The latter part of the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries mark a rather barren period in the religious and cultural life of Denmark. The spiritual ferment3 of the Reformation had subsided4 into a staid and uniform Lutheran orthodoxy. Jesper Brochman, a bishop5 of Sjælland and the most famous theologian of that age, praised king Christian6 IV for “the zeal7 with which from the beginning of his reign8 he had exerted himself to make all his subjects think and talk alike about divine things”. That the foremost leader of the church thus should recommend an effort to impose uniformity upon the church by governmental action proves to what extent church life had become stagnant9. Nor did such secular culture as there was present a better picture. The Reformation had uprooted10 much of the cultural life that had grown up during the long period of Catholic supremacy11, but had produced no adequate substitute. Even the once refreshing12 springs of the folk-sings had dried up. Writers were laboriously13 endeavoring to master the newer and more artistic15 forms of poetry introduced from other countries, but when the forms had been achieved the spirit had often fled, leaving only an empty shell. Of all that was written during these years only one song of any consequence, “Denmark’s Lovely Fields and Meadows”, has survived.
Against this bleak16 background the work of Kingo stands out [22]as an amazing achievement. Leaping all the impediments of an undeveloped language and an equally undeveloped form, Danish poetry by one miraculous17 sweep attained18 a perfection which later ages have scarcely surpassed.
Of this accomplishment19, Grundtvig wrote two hundred years later: “Kingo’s hymns20 represent not only the greatest miracle of the 17th century but such an exceptional phenomenon in the realm of poetry that it is explainable only by the fates who in their wisdom preserved the seed of an Easter Lily for a thousand years, and then returned it across the sea that it might flower in its original soil”. Kingo’s family on the paternal21 side had immigrated22 to Denmark from that part of Scotland which once had been settled by the poetic23 Northern sea rovers, and Grundtvig thus conceives the poetic genius of Kingo to be a revival24 of an ancestral gift, brought about by the return of his family to its original home and a new infusion25 of pure Northern blood. The conception, like so much that Grundtvig wrote is at least ingenious, and it is recommended [23]by the fact that Kingo’s poetry does convey a spirit of robust26 realism that is far more characteristic of the age of the Vikings than of his own.
Thomas Kingo, the grandfather of the poet, immigrated from Crail, Scotland, to Denmark about 1590, and settled at Helsingør, Sjælland, where he worked as a tapestry27 weaver28. He seems to have attained a position of some prominence29, and it is related that King James IV of Scotland, during a visit to Helsingør, lodged30 at his home. His son, Hans Thomeson Kingo, who was about two years old when the family arrived in Denmark, does not appear to have prospered31 as well as his father. He learned the trade of linen32 and damask weaving, and established a modest business of his own at Slangerup, a town in the northern part of Sjælland and close to the famous royal castle of Frederiksborg. At the age of thirty-eight he married a young peasant girl, Karen Sørendatter, and built a modest but eminently33 respectable home. In this home, Thomas Kingo, the future hymnwriter, was born December 15, 1634.
It was an unusually cold and unfriendly world that greeted the advent34 of the coming poet. The winter of his birth was long remembered as one of the hardest ever experienced in Denmark. The country’s unsuccessful participation35 in the Thirty Year’s War had brought on a depression that threatened its very existence as a nation; and a terrible pestilence36 followed by new wars increased and prolonged the general misery37, making the years of Kingo’s childhood and youth one of the darkest periods in Danish history.
But although these conditions brought sorrow and ruin to thousands, even among the wealthy, the humble38 home of the Kingos somehow managed to survive. Beneath its roof industry and frugality39 worked hand in hand with piety40 and mutual41 love to brave the storms that wrecked42 so many and apparently43 far stronger establishments. Kingo always speaks with the greatest respect and gratitude44 of his “poor but honest parents”. In a poetic description of his childhood years he vividly45 recalls their indulgent kindness to him.
I took my pilgrim staff in hand
Ere I attempted talking;
I had scarce left my swaddling-band
Before they set me walking.
And suited me when tearful.
One step was farther than a mile,
For I was small and fearful.
[24]
But discipline was not forgotten. Parents in those days usually kept the rod close to the apple, often too close. And Kingo’s parents, despite their kindness, made no exception to the rule. He was a lively, headstrong boy in need of a firm hand, and the hand was not wanting.
As a child my daily bread
he wrote later, adding that the fruits of that chastisement48 are now sweet to him. Nor do his parents ever appear to have treated him with the cold, almost loveless austerity that so many elders frequently felt it their duty to adopt toward their children. Their discipline was tempered by kindness and an earnest Christian faith. Although Hans Kingo seems to some extent to have been influenced by the strict Presbyterianism of his Scotch49 forebears, he does not appear, like so many followers50 of that stern faith, to have taught his children to believe in God as the strict judge rather than as the loving Father of Jesus Christ. In his later years the son at least gives us an attractive picture of his childhood faith:
I gratefully remember
God’s loving care for me
And trusted in His children’s prayer.
These bright years of his happy childhood were somewhat darkened, however, when, at the age of six, he entered the Danish and, two years later, the Latin school of his home town. Nothing could be more unsuited for a child of tender years than the average school of those days. The curriculum was meager54, the teaching poor and the discipline cruel. Every day saw its whipping scenes. For a day’s unexplained absence the punishment for the smaller boys was three lashes55 on their bare seats and for the larger an equal number on their bare backs. For graver offences up to twenty lashes might be administered. On entering the Latin school every boy had to adopt a new language. Only Latin could be spoken within its classical confines; and woe56 be to the tike who so far forgot himself as to speak a word in the native tongue anywhere upon the school premises57. The only way anyone, discovered to have perpetrated such a crime, could escape the severest punishment was to report another culprit guilty of the same offense58. Under such conditions one cannot wonder that Kingo complains:
[25]
The daily round from home to school
Was often hard and weary.
It did my youthful ardour cool
At the age of fifteen Kingo, for reasons now unknown, was transferred from the school of his home town to that at the neighboring city of Hillerød. Here, on account of his outstanding ability, he was accepted into the home of his new rector, Albert Bartholin, a young man of distinguished61 family and conspicuous62 personal endowments.
Although the school at Hillerød was larger, it probably was not much better than that at Slangerup; but the close association of the humble weaver’s son with his distinguished rector and his refined family, no doubt, was a distinct advantage to him. The location of Hillerød on the shores of the idyllic63 Frederiksborg Lake and close to the magnificent castle of the same name is one of the loveliest in Denmark. The castle had recently been rebuilt, and presented, together with its lovely surroundings, a most entrancing spectacle. Its famous builder, Christian IV, had just gone the way of all flesh; but the new king, Frederik, known for his fondness for royal pomp, frequently resided at the castle together with his court, and thus Kingo must often have enjoyed the opportunity to see both the king and the outstanding men of his government.
It is not unlikely that this near view of the beauty and splendor64 of his country, the finest that Denmark had to offer, served to awaken65 in Kingo that ardent66 love for all things Danish for which he is noticed. While still at Hillerød he, at any rate, commenced a comprehensive study of Danish literature, a most unusual thing for a young student to do at a time when German was the common language of all the upper classes and Danish was despised as the speech of traders and peasants. As neither his school nor the general sentiment of the intellectual classes did anything to encourage interest in native culture, some other influence must have aroused in the young Kingo what one of his early biographers calls “his peculiar67 inclination68 for his native tongue and Danish poetry”. A few patriotic69 and forward looking men, it is true, had risen above the general indifference70 and sought to inspire a greater interest in the use and cultivation71 of the Danish language; but this work was still very much in its infancy72, and it is not likely that the young Kingo knew much about it.
He graduated from Hillerød in the spring of 1654, and enrolled73 [26]at the university of Copenhagen on May 6 of the same year. But a terrific outbreak of the plague forced the university to close on May 30, and Kingo returned to his home. The scourge74 raged for about eight months, carrying away one third of the city’s population, and it was winter before Kingo returned to the school and enrolled in the department of theology. The rules of the university required each student, at the beginning of his course, to choose a preceptor, a sort of guardian75 who should direct his charge in his studies and counsel him in his personal life and conduct. For this very important position Kingo wisely chose one of the most distinguished and respected teachers at the university, Prof. Bartholin, a brother of his former rector. Professor Bartholin was not only a learned man, known for his years of travel and study in foreign parts, but he was also a man of rare personal gifts and sincere piety. In his younger days he had spent four years at the castle of Rosenholm where the godly and scholarly nobleman, Holger Rosenkrans, then gathered groups of young nobles about him for study and meditation76. Rosenkrans was a close friend of John Arndt, a leader in the early Pietist movement in Germany, to which the young Bartholin under his influence became deeply attached. Nor had this attachment77 lessened78 with the years. And Bartholin’s influence upon Kingo was so strong that the latter, when entering upon his own work, lost no time in showing his adherence79 to the Arndt-Rosenkrans view of Christianity.
Meanwhile he applied80 himself diligently81 to his work at the university. Like other disciplines the study of theology at that time was affected82 by a considerable portion of dry-rust. Orthodoxy ruled the cathedra. With that as a weapon, the student must be trained to meet all the wiles83 of the devil and perversions84 of the heretics. Its greatest Danish exponent85, Jesper Brochman, had just passed to his reward, but his monumental work, The System of Danish Theology, remained after him, and continued to serve as an authoritative86 textbook for many years to come. Though dry and devoted87 to hairsplitting as orthodoxy no doubt was, it probably was not quite as lifeless as later generations represent it to have been. Kingo is often named “The Singer of Orthodoxy”, yet no one can read his soul-stirring hymns with their profound sense of sin and grace without feeling that he, at least, possessed88 a deeper knowledge of Christianity than a mere89 dogmatic training could give him.
Kingo’s last months at the university were disturbed by a new war with Sweden that for a while threatened the independent existence [27]of the country, a threat which was averted90 only by the ceding91 of some of its finest provinces. During these stirring events, Kingo had to prepare for his final examinations which he passed with highest honors in the spring of 1658.
Thus with considerable deprivation92 and sacrifice, the humble weaver’s son had attained his membership in the academic world, an unusual accomplishment for a man of his standing60 in those days. His good parents had reason to be proud of their promising93 and well educated son who now, after his many years of study, returned to the parental94 home. His stay there was short, however, for he obtained almost immediate95 employment as a private tutor, first with the family of Jørgen Sørensen, the overseer at Frederiksborg castle, and later, with the Baroness96 Lena Rud of Vedby Manor97, a position which to an impecunious98 but ambitious young man like Kingo must have appeared especially desirable. Lena Rud belonged to what at that time was one of the wealthiest and most influential99 families in the country. Many of her relatives occupied neighboring estates, a circumstance which enabled Kingo to become personally acquainted with a number of them; and with one of them, the worthy100 Karsten Atke, he soon formed a close and lasting101 friendship. He also appears to have made a very favorable impression upon his influential patrons and, despite his subordinate position, to have become something of a social leader, especially among the younger members of the group.
Meanwhile the country once again had been plunged102 into a desperate struggle. The Swedish king, Gustav X, soon repented103 of the peace he had made when the whole country was apparently at his mercy, and renewed the war in the hope of affixing104 the Danish crown to his own. This hope vanished in the desperate battle of Copenhagen in 1659, where the Swedish army suffered a decisive defeat by the hand of an aroused citizenry. But detachments of the defeated army still occupied large sections of the country districts where they, like all armies of that day, robbed, pillaged105 and murdered at will, driving thousands of people away from their homes and forcing them to roam homeless and destitute106 through the wasted countryside. Acts of robbery and violence belonged to the order of the day. Even Kingo received a bullet through his mouth in a fight with a Swedish dragoon, whom he boldly attempted to stop from stealing one of his employer’s horses. When the country finally emerged from the conflict, her resources were depleted107, her trade destroyed, and large sections of her country districts laid waste, losses which it required years for her to [28]regain. But youth must be served. Despite the gravity and hardships of the day, the young people from Vedby managed to have their parties and other youthful diversions. And at these, Kingo soon became a welcome and valued guest. His attractive personality, sprightly108 humor and distinct social gifts caused his highly placed friends to accept him with delight.
This popularity, if he had cared to exploit it, might have carried him far. In those days the usual road to fame and fortune for an obscure young man was to attach himself to some wealthy patron and acquire a position through him. With the aid of his wealthy friends Kingo could easily enough have obtained employment as a companion to some young noble going abroad for travel and study. It came, therefore, as a surprise to all when he accepted a call as assistant to the Reverend Jacobsen Worm at Kirkehelsinge, a country parish a few miles from Vedby. The position was so far short of what a young man of Kingo’s undoubted ability and excellent connections might have obtained, that one may well ask for his motive109 in accepting it. And although Kingo himself has left no direct explanation of his action, the following verses, which he is thought to have written about this time, may furnish a key.
Wherever in the world I went
I everywhere my Lord did find,
He so absorbed my heart and mind
That I His blessed image traced
In everything I saw or faced.
My thoughts on heaven ever dwelt,
For earth I but aversion felt.
His kingdom was my constant theme;
My prayer was, by repentance112 true,
It is understandable, at least, that a young man with such sentiments should forego the prospect114 of worldly honor for a chance to serve his Master.
Kingo was ordained115 in the Church of Our Lady at Copenhagen in September, 1661, and was installed in his new office a few weeks later. The seven years that he spent in the obscure parish were, no doubt, among the most fruitful years of Kingo’s life, proving the truth of the old adage116 that it is better that a man should confer honor on his position than that the position should confer honor upon him. His fiery117, forceful eloquence118 made him [29]known as an exceptionally able and earnest pastor119, and his literary work established his fame as one of the foremost Danish poets of his day.
While still at Vedby, Kingo had written a number of poems which, widely circulated in manuscripts, had gained him a local fame. But he now published a number of new works that attained nation-wide recognition. These latter works compare well with the best poetry of the period and contain passages that still may be read with interest. The style is vigorous, the imagery striking and at times beautiful, but the Danish language was too little cultivated and contemporary taste too uncertain to sustain a work of consistent excellence120. Most successful of Kingo’s early poems are “Karsten Atke’s Farewell to Lion County”, a truly felt and finely expressed greeting to his friends, the Atkes, on their departure from their former home, and “Chrysillis”, a lovesong, written in a popular French style that was then very much admired in Denmark. Both poems contain parts that are surprisingly fine, and they attained an immense popularity. But although Kingo throughout his life continued to write secular poetry that won him the highest praise, that part of his work is now well nigh forgotten. It is truly interesting to compare the faded beauty of his secular poems with the perennial121 freshness of his hymns.
It was inevitable122 that Kingo, with his high ambitions and undoubted ability should desire a larger field of labor14. His salary was so small that he had to live in the home of his employer, a circumstance that for various reasons was not always pleasant. Pastor Worm had married thrice and had a large family of children of all ages from a babe in arms to a son at the university. This son, Jacob Worm, was a brilliant but irascible and excessively proud youth only a few years younger than Kingo. From what we know about him in later years, it is likely that Kingo’s contact with him during his vacations at home must have proved exceedingly trying. The bitter enmity that later existed between the two men probably had its inception123 at this time. In 1666, Kingo, therefore, applied for a waiting appointment to his home church at Slangerup, where the pastor was growing old and, in the course of nature, could be expected ere long to be called to his reward. The application was granted, and when the pastor did die two years later, Kingo at once was installed as his successor.
Slangerup was only a small city, but it had a new and very beautiful church, which still stands almost unchanged. One may still sit in the same pews and see the same elaborately carved [30]pulpit and altar which graced its lofty chancel during the pastorate of the great hymnwriter. A beautiful chandelier, which he donated and inscribed124, still adorns125 the arched nave126. In this splendid sanctuary127 it must have been inspiring to listen to the known eloquence of its most famous pastor as he preached the gospel or, with his fine musical voice, chanted the liturgy128 before the altar. The church was always well attended when Kingo conducted the service. People soon recognized his exceptional ability and showed their appreciation129 of his devoted ministry130. The position of a pastor was then much more prominent than it is now. He was the official head of numerous enterprises, both spiritual and civic131, and the social equal of the best people in the community. With many people the custom of calling him “Father” was then by no means an empty phrase. Parishioners sought their pastor and accepted his counsel in numerous affairs that are now considered to be outside of his domain132. In view of Kingo’s humble antecedents, a position of such prominence might well have proved difficult to maintain among a people that knew his former station. But of such difficulties the record of his pastorate gives no indication. He was, it appears, one exception to the rule that a prophet is not respected in his own country.
When he moved to Slangerup, Kingo was still unmarried. But about two years later he married the widow of his former superior, Pastor Worm, becoming at once the head of a large family consisting of the children of his wife and those of her first husband by his previous marriage. It was a serious responsibility to assume, both morally and financially. The parish was quite large, but his income was considerably133 reduced by the payment of a pension to the widow of the former pastor and the salary to an assistant. With such a drain on his income and with a large family to support, Kingo’s economic circumstances must have been strained. But he was happy with his wife and proved himself a kind and conscientious134 stepfather to her children who, even after their maturity135, maintained a close relationship with him.
Kingo’s happiness proved, however, to be but a brief interlude to a period of intense sorrows and disappointments. His wife died less than a year after their marriage; his father, whom he loved and revered136, passed away the same year; and the conduct of his stepson, the formerly137 mentioned Jacob Worm, caused him bitter trouble and humiliation138. The bright prospect of this brilliant but erratic139 youth had quickly faded. After a number of failures, he had been forced to accept a position as rector of the small and insignificant140 [31]Latin school at Slangerup, thus coming under the immediate authority of Kingo, who, as pastor, supervised the educational institutions of the parish. Worm always seems to have thought of Kingo as a former assistant to his father, and his position as an inferior to a former inferior in his own home, therefore, bitterly wounded his pride. Seeking an outlet141 for his bitterness, he wrote a number of extremely abusive poems about his stepfather and circulated them among the people of the parish. This unwarranted abuse aroused the anger of Kingo and provoked him to answer in kind. The ensuing battle of vituperation and name-calling brought no honor to either side. Worm’s conduct toward his superior, the man who was unselfishly caring for his minor142 sisters and brothers, deserves nothing but condemnation143; but it is painful, nevertheless, to behold144 the great hymnwriter himself employing the abusive language of his worthless opponent. The times were violent, however, and Kingo possessed his share of their temper. Kingo’s last act in this drama between himself and his stepson throws a somewhat softening145 light upon his conduct. Embittered146 by persistent147 failures, Worm continued to pour out his bitterness not only upon his stepfather, but upon other and much higher placed persons until at last he was caught and sentenced to die on the gallows148 for “having written and circulated grossly defamatory poems about the royal family”. In this extremity149, he appealed to Kingo, who successfully exerted his then great influence to have the sentence commuted150 to banishment151 for life to the Danish colony in India.
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1
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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4
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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stagnant
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| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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10
uprooted
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| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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laboriously
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| adv.艰苦地；费力地；辛勤地；（文体等）佶屈聱牙地 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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bleak
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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immigrated
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| v.移入( immigrate的过去式和过去分词 )；移民 | |
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poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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infusion
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| n.灌输 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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tapestry
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| n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面 | |
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weaver
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| n.织布工；编织者 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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prospered
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| 成功，兴旺( prosper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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frugality
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| n.节约，节俭 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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47
penance
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| n.（赎罪的）惩罪 | |
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48
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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49
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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50
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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51
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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52
toddled
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| v.（幼儿等）东倒西歪地走( toddle的过去式和过去分词 )；蹒跚行走；溜达；散步 | |
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53
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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54
meager
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| adj.缺乏的，不足的，瘦的 | |
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55
lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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56
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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57
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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58
offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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59
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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60
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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61
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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62
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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63
idyllic
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| adj.质朴宜人的，田园风光的 | |
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64
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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65
awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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66
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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67
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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68
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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69
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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70
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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71
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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72
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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73
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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74
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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75
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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76
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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77
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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78
lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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79
adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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80
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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81
diligently
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| ad.industriously;carefully | |
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82
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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83
wiles
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| n.（旨在欺骗或吸引人的）诡计，花招；欺骗，欺诈( wile的名词复数 ) | |
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84
perversions
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| n.歪曲( perversion的名词复数 )；变坏；变态心理 | |
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85
exponent
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| n.倡导者，拥护者；代表人物；指数，幂 | |
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86
authoritative
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| adj.有权威的，可相信的；命令式的；官方的 | |
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87
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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88
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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89
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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90
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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91
ceding
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的现在分词 ) | |
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92
deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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93
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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94
parental
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| adj.父母的；父的；母的 | |
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95
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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96
baroness
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| n.男爵夫人，女男爵 | |
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97
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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98
impecunious
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| adj.不名一文的，贫穷的 | |
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99
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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100
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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101
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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102
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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103
repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
affixing
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| v.附加( affix的现在分词 )；粘贴；加以；盖（印章） | |
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105
pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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107
depleted
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| adj. 枯竭的, 废弃的 动词deplete的过去式和过去分词 | |
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108
sprightly
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| adj.愉快的，活泼的 | |
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109
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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110
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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111
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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112
repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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113
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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114
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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115
ordained
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| v.任命（某人）为牧师( ordain的过去式和过去分词 )；授予（某人）圣职；（上帝、法律等）命令；判定 | |
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116
adage
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| n.格言，古训 | |
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117
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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118
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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119
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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120
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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121
perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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122
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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123
inception
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| n.开端，开始，取得学位 | |
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124
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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125
adorns
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| 装饰，佩带( adorn的第三人称单数 ) | |
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126
nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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127
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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128
liturgy
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| n.礼拜仪式 | |
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129
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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130
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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131
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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132
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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133
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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134
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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135
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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136
revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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137
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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138
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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139
erratic
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| adj.古怪的，反复无常的，不稳定的 | |
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140
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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141
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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142
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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143
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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144
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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145
softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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146
embittered
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| v.使怨恨，激怒( embitter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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147
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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148
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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149
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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150
commuted
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| 通勤( commute的过去式和过去分词 )； 减（刑）； 代偿 | |
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151
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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