(From the beginning of November 1535 to the end of January 1536.)
=GENEVA BLOCKADED.=
A reverse is not always an evil; it may sometimes lead to a decisive victory. There were few regular troops among those who had been beaten at Gingins, which made the defeat a lesson by which the duke of Savoy might profit. He resolved, in effect, to benefit by it, to bring up veteran soldiers, to place a distinguished3 general at their head, and thus to crush that rebellious4 city which presumed to set up a religion unknown at Rome. But as these troops were not ready, Charles III. ordered the chiefs of the great valley of the Leman to exact of their vassals5 the military service which they owed. The nobles of that district were persuaded that they would easily triumph over Geneva, if the Swiss did not come to their help; and as that was not likely, the hatred6 felt against the city, and the hope of enriching themselves with its spoil, induced a great number of
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liegemen to rally round the banners of their lords. About the end of October the Sire de Lullin took his measures for blockading Geneva. Mangerot, baron7 of La Sarraz, a prompt, violent, obstinate8 man, filled with contempt for the reformation of the Church and the liberty of the citizens, was placed at the head of the attack. On the 1st of November these armed bands occupied certain villages and small towns which formed a kind of circle round the city, and began to plunder9, burn, and kill all who fell into their hands. Famine and the cold, which was very severe that year, soon caused distress10 in the city. The churches were filled with old men, women and children, and even armed men. 'There is no resource and refuge left but God alone,' said Farel from the pulpit, and voices were heard responding to him from the midst of the congregation, 'In Him alone we place our trust.' If a musket-shot was heard, or shouts, or the drum, the armed men left immediately, but 'without noise or confusion; nobody else moved from the sermon,' and the service was not interrupted. As the firing grew hotter without, those who had remained in the temple cried to God that 'not to man's arm did they look for deliverance, but to His great faithfulness.' One night, the Genevans, startled out of their sleep and rising hastily, found the city surrounded by fires kindled11 by the men-at-arms of Savoy, with the intention of giving them light for the assault, and heard the bells of the convents and chapels12 all round ringing as loud as possible to increase their terror. The citizens fought valiantly13, and the enemy was once more repulsed15.[675]
Yet the blockade was still maintained round the city, and no one could tell whence succor16 would arrive. One day a messenger coming from France succeeded in
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making his way through the troops which surrounded Geneva: he was the bearer of a letter conceived in these terms:
'You will certainly receive some mule17 loads of good and salable18 merchandise, and they will be there one of these days.
'Pierre Croquet.'[676]
The letter was handed to Maigrot the Magnificent. ''Tis good,' he said, 'salvation19 comes to us from France.'
=VOLUNTEERS FROM FRANCE.=
At that moment certain evolutions were taking place in the policy of the great powers of Europe, which might favor the deliverance of Geneva. 'If you desire Milan, take Turin,' said the crafty20 Clement21 VII. to the king of France. As Sforza, the last duke of Milan, was dead, Francis I., in order to follow up the pontiff's advice, had to seek some kind of pretext22 for declaring war against his uncle, the duke of Savoy. There was one which presented itself quite naturally. 'Charles IV. oppresses Geneva,' said some. 'Let France oppose his laying hands on it, and war will be certain.' Francis I., who was then at Lyons and negotiating with Charles V., saw that he could not support Geneva openly; but permitted the Sieur de Vérey, a French nobleman, to raise a troop of volunteers. Men, charmed with the new liberties, flocked with enthusiasm to his banners. Many printers in particular joined the band. The printers in those times remarked that the Reformation produced not only authors who wrote for the people, but a people who read their books with eagerness; and accordingly they were ready to fight for it. Francis I. was not content to look on, but gave Vérey the company of Jean Paoli, son of the Sieur de Ceri, the old captain of the Roman
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bands, consisting of 'excellent cavalry23 and valiant14 personages.'[677]
Meanwhile the city was going to ruin: there was no money to pay the soldiers. What was to be done? In many old houses Genevan coins were found, bearing the sun as a symbol with this device—Post tenebras spero lucem.[678] These pieces proved that the city of Geneva had once possessed24 the right of coining money—a right of which the prince-bishops had deprived her. Claude Savoye received instructions to issue a new coinage, and was forthwith supplied with silver crosses, chalices27, patens, and other sacred utensils28. The coins he struck bore on one side the key and eagle (the arms of Geneva), with the legend, Deus noster pugnat pro2 nobis, 1535, 'Our God fighteth for us;' and on the reverse, Geneva civitas. The following year another coinage was issued which, in addition to the ordinary device, Post tenebras lucem, bore these words of Isaiah and St. Paul, Mihi sese flectet omne genu, 'Unto me every knee shall bow,' the monogram29 of Jesus, I. H. S., being in the centre. Geneva did not believe in its own victory only, but in the victory of God, whose glory, hidden until then, would be magnified among all nations.
=CONFERENCE AT AOSTA.=
While Francis I. was stealthily aiding Geneva, the powerful republic of Berne was negotiating in its favor. Some of its statesmen crossed the Saint-Bernard on their way to the town of Aosta, where the duke of Savoy was to meet them. Berthold Haller, the reformer, and the other Bernese pastors30, had gone in a body to the council and conjured31 them to make an appeal to the people for the deliverance of Geneva. 'They are ready,' said the ministers, 'to sacrifice their goods and their lives to uphold the Reformation in that city.' The lords of Berne, desirous of taking at least one step, sent a deputation
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to the duke, and commissioned their general, Francis Nägueli, who was at its head, to support the cause of Geneva. Son of one of the most distinguished chiefs of the Swiss bands, Francis had grown up in the camp, and like Wildermuth, had made his first campaign in the wars of Italy in 1511. 'He was a man at twenty,' people said. His features bronzed by a southern sun presented a mixture of energy, acuteness, and antique grandeur32, and the Christian33 piety34 by which he was animated35 imparted to them a great charm.[679] P. d'Erlach, Rodolph of Diesbach, and the chancellor36 P. Zyro accompanied him. Crossing the mountains with difficulty—it was in the latter half of November—and braving rain, cold, and snow,[680] the ambassadors arrived at last at the city of Aosta. The duke was not there; they were invited to push on to Turin, but the lords of Berne replied that they would wait for the duke at the foot of the glaciers37. The Bernese and their suite38 took advantage of this delay to enter into conversation with the inhabitants, and spoke39 to them fearlessly of Holy Scripture40 and the usurpations of the Roman bishop25.
At last Charles III. arrived and the conference was opened. 'First of all,' said the Bernese, 'we require you to leave the citizens of Geneva at liberty to obey the Word of God, as the supreme41 authority of faith.' The duke, surrounded by the servants of Rome and urged particularly by Gazzini, bishop of Aosta, declared that he could not concede their demand without the consent of the emperor, the permission of the pope, and the decision of a general council. 'I ask you once more,' said Nägueli, 'to leave the Genevans free to profess42 their faith.' 'Their faith,' ejaculated Charles, 'what is their faith?' 'There are Bibles enough,
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I think, in Savoy,' answered Nägueli; 'read them, and you will discover their faith.' The duke asked for a truce43 of five or six months to come to an understanding on the matter with the emperor and the pope. The ambassadors, recrossing the snows of those lofty mountains, returned to Berne and made their report.[681]
During this time the Savoyard troops had drawn45 closer round Geneva, and on the 7th of December had attacked the city. Rodolph Nägueli, the general's brother, communicated to the council the offer made by Charles III. of a five months' truce. But the Genevese replied: 'How can the duke observe a truce of five months, when he cannot keep one of twenty days? He makes the proposal in order to starve us out. We will negotiate no more with him, except at the sword's point. All delays are war to us. Give us your assistance, honored lords. We ask it not only in the name of our alliances, but in the name of the love you owe to your poor brethren in Christ. Do what you may, the hour is come, and our God will fight for us.' The herald46 was sent through the city, ordering every citizen to get his arms ready and to muster47 round their captains.[682]
=MAISONNEUVE'S EXERTIONS48.=
At the same time Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, who was then in Switzerland, employed all his energies to awaken49 the sympathy of the people in favor of Geneva. At Berne, he sought support among the middle classes, among those who loved the Gospel and liberty, feeling persuaded that they would carry the magistrates50 with them. He was indefatigable51 and pleaded the cause of his country in private houses, in society, and in the council. He labored52 as if desirous of repairing the fault he had committed in allowing
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himself to be outwitted at Coppet by the Savoyard statesmen. The government of Lullin, being informed of the exertions of the Genevese citizen, ordered him to be seized when he attempted to cross the territory of Vaud on his return home. De la Maisonneuve was filled with joy, for he was succeeding in his efforts; the good cause was gradually gaining the upper hand in Berne; but one thing distressed53 him: he received no news from Geneva, and could not go there to communicate his great expectations to his fellow-countrymen. 'I have received no news at all from you,' he wrote on the 9th of December to the council, 'no more than if I were a Jew or a Saracen. If I could pass, I would not remain here; but I am warned that I am watched on all sides, as a mouse is watched by a cat. Know that those of Basle and other cantons who belong to the Gospel are willing to employ all their power to help us. In a short time you will see wonders and how God will work.'[683]
Meanwhile the severity of the weather had become extreme; the nobles who were blockading Geneva—the De Montforts, De Gingins, De Burchiez, and others—determined54 to go into winter quarters with their men. The Sire Mangerot de la Sarraz vainly conjured them to remain. 'We are compelled to return,' they said. The Genevans began to breathe. Their enemies were departing, and the refugee Maigrot kept telling them that friends from France were about to 'arrive in numbers and full of courage.' The citizens began thus to discern some gleams of light through the darkness which surrounded them.
In effect the Sieur de Montbel de Vérey, with his seven hundred foot-soldiers and four hundred horse, dispatched secretly by Francis I., with a personal object, to the support of Geneva, had arrived in the valley
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of St Claude. This was in the middle of December. The intrepid55 Mangerot, disgusted at the cowardice56 of his allies, had remained alone at his post; and he had done so specially57 to oppose the French. Taking four hundred men with him, he climbed the mountains, and found from ten to twenty feet of snow in the upper valleys. De Vérey's Italian cavalry could not advance and his foot-soldiers were almost frozen. All of a sudden, at the turn of a road, a discharge of musketry spread terror and disorder58 in that disorganized band. The intrepid De Vérey, accompanied by seven horsemen, dashed through the enemy, and on the 14th of December eight men, the only survivors59 of nearly twelve hundred, arrived at the gates of Geneva.[684]
Nägueli, the Bernese deputy, fully60 comprehending the gravity of the circumstances, departed the same day. They soon learnt with regret that all the Sieur de Vérey's men-at-arms had either been cut to pieces or dispersed61 in the snows and forests of the mountains; at the same time La Sarraz, proud of his victory, once more beleaguered62 the city, and swore that he would put an end to its independence and heresy63. The fortunes of Geneva were overcast64, and some asked if this was how God saved those who followed His Word. On the 17th of December, at the moment when the frightful65 news arrived, William Farel went to the council and said: 'Most honored lords, the chief thing is that we should all be converted to God, and that you should make arrangements that the people should renounce66 sin and hear the Word of the Lord. It is because God knows that it is of no use to entice67 by mildness those who sleep, that He now strikes you with great blows of His hammer in
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order to arouse you.' That holy exhortation68 made a deep impression on the council, and the same day the officers of the state published throughout the city that 'all men should go on the morrow and other days to the church of St. Pierre and invoke69 the help of God.' The next morning, the Genevese, assembling before the Most High, cried to Him by the voices of His servants.[685]
=CLAIMS OF FRANCIS I.=
A still greater danger threatened Geneva. The Frenchman, De Vérey, although beaten, desired none the less to attain70 the end for which he had been sent. He had very winning ways with the Genevese. 'The king of France,' he said, 'takes your business to heart; he will send a stronger force to save you, for he loves Geneva with a strong affection.[686] Meantime, gentlemen, to give him occasion to expel your enemy, it would be advisable that you should grant him some pre-eminence in your city. The king asks for nothing but to be called the Protector of your liberties. He desires to help you to become strong.'[687] The council ruminated71, discussed, and calculated all these matters well.[688] On the one hand, they did not want the protection of France; on the other, they felt the need of her support. They temporized72. 'First expel our enemies,' they said, 'and we will then see how to show our respect for the king.' 'We had hoped to find you better disposed,' said De Vérey, who was not satisfied with respect for his master. 'Think upon it, gentlemen, think upon it.' He went away very discontented. But the citizens spoke out more frankly73 than the council. A despotic king, what a protector for their liberty! A king who hangs and burns
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evangelical Christians74, what a protector for their faith! Bold tribunes, and especially the brothers Bernard, stood forth26, and demanded that if their country must perish, it should perish free. Let us write to the king, then said the council, that the Genevese offer him their humble75 services, 'but without any subjection.' The little city, on the verge76 of the abyss, rejected the hand of the powerful monarch77 which alone was stretched out to save them. Six days later (December 23d) the duke of Savoy ordered the commanders of his forces on this side of the mountains 'to do their duty.' It was resolved in Geneva that in case of assault all the citizens, and even the old men, women, and children, should repair to the walls.
=JESSE'S HEROIC DEFENCE.=
The year 1536 opened, and on the 3d of January the Savoyard garrisons78 of Lancy, Confignon, Saconnex beyond the Arve, and Plan-les-Ouates, castles situated79 between the Rhone and the Arve, as well as those of Gaillard and Jussy, fortresses80 between the Arve and the lake, advanced simultaneously81 against the city. At the head of the last troop was Amblard de Gruyère, a fervent82 catholic and hot-headed feudalist, who determined first to take possession of the church of our Lady of Grace on the Arve, and thus acquire an important position a few minutes distant from the city and the Savoyard territory. Pierre Jessé and three other valiant huguenots had thrown themselves into the tower. Amblard advanced, and standing44 at the foot of the wall, called to them: 'Surrender! on the honor of a gentleman your lives shall be spared.' Jessé answered: 'I would sooner surrender to yon pig-drivers, for you gentlemen have no honor.' Upon this Amblard de Gruyère opened a warm fire upon his adversaries83. The latter were not alarmed; they stood firm, and believed, with Farel, that a man armed with divine strength is equipped from head to foot. They threw down huge stones from the top of the tower upon their
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assailants; they discharged their arquebuses and killed several of the enemy. Amblard ordered an assault, broke down the iron door which closed the staircase, and rushed up it, sword in hand; but just as he reached the door which opened into the belfry, a ball knocked him back upon the people behind him. Although reinforcements came up one by one to the support of the assailants, the latter, seeing their captain fall, 'had a great fright and fear.'[689] All night long the four huguenots made fire-signals to their friends in the city, to let them know that they would hold out until death. Meantime the attacking party did not relax their hold. Climbing the narrow stairs, they placed torches against the floor of the tower under the feet of the four huguenots, and set the timbers on fire. The Savoyards, thinking that the Genevans would be burnt to death, then retired84, 'carrying off the body of their captain and others who had fallen.' The undaunted huguenots, already feeling the fire, rushed down the stairs through the flames, and were saved, with nothing burnt but their beards.[690] Jessé was afterwards made a member of the council.
Still, if one attack failed, it paved the way for others; and new troops were moved up against the city. The council deliberated on the course to be pursued, and two alternatives were proposed. Farel demanded, for the preservation85 of the city, that the inhabitants should put their trust in God, and that prayers should be offered from every heart for peace and unity86, not for Geneva only, but for all Christendom.[691] Balard proposed another remedy: 'Let mass be publicly celebrated87 once more,' he said; 'the mass is an expiation88 that will render God propitious89 to us.'—'The mass is not worth a straw,' exclaimed a
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huguenot.—'If it is so,' retorted a catholic, 'the death and passion of Jesus Christ are good for nothing.' At these words the assembly became greatly excited. 'Blasphemy90!' exclaimed some. 'Balard has spoken blasphemy! He is a heretic. All who maintain the sacrifice of the host nullify the sacrifice of Jesus Christ.' The council put an end to the discussion by resolving 'that the priests should prove that the preachers spoke falsely, or else that they should go to the sermons and convince themselves that the ministers spoke the truth.'[692]
On the 12th of January the gates of the city were bricked up, the openings in the walls were filled in, and the armed men held themselves in readiness. The hostile force was advancing in three divisions—one between the lake and the Arve, a second between the Arve and the Rhone, and a third between the Rhone and the lake. About ten o'clock at night cries of alarm were heard from the walls; the Savoyards were placing their ladders on the southern side, while the Baron de la Sarraz and his troop had already got into the fosse on the north-west side. The Genevans hastened bravely to the defence, and threw down both ladders and soldiers. The next day the agitated91 council ordered these words to be entered in the minute-book of their meetings: 'They assaulted us vigorously, but God, to whom belongs all the honor, repelled92 them.'[693] From that time the Savoyards, 'more inflamed93 than ever, scarcely missed a night without making an attack.'[694] They desired to do more.
On the 24th of January the garrisons of Jussy and Gaillard, amounting to 600 or 800 men, of whom 100
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were horsemen, reinforced by a large number of peasants, took up a position between Chene and Cologny, a little above the ravine of Frontenex. A hundred footmen and forty horse made a sortie from Geneva, and a great number of boys from fourteen to sixteen years old accompanied them. This small body at once attacked the large one, and in a short time the wide plain between Frontenex and Ambilly was covered with fugitives94 and corpses95. Not less than two hundred had fallen. The victors returned in triumph from the War of Cologny, through a crowd of citizens, who went out to meet them and welcome them with shouts of joy.[695]
But if the weak people of Geneva repulsed little armies, how would they resist when the grand army came?
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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pro
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| n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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repulsed
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succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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mule
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salable
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salvation
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crafty
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clement
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pretext
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cavalry
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possessed
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bishop
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forth
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chalices
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| n.高脚酒杯( chalice的名词复数 )；圣餐杯；金杯毒酒；看似诱人实则令人讨厌的事物 | |
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utensils
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monogram
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pastors
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conjured
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| 用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现 | |
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grandeur
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Christian
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piety
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animated
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chancellor
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glaciers
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suite
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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truce
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standing
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drawn
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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beleaguered
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| adj.受到围困[围攻]的；包围的v.围攻( beleaguer的过去式和过去分词)；困扰；骚扰 | |
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heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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overcast
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| adj.阴天的，阴暗的，愁闷的；v.遮盖，（使）变暗，包边缝；n.覆盖，阴天 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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entice
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| v.诱骗，引诱，怂恿 | |
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exhortation
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| n.劝告，规劝 | |
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invoke
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| v.求助于(神、法律)；恳求，乞求 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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ruminated
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| v.沉思( ruminate的过去式和过去分词 )；反复考虑；反刍；倒嚼 | |
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temporized
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| v.敷衍( temporize的过去式和过去分词 )；拖延；顺应时势；暂时同意 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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expiation
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| n.赎罪，补偿 | |
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propitious
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| adj.吉利的；顺利的 | |
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blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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repelled
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| v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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