The mean temperature for the whole year is two degrees below zero. Physicists4 have explained this fact in the following way, and Dr. Clawbonny shared their opinion.
According to them, the most constant winds in the northern regions of America are from the southwest; they come from the Pacific Ocean, with an equal and agreeable temperature; but before they reach the arctic seas they are obliged to cross the great American continent, which is covered with snow; the contact chills them, and communicates to these regions their intense cold.
Hatteras found himself at the pole of cold, beyond the countries seen by his predecessors6; he consequently expected a terrible winter, on a ship lost amid the ice, with a turbulent crew. He resolved to meet these dangers with his usual energy. He faced what awaited him without flinching7.
He began, with Johnson's aid and experience, to take all the measures necessary for going into winter-quarters. According to his calculation the Forward had been carried two hundred and fifty miles from any known land, that is to say, from North Cornwall; she was firmly fixed8 in a field of ice, as in a bed of granite9, and no human power could extricate10 her.There was not a drop of open water in these vast seas chained by the fierce arctic winter. The ice-fields stretched away out of sight, but without presenting a smooth surface. Far from it. Numerous icebergs11 stood up in the icy plain, and the Forward was sheltered by the highest of them on three points of the compass; the southeast wind alone reached them. Let one imagine rock instead of ice, verdure instead of snow, and the sea again liquid, and the brig would have quietly cast anchor in a pretty bay, sheltered from the fiercest blasts. But what desolation here! What a gloomy prospect12! What a melancholy13 view!
The brig, although motionless, nevertheless had to be fastened securely by means of anchors; this was a necessary precaution against possible thaws14 and submarine upheavals15. Johnson, on hearing that the Forward was at the pole of cold, took even greater precautions for securing warmth.
"We shall have it severe enough," he had said to the doctor; "that's just the captain's luck, to go and get caught at the most disagreeable spot on the globe! Bah! you will see that we shall get out of it."
As to the doctor, at the bottom of his heart he was simply delighted. He would not have changed it for any other. Winter at the pole of cold! What good luck!
At first, work on the outside occupied the crew; the sails were kept furled on the yards instead of being placed at the bottom of the hold, as the earlier explorers did; they were merely bound up in a case, and soon the frost covered them with a dense16 envelope; the topmasts were not unshipped, and the crow's-nest remained in its place. It was a natural observatory17; the running-rigging alone was taken down.
It became necessary to cut away the ice from the ship to relieve the pressure. That which had accumulated outside was quite heavy, and the ship did not lie as deep as usual. This was a long and laborious18 task. At the end of some days the ship's bottom was freed, and could be inspected; it had not suffered, thanks to its solidity; only its copper19 sheathing20 was nearly torn away. The ship, having grown lighter21, drew about nine inches less than she did earlier; the ice was cut away in a slope, following the make of the hull22; in this way the ice formed beneath the brig's keel and so resisted all pressure.
The doctor took part in this work; he managed the ice-cutter well; he encouraged the sailors by his good-humor. He instructed them and himself. He approved of this arrangement of the ice beneath the ship.
"That is a good precaution," he said.
"Without that, Dr. Clawbonny," answered Johnson, "resistance would be impossible. Now we can boldly raise a wall of snow as high as the gunwale; and, if we want to, we can make it ten feet thick, for there is no lack of material."
"A capital idea," resumed the doctor; "the snow is a bad conductor of heat; it reflects instead of absorbing, and the inside temperature cannot escape."
"True," answered Johnson; "we are building a fortification against the cold, and also against the animals, if they care to visit us; when that is finished, it will look well, you may be sure; in this snow we shall cut two staircases, one fore5, the other aft; when the steps are cut in the snow, we shall pour water on them; this will freeze as hard as stone, and we shall have a royal staircase."
"Precisely," answered the doctor; "and it must be said it is fortunate that cold produces both snow and ice, by which to protect one's self against it. Without that, one would be very much embarrassed."
In fact, the ship was destined23 to disappear beneath a thick casing of ice, which was needed to preserve its inside temperature; a roof made of thick tarred canvas and covered with snow was built above the deck over its whole length; the canvas was low enough to cover the sides of the ship. The deck, being protected from all outside impressions, became their walk; it was covered with two and a half feet of snow; this snow was crowded and beaten down so as to become very hard; so it resisted the radiation of the internal heat; above it was placed a layer of sand, which as it solidified24 became a sort of macadamized cover of great hardness.
"A little more," said the doctor, "and with a few trees I might imagine myself at Hyde Park, or even in the hanging-gardens at Babylon."
A trench25 was dug tolerably near the brig; this was a circular space in the ice, a real pit, which had to be kept always open. Every morning the ice formed overnight was broken; this was to secure water in case of fire or for the baths which were ordered the crew by the doctor; in order to spare the fuel, the water was drawn26 from some distance below the ice, where it was less cold. This was done by means of an instrument devised by a French physicist3 (François Arago); this apparatus27, lowered for some distance into the water, brought it up to the surface through a cylinder28.Generally in winter everything which encumbers29 the ship is removed, and stored on land. But what was practicable near land is impossible for a ship anchored on the ice.
Every preparation was made to fight the two great enemies of this latitude, cold and dampness; the first produces the second, which is far more dangerous. The cold may be resisted by one who succumbs30 to dampness; hence it was necessary to guard against it.
The Forward, being destined to a journey in arctic seas, contained the best arrangements for winter-quarters: the large room for the crew was well provided for; the corners, where dampness first forms, were shut off; in fact, when the temperature is very low, a film of ice forms on the walls, especially in the corners, and when it melts it keeps up a perpetual dampness. If it had been round, the room would have been more convenient; but, being heated by a large stove, and properly ventilated, it was very comfortable; the walls were lined with deerskins, not with wool, for wool absorbs the condensed moisture and keeps the air full of dampness.
Farther aft the walls of the quarter were taken down, and the officers had a larger common-room, better ventilated, and heated by a stove. This room, like that of the crew, had a sort of antechamber, which cut off all communication with the outside. In this way, the heat could not be lost, and one passed gradually from one temperature to the other. In the anterooms were left the snow-covered clothes; the shoes were cleansed31 on the scrapers, so as to prevent the introduction of any unwholesomeness with one into the room.
Canvas hose served to introduce air for the draught32 of the stoves; other pieces of hose permitted the steam to escape. In addition two condensers33 were placed in the two rooms, and collected this vapor34 instead of letting it form into water; twice a week they were emptied, and often they contained several bushels of ice. It was so much taken from the enemy.
The fire was perfectly35 and easily controlled, by means of the canvas hose; by use of merely a small quantity of coal it was easy to keep the temperature of 50°. Still, Hatteras, having examined the bunkers, soon saw that the greatest economy was necessary, for there was not two months' fuel on board.
A drying-room was set apart for the clothes which were to be washed; they could not be dried in the open air, for they would freeze and tear.
The delicate pieces of the machinery36 were carefully taken down, and the room which contained them was hermetically closed.
The life on board became the object of serious meditation37; Hatteras regulated it with the utmost caution, and the order of the day was posted up in the common-room. The men arose at six o'clock in the morning; three times a week the hammocks were aired; every morning the floors were scoured38 with hot sand; tea was served at every meal, and the bill of fare varied39 as much as possible for every day of the week; it consisted of bread, farina, suet and raisins40 for puddings, sugar, cocoa, tea, rice, lemon-juice, potted meats, salt beef and pork, cabbages, and vegetables in vinegar; the kitchen lay outside of the living-rooms; its heat was consequently lost; but cooking is a perpetual source of evaporation41 and dampness.
The health of the men depends a great deal on the sort of food they get; in high latitudes42, the greatest amount of animal food ought to be eaten. The doctor had supervised the sort of food to be given.
"We ought to follow the Esquimaux," he used to say; "they have received their lessons from nature, and are our masters in that; if the Arabs and Africans can content themselves with a few dates and a handful of rice, here it is important to eat, and to eat a good deal. The Esquimaux take from ten to fifteen pounds of oil a day. If that fare does not please you, we must try food rich in sugar and fat. In a word, we need carbon, so let us manufacture carbon! It is well to put coal in the stove, but don't let us forget to fill that precious stove we carry about with us."
With this bill of fare, strict cleanliness was enforced; every other day each man was obliged to bathe in the half-frozen water which the iron pump brought up, and this was an excellent way of preserving their health. The doctor set the example; he did it at first as a thing which ought to be very disagreeable; but this pretext43 was quickly forgotten, for he soon took real pleasure in this healthy bath.
When work or hunting or distant expeditions took the men off in the severe cold, they had to take special care not to be frost-bitten; if they were, rubbing with snow would restore the circulation. Moreover, the men, who all wore woollen clothes, put on coats of deerskin and trousers of sealskin, which perfectly resist the wind.
The different arrangements of the ship, the getting-to-rights on board, took about three weeks, and they reached October 10th without any special incident.
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1
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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2
inclement
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| adj.严酷的，严厉的，恶劣的 | |
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3
physicist
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| n.物理学家，研究物理学的人 | |
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4
physicists
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| 物理学家( physicist的名词复数 ) | |
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5
fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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6
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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7
flinching
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| v.（因危险和痛苦）退缩，畏惧( flinch的现在分词 ) | |
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8
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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9
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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10
extricate
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| v.拯救，救出；解脱 | |
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11
icebergs
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| n.冰山，流冰( iceberg的名词复数 ) | |
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12
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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13
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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14
thaws
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| n.（足以解冻的）暖和天气( thaw的名词复数 )；（敌对国家之间）关系缓和v.（气候）解冻( thaw的第三人称单数 )；（态度、感情等）缓和；（冰、雪及冷冻食物）溶化；软化 | |
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15
upheavals
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| 突然的巨变( upheaval的名词复数 )； 大动荡； 大变动； 胀起 | |
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16
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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17
observatory
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| n.天文台，气象台，瞭望台，观测台 | |
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18
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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19
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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20
sheathing
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| n.覆盖物，罩子v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的现在分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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21
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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22
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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23
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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24
solidified
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| （使）成为固体，（使）变硬，（使）变得坚固( solidify的过去式和过去分词 )； 使团结一致； 充实，巩固； 具体化 | |
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25
trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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26
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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27
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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28
cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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29
encumbers
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的第三人称单数 ) | |
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30
succumbs
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的第三人称单数 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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31
cleansed
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| 弄干净，清洗( cleanse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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32
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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33
condensers
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| n.冷凝器( condenser的名词复数 )；（尤指汽车发动机内的）电容器 | |
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34
vapor
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| n.蒸汽，雾气 | |
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35
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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36
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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37
meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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38
scoured
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| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
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39
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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40
raisins
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| n.葡萄干( raisin的名词复数 ) | |
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41
evaporation
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| n.蒸发，消失 | |
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42
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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43
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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