TO RESTORE THE PAPACY AND DESTROY THE REFORMATION.
(October, 1536.)
The bastard1 system of a catholicism without a pope, put forward by the king, did not enjoy great favor, and the evangelical Reform gained fresh adherents2 every day. The more consistent popish system endeavored to stand against it. There were still many partisans4 of Rome in the aristocracy and among the populations of the North. A mighty5 effort was about to be made to expel both Cranmer's protestantism and the king's catholicism, and restore the papacy to its privileges. A great revolution is rarely accomplished7 without the friends of the old order of things combining to resist it.
=INFLUENCE OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS.=
Many members of the House of Lords saw with alarm the House of Commons gaining an influence which it had never possessed8 before, and taking the initiative in reforms which were not (as they thought) within its sphere. Trained in the hatred9 of heresy10, those noble lords were indignant at seeing heretics invested with the episcopal dignity, and a layman11, Cromwell, presuming to direct the convocation of the clergy12. Some of them
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formed a league, and Lord Darcy, who was at their head, had a conference on the subject with the ambassador of Charles V. That prince assured him that he should be supported.[417] The English partisans of the pope, aided by the imperialists, would be amply sufficient, they thought, to re-establish the authority of the Roman pontiff.
There was great agitation13 especially among the inhabitants of the towns and villages of the North. Those of the counties of York and Lincoln, too remote from London to feel its influence, besides being ignorant and superstitious14, were submissive to the priests as to the very representatives of God. The names of the Reformers Luther, Melanchthon, Œcolampadius, and Tyndale were known by the priests, who taught their flocks to detest15 them. Everything they saw exasperated16 them. If they went a journey, the convents which were their ordinary hostelries existed no longer. If they worked in the fields, they saw approaching them some ragged17 monk18, with tangled19 hair and beard, with haggard eye, without bread to support him, or roof to shelter him, to whom hatred still gave strength to complain and to curse. These unhappy wretches20 went roaming up and down the country, knocking at every door; the peasants received them like saints, seated them at their table, and starved themselves for their nourishment21. 'See,' said the friars, showing their rags to the people about them, 'see to what a condition the members of Jesus Christ are reduced! A schismatic and heretical prince has expelled us from the houses of the Lord. But the Holy Father has excommunicated and dethroned him: no one should henceforth obey him.' Such words produced their effect.
When the autumn of 1536 had arrived, the ferment22 increased among the inhabitants of the rural districts who had no longer their field labors23 to divert them.
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They assembled in great numbers round the convents to see what the king meant to do with them. They looked on at a distance, and with angry eyes watched the commissioners25 who at times behaved violently, indulged in exactions, or threw down one after another the stones of the building which had been held in such long reverence26. Another day they saw the agent of some lord settle in the monastery27 with his wife, children, and servants; they heard those profane28 lay-folks laugh and chatter29 as they entered the sacred doors, whose thresholds had until now been trodden only by the sandals of the silent monks30. A report spread abroad, that the monasteries31 still surviving were also about to be suppressed. Dr. Makerel, formerly32 prior of Barlings, disguised as a laborer33, and a monk (some writers say a shoemaker) named Melton, who received the name of 'Captain Cobbler,'[418] endeavored to inflame34 men's minds and drive them to revolt. Everywhere the people listened to the agitators35; and ere long the superior clergy appeared in the line of battle. 'Neither the king's highness nor any temporal man,' they said, 'may be supreme36 head of the Church. The Pope of Rome is Christ's vicar, and must alone be acknowledged as supreme head of Christendom.'[419]
=REVOLT IN LINCOLNSHIRE.=
On Monday, 2d of October, 1536, the ecclesiastical commission was to visit the parish of Louth in Lincolnshire,[420] and the clergy of the district were ordered to be present. Only a few days before, a neighboring monastery had been suppressed and two of Cromwell's agents placed in it to see to the closing. The evening before the inspection37 (it was a Sunday) a number of the townspeople brought out a large silver cross which belonged to the parish, and shouting out, 'Follow the cross! All follow the cross! God knows if we can do so for long,' marched in procession through the town, with
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Melton leading the way. Some went to the church, took possession of the consecrated38 jewels, and remained under arms all night to guard them for fear the royal commissioners should carry them off. On Monday morning one of the commissioners, who had no suspicions, quietly rode into the town, followed by a single servant. All of a sudden the alarm-bell was rung, and a crowd of armed men filled the streets. The terrified commissioner24 ran into the church, hoping to find it an inviolable asylum39; but the mob laid hold of him, dragged him out into the market-place, and pointing a sword at his breast, said to him, 'Swear fidelity40 to the Commons or you are a dead man.' All the town took an oath to be faithful to King, Commons, and Holy Church. On Tuesday morning the alarm-bell was rung again; the cobbler and a tailor named Big Jack41 marched out, followed by a crowd of men, some on foot and some on horseback. Whole parishes, headed by their priests, joined them and marched with the rest. The monks prayed aloud for the pope, and cried out that if the gentry42 did not join them they should all be hanged; but gentlemen and even sheriffs united with the tumultuous troops. Twenty thousand men of Lincolnshire were in arms. England, like Germany, had its peasant revolt;[421] but while Luther was opposed to it, the archbishop of York, with many abbots and priests, encouraged it in England.
The insurgents43 did not delay proclaiming their grievances44. They declared that if the monasteries were restored, men of mean birth dismissed from the Council,[422] and heretic bishops45 deprived, they would acknowledge the king as head of the Church.[423] The movement
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was got up by the monks more than by the pope. Great disorders46 were committed.
The court was plunged47 into consternation48 by this revolt. The king, who had no standing49 army, felt his weakness, and his anger knew no bounds. 'What!' he said to the traitors50 (for such was the name he gave them), 'what! do you, the rude commons of one shire, and that one of the most brute51 and beastly of the whole realm, presume to find fault with your king? Return to your homes, surrender to our lieutenants53 a hundred of your leaders, and prepare to submit to such condign54 punishment as we shall think you worthy55 of; otherwise you will expose yourselves, your wives and children, your lands and goods, not only to the indignation of God, but to utter destruction by force and violence of the sword.'
Such threats as these only served to increase the commotion56. 'Christianity is going to be abolished,' said the priests; 'you will soon find yourselves under the sword of Turks! But whoever sheds his blood with us shall inherit eternal glory.' The people crowded to them from all quarters. Lord Shrewsbury, sent by the king against the rebellion, being unable to collect more than 3,000 men, and having to contend against ten times as many, had halted at Nottingham. London already imagined the rebels were at its gates, and mighty exertions58 were made. Sir John Russell and the duke of Suffolk were sent forward with forces hurriedly equipped.
The insurgents were 60,000 strong, but with no efficient leader or store of provisions. Two opinions arose among them: the gentlemen and farmers cried, 'Home, home!' the priests and the people shouted, 'To arms!' The party of the friends of order continued increasing, and at last prevailed. The duke of Suffolk entered Lincolnshire on October 13, and the rebels dispersed59.[424]
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=PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE.=
A still greater danger threatened the established order of things. The men of the North were more ultramontane than those of Lincoln. On October 8 there was a riot at Beverley, in Yorkshire. A Westminster lawyer, Robert Aske, who had passed his vacation in field-sports, was returning to London, when he was stopped by the rebels and proclaimed their leader. On October 15 he marched to York and replaced the monks in possession of their monasteries. Lord Darcy, an old soldier of Ferdinand of Spain and Louis XII., a warm papal partisan3, quitted his castle of Pomfret to join the insurrection. The priests stirred up the people,[425] and ere long, the army, which amounted to 40,000 men, formed a long procession, 'the Pilgrimage of Grace,' which marched through the county of York. Each parish paraded under a captain, priests carrying the church cross in front by way of flag. A large banner, which floated in the midst of this multitude, represented on one side Christ with the five wounds on a cross, and on the other a plow60, a chalice61, a pix, and a hunting-horn. Every pilgrim wore embroidered62 on his sleeve the five wounds of Christ with the name of Jesus in the midst. The insurgents had a thousand bows and as many bills, besides other arms,[426] but hardly one poor copy of the Testament63 of Christ. 'Ah!' said Latimer, preaching in Lincolnshire, 'I will tell you what is the true Christian57 man's pilgrimage. There are, the Saviour64 tells us, eight days' journeys.' Then he described the eight beatitudes in the most evangelical manner: the poor in spirit, those who mourn, those who are meek65, those who hunger and thirst after righteousness, and the rest.[427]
Aske's pilgrimage was of another sort. Addressing
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the people of those parts, he said to them: 'Lords, knights66, masters, and friends, evil-disposed persons have filled the king's mind with new inventions: the holy body of the Church has been despoiled67. We have therefore undertaken this pilgrimage for the reformation of what is amiss and the punishment of heretics.[428] If you will not come with us we will fight and die against you.' Great bonfires were lighted on all the hills to call the people to arms. Wherever these new crusaders appeared the monks were replaced in their monasteries and the peasants constrained68 to join the pilgrimage, under pain of seeing their houses pulled down, their goods seized, and their bodies handed over to the mercy of the captains.
There was this notable difference between the revolt in Germany and that in the North of England. In Germany, a few nobles only joined the people and were compelled to do so. In England, almost all the nobility of the North rallied to it of their own accord. The earls of Westmoreland, Rutland, and Huntingdon, Lords Latimer, Lumley, Scrope, Conyers, and the representatives of several other great families, followed the example of old Lord Darcy. One single nobleman, Percy, earl of Northumberland, remained faithful to the king. He had been ill since the unjust sentence which had struck the loyal wife of Henry VIII.—a sentence in which he had refused to join—and was now at his castle lying on a bed of pain which was soon to be the bed of death. The rebels surrounded his dwelling69 and summoned him to join the insurrection. He might now have avenged70 the crime committed by Henry VIII. against Anne Boleyn, but he refused. Savage71 voices shouted out, 'Cut off his head, and make Sir Thomas
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Percy earl in his stead.' But the noble and courageous72 man said calmly to those around him, 'I can die but once; let them kill me, and so put an end to my sorrows.'[429]
The king, more alarmed at this revolt than at the former one, asked with terror whether his people desired to force him to replace his neck under the detested73 yoke74 of the pope. In this crisis he displayed great activity. Being at Windsor, he wrote letter after letter to Cromwell.[430] 'I will sell all my plate,' he said. 'Go to the Tower, take as much plate as you may want, and coin it into money.'[431] Henry displayed no less intelligence than decision. He named as commander of his little army a devoted75 servant, who was also the chief of the ultramontane party at the court—the duke of Norfolk. Once already, for the condemnation76 of the protestant Anne Boleyn, Henry had selected this chief of the Romish party. This clever policy succeeded equally well for the king in both affairs.
London, Windsor, and all the south of England were in great commotion. People imagined that the papacy, borne on the lusty arms of the northern men, was about to return in triumph into the capital; that perhaps the Catholic king of the Scots, Henry's nephew, would enter with it and place England once more under the papal sceptre. The friends of the Gospel were deeply agitated77. 'That great captain the devil,' said Latimer in the London pulpits, 'has all sorts of ordnance78 to shoot at Christian men. These men of the North, who wear the cross and the wounds before and behind,[432] are marching against Him who bare the cross and suffered those wounds. They have risen (they
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say) to support the king, and they are fighting against him. They come forward in the name of the Church, and fight against the Church, which is the congregation of faithful men. Let us fight with the sword of the spirit, which is the Word of God.'
The rebels, far from being calmed, showed—part of them at least—that they were animated79 by the vilest80 sentiments. A body of insurgents had invested the castle of Skipton, the only place in the county of York which still held for the king. The wife and daughters of Lord Clifford, and other ladies who inhabited it, happened to be at an abbey not far off, just when the castle was beleaguered81. The insurgents caused Lord Clifford to be informed that if he did not surrender, his wife and daughters would be brought next day to the foot of the walls and be given up to the camp-followers82. In the middle of the night, Christopher Aske, brother of Robert, who had remained faithful, crept through the camp of the besiegers, and by unfrequented roads succeeded in bringing into the castle all those ladies, whom he thus saved from the most infamous83 outrages84.[433]
=THE LANCASTER HERALD85.=
Robert Aske, Lord Darcy, the archbishop of York, and several other leaders had their head-quarters at Pomfret castle, where the Lancaster herald, dispatched by the king, presented himself on the 21st of October. After passing through many troops of armed men—'very cruel fellows,' he says[434]—he was at last introduced to the great captain. Seeing Lord Darcy and the archbishop before him—persons more important than the Westminster lawyer—the herald began to address them. Aske was offended, and rising from his seat told him haughtily86, that he was the person to be addressed. The messenger discharged his mission. He represented to the leaders of the rebellion that they were but a handful
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before the great power of his Majesty87,[435] and that the king had done nothing in regard to religion, but what the clergy of York and of Canterbury had acknowledged to be in conformity88 with the Word of God. When the speech was ended, Aske, as if he did not care for the herald's words, said rudely to him, 'Show me your proclamation.' 'He behaved,' wrote the envoy89, 'as though he had been some great prince, with great rigor90 and like a tyrant91.' 'Herald,' said Aske, 'this proclamation shall neither be read at the market-cross nor elsewhere amongst my people. We want the redress92 of our grievances, and we will die fighting to obtain them.' The herald asked what were their grievances. 'My followers and I,' replied the chief, 'will walk in pilgrimage to London, to his Majesty, to expel from the council all the vile6 blood in it, and set up all the noble blood again;[436] and also to obtain the full restitution93 of Christ's Church.' 'Will you give me that in writing?' said the herald. Aske gave him the oath which the rebels took, and at the same time putting his hand on the paper, he said with a loud voice, 'This is my act; I will die in its defence, and all my followers will die with me.' The herald, intimidated94 by the authoritative95 tone of the chief, bent96 his knee before the rebel captain, for which he was brought to trial and executed in the following year. 'Give him a guard of forty men, and see him out of town,' said Aske.
=REBELS MARCH ON LONDON.=
Forthwith thirty thousand well-armed men, of whom twelve thousand were mounted, set out under the orders of Aske, Lord Darcy, and other noblemen of the country. Norfolk had only a small force, which he could not trust; accordingly the rebels were convinced, that when they appeared, the king's soldiers and perhaps
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the duke himself would join them. The Roman-catholic army arrived on the banks of the Don, on the other side of which (at Doncaster) the king's forces were stationed. Those ardent97 men, who were six against one, inflamed98 by monks who were impatient to return to their nests, proposed to pass the Don, overthrow99 Norfolk, enter London, dictate100 to the king the execution of all the partisans of the Reformation, and restore the papal power in England. The rising of the water, increased by heavy rains, did not permit them to cross the river. Every hour's delay was a gain to the royal cause; the insurgents having brought no provisions with them, were forced to disband to go in search of them elsewhere. Norfolk took advantage of this to circulate an address among the rebels. 'Unhappy men!' it said, 'what folly101 hath led you to make this most shameful102 rebellion against our most righteous king, who hath kept you in peace against all your enemies? Fye, for shame! How can you do this to one who loves you more than all his subjects? If you do not return, every man to his house, we will show you the hardest courtesy that ever was shown to men, that have loved you so well as we have done. But if you go to your homes, you shall have us most humble103 suitors to his Highness for you.'[437] This proclamation was signed by Lords Norfolk, Shrewsbury, Exeter, Rutland, and Huntingdon, all catholics, and the greatest names in England.
The insurgents thus found themselves in the most difficult position. They must attack the supporters of their own cause. If the lords who had signed the proclamation were slain104, England would lose her best councillors, and her greatest generals, and the Church would be deprived of the most zealous105 catholics. The strength of England would be sacrificed and the country opened to her enemies. Old Lord Darcy was for attacking; young Robert Aske for negotiation106. On Saturday, 28th
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of October, commissioners from both parties met on the bridge leading to Doncaster. The rebel commissioners consented to lay down their arms, provided the heresies107 of Luther, Wicliff, Huss, Melanchthon, Œcolampadius, and the works of Tyndale were destroyed and nullified; that the supremacy108 was restored to the see of Rome; that the suppressed abbeys were re-established; that heretical bishops and lords were punished by fire or otherwise; and that a parliament was held promptly109 at Nottingham or York.[438]
There could no longer be any doubt, that the object of the insurrection was to crush the Reformation. The names of most of the reformers were mentioned in the articles, and fire or sword were to do justice to the most illustrious of their adherents. The same evening they handed in a letter addressed: To the King's Royal Highness. From Doncaster, this Saturday, at eleven of the clock at night. Haste, post, haste, haste, haste![439] The rebels themselves were in such haste that they waited no longer. The next day (29th of October) the king's lieutenant52 announced at one in the afternoon, that the insurgents had dispersed and were returning to their homes.[440] Two of the rebel leaders were to carry the stipulated110 conditions to the king, and Norfolk was to accompany them. That zealous catholic was not perhaps without a hope that the petition would induce Henry to become reconciled to the pope. He was greatly deceived.
Thus God had scattered111 the forces of those who had stood up against Wicliff, Huss, and Luther. The kingdom resumed its usual tranquillity112. A little later the men of the North, excited by the intrigues113 of the pope and Reginald Pole, then a cardinal114, again took up arms; but they were defeated; seventy of them
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were hanged on the walls of Carlisle, and Lords Darcy and Hussey, with many barons115, abbots, priors, and a great number of priests, were executed in different places. The scheming archbishop of York alone escaped, it is not known how. The cottages, parsonages, and castles of the North were filled with anguish116 and terror. Henry, who cut off the heads of his most intimate friends and of his queen, did not think of sparing rebels. It was a terrible lesson, but not very effectual. The priests did not lose their courage; they still kept asking for the re-establishment of the pope, the death of the Lutherans, and the annihilation of the Reform. An event which occurred at this time seemed likely to favor their desires. A great blow was about to be dealt against the Reformation. But the ways of God are not as our ways, and from what seems destined117 to compromise His cause, He often makes His triumph proceed.
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bastard
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| n.坏蛋，混蛋；私生子 | |
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adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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layman
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| n.俗人，门外汉，凡人 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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detest
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| vt.痛恨，憎恶 | |
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exasperated
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ragged
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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wretches
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nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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commissioner
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commissioners
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reverence
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monastery
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profane
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chatter
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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formerly
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laborer
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inflame
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| v.使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎 | |
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agitators
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| n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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inspection
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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gentry
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| n.绅士阶级，上层阶级 | |
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insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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48
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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49
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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50
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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51
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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52
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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53
lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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54
condign
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| adj.应得的，相当的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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56
commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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58
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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plow
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| n.犁，耕地，犁过的地；v.犁，费力地前进[英]plough | |
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61
chalice
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| n.圣餐杯；金杯毒酒 | |
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embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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71
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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vilest
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| adj.卑鄙的( vile的最高级 )；可耻的；极坏的；非常讨厌的 | |
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beleaguered
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| adj.受到围困[围攻]的；包围的v.围攻( beleaguer的过去式和过去分词)；困扰；骚扰 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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haughtily
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| adv. 傲慢地, 高傲地 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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rigor
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| n.严酷，严格，严厉 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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intimidated
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| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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authoritative
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| adj.有权威的，可相信的；命令式的；官方的 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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100
dictate
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| v.口授；(使)听写；指令，指示，命令 | |
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101
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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102
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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103
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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104
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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105
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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106
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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107
heresies
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| n.异端邪说，异教( heresy的名词复数 ) | |
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108
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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109
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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110
stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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111
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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112
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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113
intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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114
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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115
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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116
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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117
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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