not easily obtained. They remain a month at a time in the crater without leaving it, and are then replaced by new men and allowed a vacation among their friends in the country at the base of the mountain.
BRINGING ICE FROM THE MOUNTAIN.
"We could have been lowered down by the malacate, but concluded not to make the attempt. We could not do so without spending the night in the crater, and this we were not prepared for; Doctor Bronson would be waiting for us, and would fear some accident had happened; though, as for that matter, we could have sent one of the peons to tell him; and furthermore, we thought we should run more risk than we would be compensated30 for by the experience. A party of three gentlemen went down there a few weeks before we did, and one of them became exhausted31, and his life was saved with great difficulty. Our guide said, whether truthfully or not we don't know, that a German gentleman died there a few years ago, and since then the miners do not desire visitors among them.
"The crater is not at the top of the mountain, the highest point of Popocatepetl being to the west of this great chasm, and about 1000 feet more elevated. It is a sharp cone32, and so difficult of ascent that few have succeeded in reaching the summit. There is some dispute as to whether it has actually been ascended33, as the Government offers a reward of $500 to any one who proves that he has been to its top. Some American gentlemen in the capital city say it has been done, but the difficulty of officially proving the accomplishment34 of the feat35 would be more than the value of the reward. Hence it is not claimed at all; and consequently, the negative testimony36 favors the assumption that no one has yet scaled the height of Popocatepetl.
"We remained nearly two hours on the summit, shivering in the cold air in spite of our thick overcoats, while at the same time the heat of the sun scorched37 our faces. While we were there a borrasca, or storm, came on, and the air was suddenly darkened. We sought shelter beneath a projecting rock, and watched the cloud of snow as it eddied38 and whirled around the crater. At such times it becomes so dark in the crater that the men cannot work; they retire to their caves and wait till the storm is over. At the same time the fires of the solfataras become very distinct, and recall the description of Dante's Inferno39.
"The storm lasted about twenty minutes and then cleared away, the sun coming out as brightly as ever and the air growing comparatively still. These storms are rarely of long duration, but they are to be dreaded40
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whenever they come; the temperature falls far below the freezing-point, and the wind blows a gale41. But down in the crater it is warm enough, in consequence of the steam and heat from the solfataras. The snow melts as soon as it strikes the bottom, and renders walking a matter of difficulty.
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"The story of our descent of the mountain is quickly told. The workmen had dug a straight trench42 in the volcanic43 sand, and it is down this trench that they send the sulphur by the simple force of gravity. It is placed in sacks, the sacks are piled on a petate, or mat of bulrush, and when once started the mat and its cargo44 slide down with great velocity45.
"For two reals each of us hired a petate of one of the men at the hoisting-works, and with our volcaneros to guide the impromptu46 toboggans, we went down with great rapidity and ease and without accident. It reminded us of the descent of Vesuvius; the sand is much like that of the famous volcano of Naples, and we were very glad to be able to make use of it.
"I said we came without accident; for the sake of exactness I must add that Colonel Watson was pitched out of his vehicle at the end of his ride, and stopped with his head and shoulders buried in the sand. Fred had a similar experience, with the difference that he went in feet foremost; as neither suffered any injury, and was ready to laugh over the mishap47, my original statement holds good.
PACK-TRAIN FROM TLAMACAS.
"The Doctor had gone back to the sulphur rancho at Tlamacas, and thither48 we followed him as soon as we found our horses. It was too late to get to Amecameca that evening, and so we had another night among the sulphur refiners. The sulphur is brought here just as it is dug from the crater of the volcano; it is refined at Tlamacas and made ready for market, and is sent thence to Amecameca on the backs of donkeys or mules49. General Ochoa says that in spite of its abundance he cannot compete at the coast towns with the sulphur from Mediterranean50 ports, and his only market is in the interior of Mexico. He intends to place some improved machinery51 at the edge of the crater, so as to reduce the expense of hoisting out the crude material; and in this way he hopes to lower his price. His plan is to run his machinery by means of the jet of air from one of the large solfataras, which he estimates at twenty horse-power.
"While we were absent on the mountain General Ochoa's agent told Doctor Bronson the following story about how the general came to own the mountain:
"'Serious attention to the richness and abundance of sulphur in the crater of Popocatepetl was first called by Baron52 von Humboldt; the existence of sulphur in the crater was known long before, as the Spaniards seem to have made use of it in the time of the Conquest. In one of his letters to the Emperor Cortez says, "As for sulphur, I have already made mention to your Majesty53 of a mountain in this province from which smoke issues; out of it sulphur has been taken by a Spaniard, who descended54
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seventy or eighty fathoms55, by means of a rope attached to his body below his arms; from which source we have been enabled to obtain sufficient supplies, although it is attended with danger." There is other evidence that the conquerors56 obtained sulphur from the mountain, but their methods were of the most primitive57 character.
AN IMPROVED REFINERY58.
"'About the year 1850, an enterprising Mexican named Corchado visited the crater, and brought away samples of the sulphur, which he carried to Puebla. A company was formed, and a considerable amount of sulphur was taken out, but owing to lawsuits59 and political troubles, the enterprise was soon abandoned. When General Ochoa was a student in the mining section of the military college his tutor was a gentleman who had known Baron Humboldt, and was greatly impressed with his remarks about the value of the sulphur deposits in the volcano. Through this gentleman's advice the general applied60 to the Government for permission to work the deposits, and he obtained a concession61 that gave him control of the mountain down to the limit of vegetation. Afterwards he purchased the rancho of Tlamacas, and established a refinery there; he has spent a great deal Of time in the crater, and as he is an able geologist62 he has much to say about it that is interesting.'
"According to his theory, which is based on the lignite formed at the bottom of the crater, there has not been an eruption of Popo for seven thousand years; by that he means an eruption on a scale corresponding to the size of the mountain, and not an occasional disturbance63, in which the
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crater throws up a few discharges of stones and an unusual quantity of steam and sulphur vapors. In Prescott's 'History of the Conquest of Mexico' there is an account of an eruption in 1521, taken from a letter of Diego Ordaz, one of the captains under Cortez; but modern writers think that Ordaz mistook a violent thunder-storm on the summit of the volcano for an eruption. From what we saw at the crater we can readily believe that he made such a mistake.
LOOKING FROM THE TOP OF POPOCATEPETL.
"The view from the top of the mountain was the grandest we have ever taken, and one we will never forget while we live. The air is so clear that distance is strangely diminished; towns and villages that seem to lie at our feet are really many, many miles away, and as we looked to
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the eastward64 our guide told us that the streak65 of silver bordering the horizon was the Gulf66 of Mexico. Mountain, valley, table-land, lakes, plain, forest, all were spread before us, and in the range of vision from the top of Popocatepetl an area of twenty thousand square miles is said to be included. On one side of the mountain you can look down into the tierra caliente of the coast region, while on the other the eye is lost among the mountains and table-lands that stretch away until lost in the limitless distance."
So ends Frank's account of their visit to the great mountain of Mexico.
A DANGEROUS PLACE.
The party returned to Amecameca, and determined67 to remain there a day or two to make some explorations in the vicinity, and also to rest from their fatigues68. During their stay Fred found the following description of a visit to the crater of Popocatepetl by an artist, Mr. Frank Kellott, which he carefully copied into his note-book. We have obtained the youth's permission to copy the account, and it is certain to interest our readers.
"We followed a narrow foot-path," said Mr. Kellott, "until we reached a shelf, where we were seated in a skid69 and let down by a windlass 500 feet or so to a landing-place. From this we clambered down to a
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second windlass and a second skid, which was the most fearful of all, because we were dangling70 about, without anything to steady ourselves, as we descended before the mouth of one of those yawning caverns71 which are called respiraderos, or 'breathing-holes' of the crater. They are so called from the fresh air and horrid72 sounds that continually issue from them. But we shut our eyes and clung to the rope as we whirled round and round in mid-air until we reached another landing-place about 500 feet lower. From this point we clambered down as best we could until we came among the men digging up cinders73 from which sulphur, in the form of brimstone, is made.
"We took no measurements while in the crater, and heights and distances can only be given approximately. We only know that all things are on a scale so vast that Old Pluto74 might here have forged new thunder-bolts, and Milton's Satan might have here found the material for his sulphurous bed. All was strange and wild and frightful75.
"We crawled into several of the breathing-holes, but nothing was there except darkness visible. The sides and bottom were for the most part polished by the molten mass which had passed through them, and if it had not been for the ropes around our waists, we should have slipped and fallen we knew not whither. The stones we threw in were lost to sound unless they hit upon a projecting rock and fell from shelf to shelf. The deep darkness was fearful to contemplate76. What must have been the effect when each one of these breathing-holes was vomiting77 up liquid fire and sulphur into the basin where we stood? How immeasurable must be the lake whose overflowings fill such a cavity as this!"
The region around the base of Popocatepetl seems to have been densely78 peopled at some remote period, if we may judge by the ruins that lie scattered about, by the numerous tombs on the hills and in the valleys, and by the great quantity of pottery79 brought to light by excavations80. Some antiquarians who have made researches here think that the cradle of the human race is to be found in Mexico, and that the people of this region gave the arts and sciences to Egypt and the rest of the Old World.
This conundrum81 was a perplexing one for our young friends. They did not try to solve it, but contented82 themselves with investigations83 on their own account.
The first object of their attention was Monte Sacro, which is in the town of Amecameca. It is a volcanic hill about 300 feet high, and contains a grotto84 that was turned into a hermitage at the time of the Conquest. A church was built there and a cemetery85 laid out, and as the traditions of the old time became mingled86 with those of later days, the
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place acquired great sanctity. It abounds87 in tombs, some of them very old, and there were strange figures upon many of these resting-places of the dead, which none of the party could decipher.
RUINS OF TLALMANALCO.
At Tlalmanalco, a few miles from Amecameca, there are the ruins of a convent which was begun in the time of Cortez, but was never finished. There are the fragments of walls, with a portico88 formed by five arches; these arches are supported by slender columns, which are covered with delicate carvings89 and suggest an Oriental character; they reminded our friends of what they had seen in temples in India, and Fred was so interested in them that he made a sketch90 of the ruins. According to M. Charnay, the carvings were executed by Indian artists, after designs furnished by the Spaniards. That the arches have stood so long is proof of the excellence91 of their construction.
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BURIAL-GROUND OF TENENEPANCO.
All around this place great quantities of pottery have been unearthed92. The story goes that thousands of vases and other precious things were found during the construction of the railway; they were divided among the contractors93 and are widely scattered, few, if any, of them ever having reached the National Museum.
VASES FOUND AT TENENEPANCO.
Quantities of so-called antiquities were offered to our friends, but they had been warned long before and did not purchase any. The "antiquities" are modern, and so great is the demand for them that a considerable number of people is employed in their manufacture. The dealers94 heighten the imposition by enjoining95 great caution on the part of the purchaser, lest the Government shall ascertain that he is in possession of the precious relic96, and despoil97 him of it.
A few years ago an enterprising antiquarian spent several days in
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the neighborhood of Tlamacas, on the very foot of Popocatepetl. Among other places, he examined the cemetery of Tenenepanco, which seems to have been of considerable extent; he opened a great many tombs, and found that the bodies had mostly been buried in a sitting posture98, after the manner of many ancient people. A curious circumstance which he discovered was that while the bones were so decayed that they crumbled99 to dust on being touched, the brain was very often intact and well preserved. He attributed this condition to the high elevation100 and the peculiar12 salts in the soil; one brain in particular was in perfect condition, while all the skull101 was mouldered102 away. He was in some doubt at first, but an examination showed that there was no mistake; the two lobes103 were there, and the lines of the blood-vessels were distinctly traceable. The same chemical combination that destroyed the bones preserved the soft tissues of the body.
He took out a great number of vases, cups, marbles, necklaces, toy chariots, kitchen utensils104, beads105, caricatures of warriors107, and many other things illustrating108 the life of the people who made them. Some of the cups were beautifully decorated, but unfortunately their exposure to the air caused the colors to fade. Ordinary utensils of earthen-ware were very soft when brought to light, and had to be handled with the greatest care, but they hardened by exposure and were solid enough after a few hours.
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CARICATURE OF AN AZTEC WARRIOR106.
The youths learned that one tribe of Indians was accustomed to worship the great volcano as a deity109 at the time of the Conquest, and the practice is still maintained. They have caves in the forest on the easterly side of the mountain, and once a year they go there to perform their worship; no stranger is allowed to accompany them, and any one who persists in following them runs the risk of his life. Some years ago, so the story runs, an inquisitive110 white man followed a party of these Indians into the forest, and was never seen again. What became of him is a mystery; the Indians claimed that they knew nothing of his fate, and there is no positive proof to the contrary.
Frank had an experience of the skill of the Mexican thief during his stay at Amecameca. He had dismounted from his horse in front of the Hotel Ferrocarril, and while he was busy arranging the stirrup on one side of the saddle, a thief crept up and stole the other one. He not only stole the stirrup but the strap111 that held it, and the youth was obliged to invest in another.
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"I'm surprised you've had nothing of the kind before," said the proprietor112 of the hotel when he heard of the occurrence. "That was the work of a ratero."
"What is a ratero?" Frank asked.
"He's a thief peculiar to this part of Mexico," was the reply, "or rather, I should say he belongs to the whole country, and the finest quality of him is produced around here. He will open and rob a trunk while carrying it on his back between the hotel and the railway-station; he will cut off the lining113 of a railway-carriage in less than two minutes, steal railway-ties, and anything else that he can lift; and as for ordinary thefts, his superior cannot be found anywhere. Several years ago the authorities of this town decided114 to light it with petroleum115 lamps, but the very first night they did so the lamps were stolen by the rateros, and the town was in darkness as it had been before."
Frank was able to add a few notes to what he and Fred had already ascertained116 about Mexican thieves. The youths discussed the subject, and came to the conclusion that the tropics produced more adroit117 pilferers than the temperate118 zones, at least such had been their experience.
"It is no wonder," said Fred, "that these people have become experts in stealing. Think how they have been despoiled119 by the Spaniards, who stole their country and all it contained, and reduced the people to the condition of a subject race. No wonder they have sought to revenge themselves on their conquerors, and their mildness of conduct is to be greatly admired, in view of what they have suffered. The condition of a Mexican peon is such that, if I may be permitted the paradoxical statement, he is obliged to steal in order to make an honest living."
Thus musing120, they returned to the city with the Doctor and their late companions in the ascent of Popocatepetl.
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1
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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eruption
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| n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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spikes
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| n.穗( spike的名词复数 )；跑鞋；（防滑）鞋钉；尖状物v.加烈酒于( spike的第三人称单数 )；偷偷地给某人的饮料加入（更多）酒精（ 或药物）；把尖状物钉入；打乱某人的计划 | |
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hummocks
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| n.小丘，岗( hummock的名词复数 ) | |
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mittens
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| 不分指手套 | |
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avalanches
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| n.雪崩( avalanche的名词复数 ) | |
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avalanche
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| n.雪崩，大量涌来 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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furrow
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| n.沟；垄沟；轨迹；车辙；皱纹 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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scramble
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| v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料 | |
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crevasse
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| n. 裂缝，破口；v.使有裂缝 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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chasm
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| n.深坑，断层，裂口，大分岐，利害冲突 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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vapors
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| n.水汽，水蒸气，无实质之物( vapor的名词复数 )；自夸者；幻想 [药]吸入剂 [古]忧郁（症）v.自夸，（使）蒸发( vapor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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eddied
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| 起漩涡，旋转( eddy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inferno
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| n.火海；地狱般的场所 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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43
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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44
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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45
velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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46
impromptu
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| adj.即席的，即兴的；adv.即兴的(地)，无准备的(地) | |
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47
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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48
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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49
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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50
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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51
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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52
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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53
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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54
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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55
fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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56
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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57
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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58
refinery
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| n.精炼厂，提炼厂 | |
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59
lawsuits
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| n.诉讼( lawsuit的名词复数 ) | |
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60
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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61
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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62
geologist
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| n.地质学家 | |
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63
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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64
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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65
streak
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| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
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66
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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67
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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68
fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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69
skid
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| v.打滑 n.滑向一侧；滑道 ，滑轨 | |
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70
dangling
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| 悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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71
caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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72
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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73
cinders
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| n.煤渣( cinder的名词复数 )；炭渣；煤渣路；煤渣跑道 | |
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74
Pluto
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| n.冥王星 | |
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75
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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76
contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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77
vomiting
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| 吐 | |
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78
densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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79
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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80
excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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81
conundrum
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| n.谜语；难题 | |
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82
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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83
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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84
grotto
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| n.洞穴 | |
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85
cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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86
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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87
abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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88
portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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89
carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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90
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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91
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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92
unearthed
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| 出土的（考古） | |
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93
contractors
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| n.（建筑、监造中的）承包人( contractor的名词复数 ) | |
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94
dealers
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| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
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95
enjoining
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| v.命令( enjoin的现在分词 ) | |
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96
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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97
despoil
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| v.夺取，抢夺 | |
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98
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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99
crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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100
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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101
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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102
mouldered
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| v.腐朽( moulder的过去式和过去分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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103
lobes
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| n.耳垂( lobe的名词复数 )；（器官的）叶；肺叶；脑叶 | |
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104
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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105
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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106
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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107
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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108
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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109
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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110
inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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111
strap
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| n.皮带，带子；v.用带扣住，束牢；用绷带包扎 | |
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112
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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113
lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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114
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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115
petroleum
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| n.原油，石油 | |
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116
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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118
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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119
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
musing
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| n. 沉思，冥想 adj. 沉思的, 冥想的 动词muse的现在分词形式 | |
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