Early in the morning I tied my notebook and some bread to my belt, and strode away full of eager hope, feeling that I was going to have a glorious revel17. The glacier18 meadows that lay along my way served to soothe19 my morning speed, for the sod was full of blue gentians and daisies, kalmia and dwarf20 vaccinium, calling for recognition as old friends, and I had to stop many times to examine the shining rocks over which the ancient glacier had passed with tremendous pressure, polishing them so well that they reflected the sunlight like glass in some places, while fine striæ, seen clearly through a lens, indicated the direction in which the ice had flowed. On some of[Pg 216] the sloping polished pavements abrupt21 steps occur, showing that occasionally large masses of the rock had given way before the glacial pressure, as well as small particles; moraines, too, some scattered22, others regular like long curving embankments and dams, occur here and there, giving the general surface of the region a young, new-made appearance. I watched the gradual dwarfing23 of the pines as I ascended24, and the corresponding dwarfing of nearly all the rest of the vegetation. On the slopes of Mammoth25 Mountain, to the south of the pass, I saw many gaps in the woods reaching from the upper edge of the timber-line down to the level meadows, where avalanches27 of snow had descended28, sweeping29 away every tree in their paths as well as the soil they were growing in, leaving the bedrock bare. The trees are nearly all uprooted30, but a few that had been extremely well anchored in clefts31 of the rock were broken off near the ground. It seems strange at first sight that trees that had been allowed to grow for a century or more undisturbed should in their old age be thus swished away at a stroke. Such avalanches can only occur under rare conditions of weather and snowfall. No doubt on some positions of the mountain slopes the inclination32 and smoothness of the surface is[Pg 217] such that avalanches must occur every winter, or even after every heavy snowstorm, and of course no trees or even bushes can grow in their channels. I noticed a few clean-swept slopes of this kind. The uprooted trees that had grown in the pathway of what might be called “century avalanches” were piled in windrows, and tucked snugly33 against the wall-trees of the gaps, heads downward, excepting a few that were carried out into the open ground of the meadows, where the heads of the avalanches had stopped. Young pines, mostly the two-leaved and the white-barked, are already springing up in these cleared gaps. It would be interesting to ascertain34 the age of these saplings, for thus we should gain a fair approximation to the year that the great avalanches occurred. Perhaps most or all of them occurred the same winter. How glad I should be if free to pursue such studies!
Near the summit at the head of the pass I found a species of dwarf willow35 lying perfectly36 flat on the ground, making a nice, soft, silky gray carpet, not a single stem or branch more than three inches high; but the catkins, which are now nearly ripe, stand erect37 and make a close, nearly regular gray growth, being larger than all the rest of the plants. Some of these interesting dwarfs38 have only one catkin[Pg 218]—willow bushes reduced to their lowest terms. I found patches of dwarf vaccinium also forming smooth carpets, closely pressed to the ground or against the sides of stones, and covered with round pink flowers in lavish39 abundance as if they had fallen from the sky like hail. A little higher, almost at the very head of the pass, I found the blue arctic daisy and purple-flowered bryanthus, the mountain’s own darlings, gentle mountaineers face to face with the sky, kept safe and warm by a thousand miracles, seeming always the finer and purer the wilder and stormier their homes. The trees, tough and resiny, seem unable to go a step farther; but up and up, far above the tree-line, these tender plants climb, cheerily spreading their gray and pink carpets right up to the very edges of the snow-banks in deep hollows and shadows. Here, too, is the familiar robin40, tripping on the flowery lawns, bravely singing the same cheery song I first heard when a boy in Wisconsin newly arrived from old Scotland. In this fine company sauntering enchanted41, taking no heed42 of time, I at length entered the gate of the pass, and the huge rocks began to close around me in all their mysterious impressiveness. Just then I was startled by a lot of queer, hairy, muffled43 creatures coming shuffling44, shambling, wallow[Pg 219]ing toward me as if they had no bones in their bodies. Had I discovered them while they were yet a good way off, I should have tried to avoid them. What a picture they made contrasted with the others I had just been admiring. When I came up to them, I found that they were only a band of Indians from Mono on their way to Yosemite for a load of acorns45. They were wrapped in blankets made of the skins of sage46-rabbits. The dirt on some of the faces seemed almost old enough and thick enough to have a geological significance; some were strangely blurred47 and divided into sections by seams and wrinkles that looked like cleavage joints48, and had a worn abraded49 look as if they had lain exposed to the weather for ages. I tried to pass them without stopping, but they wouldn’t let me; forming a dismal50 circle about me, I was closely besieged51 while they begged whiskey or tobacco, and it was hard to convince them that I hadn’t any. How glad I was to get away from the gray, grim crowd and see them vanish down the trail! Yet it seems sad to feel such desperate repulsion from one’s fellow beings, however degraded. To prefer the society of squirrels and woodchucks to that of our own species must surely be unnatural53. So with a fresh breeze and a hill or mountain between us I[Pg 220] must wish them Godspeed and try to pray and sing with Burns, “It’s coming yet, for a’ that, that man to man, the warld o’er, shall brothers be for a’ that.”
How the day passed I hardly know. By the map I have come only about ten or twelve miles, though the sun is already low in the west, showing how long I must have lingered, observing, sketching54, taking notes among the glaciated rocks and moraines and Alpine55 flower-beds.
At sundown the somber56 crags and peaks were inspired with the ineffable57 beauty of the alpenglow, and a solemn, awful stillness hushed everything in the landscape. Then I crept into a hollow by the side of a small lake near the head of the cañon, smoothed a sheltered spot, and gathered a few pine tassels58 for a bed. After the short twilight59 began to fade I kindled60 a sunny fire, made a tin cupful of tea, and lay down to watch the stars. Soon the night-wind began to flow from the snowy peaks overhead, at first only a gentle breathing, then gaining strength, in less than an hour rumbled61 in massive volume something like a boisterous62 stream in a boulder-choked channel, roaring and moaning down the cañon as if the work it had to do was tremendously important and fateful; and mingled63 with these storm[Pg 221] tones were those of the waterfalls on the north side of the cañon, now sounding distinctly, now smothered64 by the heavier cataracts65 of air, making a glorious psalm66 of savage67 wildness. My fire squirmed and struggled as if ill at ease, for though in a sheltered nook, detached masses of icy wind often fell like icebergs68 on top of it, scattering69 sparks and coals, so that I had to keep well back to avoid being burned. But the big resiny roots and knots of the dwarf pine could neither be beaten out nor blown away, and the flames, now rushing up in long lances, now flattened70 and twisted on the rocky ground, roared as if trying to tell the storm stories of the trees they belonged to, as the light given out was telling the story of the sunshine they had gathered in centuries of summers.
The stars shone clear in the strip of sky between the huge dark cliffs; and as I lay recalling the lessons of the day, suddenly the full moon looked down over the cañon wall, her face apparently71 filled with eager concern, which had a startling effect, as if she had left her place in the sky and had come down to gaze on me alone, like a person entering one’s bedroom. It was hard to realize that she was in her place in the sky, and was looking abroad on half the globe, land and sea, mountains,[Pg 222] plains, lakes, rivers, oceans, ships, cities with their myriads72 of inhabitants sleeping and waking, sick and well. No, she seemed to be just on the rim52 of Bloody Cañon and looking only at me. This was indeed getting near to Nature. I remember watching the harvest moon rising above the oak trees in Wisconsin apparently as big as a cart-wheel and not farther than half a mile distant. With these exceptions I might say I never before had seen the moon, and this night she seemed so full of life and so near, the effect was marvelously impressive and made me forget the Indians, the great black rocks above me, and the wild uproar73 of the winds and waters making their way down the huge jagged gorge74. Of course I slept but little and gladly welcomed the dawn over the Mono Desert. By the time I had made a cupful of tea the sunbeams were pouring through the cañon, and I set forth75, gazing eagerly at the tremendous walls of red slates savagely76 hacked77 and scarred and apparently ready to fall in avalanches great enough to choke the pass and fill up the chain of lakelets. But soon its beauties came to view, and I bounded lightly from rock to rock, admiring the polished bosses shining in the slant78 sunshine with glorious effect in the general roughness of moraines and avalanche26 taluses, even toward[Pg 223] the head of the cañon near the highest fountains of the ice. Here, too, are most of the lowly plant people seen yesterday on the other side of the divide now opening their beautiful eyes. None could fail to glory in Nature’s tender care for them in so wild a place. The little ouzel is flitting from rock to rock along the rapid swirling79 Cañon Creek80, diving for breakfast in icy pools, and merrily singing as if the huge rugged81 avalanche-swept gorge was the most delightful82 of all its mountain homes. Besides a high fall on the north wall of the cañon, apparently coming direct from the sky, there are many narrow cascades84, bright silvery ribbons zigzagging85 down the red cliffs, tracing the diagonal cleavage joints of the metamorphic slates, now contracted and out of sight, now leaping from ledge86 to ledge in filmy sheets through which the sunbeams sift87. And on the main Cañon Creek, to which all these are tributary88, is a series of small falls, cascades, and rapids extending all the way down to the foot of the cañon, interrupted only by the lakes in which the tossed and beaten waters rest. One of the finest of the cascades is outspread on the face of a precipice89, its waters separated into ribbon-like strips, and woven into a diamond-like pattern by tracing the cleavage joints of the rock,[Pg 224] while tufts of bryanthus, grass, sedge, saxifrage form beautiful fringes. Who could imagine beauty so fine in so savage a place? Gardens are blooming in all sorts of nooks and hollows,—at the head alpine eriogonums, erigerons, saxifrages, gentians, cowania, bush primula; in the middle region larkspur, columbine, orthocarpus, castilleia, harebell, epilobium, violets, mints, yarrow; near the foot sunflowers, lilies, brier rose, iris9, lonicera, clematis.
One of the smallest of the cascades, which I name the Bower91 Cascade83, is in the lower region of the pass, where the vegetation is snowy and luxuriant. Wild rose and dogwood form dense92 masses overarching the stream, and out of this bower the creek, grown strong with many indashing tributaries93, leaps forth into the light, and descends94 in a fluted95 curve thick-sown with crisp flashing spray. At the foot of the cañon there is a lake formed in part at least by the damming of the stream by a terminal moraine. The three other lakes in the cañon are in basins eroded96 from the solid rock, where the pressure of the glacier was greatest, and the most resisting portions of the basin rims97 are beautifully, tellingly polished. Below Moraine Lake at the foot of the cañon there are several old lake-basins lying[Pg 225] between the large lateral98 moraines which extend out into the desert. These basins are now completely filled up by the material carried in by the streams, and changed to dry sandy flats covered mostly by grass and artemisia and sun-loving flowers. All these lower lake-basins were evidently formed by terminal moraine dams deposited where the receding99 glacier had lingered during short periods of less waste, or greater snowfall, or both.
Looking up the cañon from the warm sunny edge of the Mono plain my morning ramble3 seems a dream, so great is the change in the vegetation and climate. The lilies on the bank of Moraine Lake are higher than my head, and the sunshine is hot enough for palms. Yet the snow round the arctic gardens at the summit of the pass is plainly visible, only about four miles away, and between lie specimen100 zones of all the principal climates of the globe. In little more than an hour one may swoop11 down from winter to summer, from an Arctic to a torrid region, through as great changes of climate as one would encounter in traveling from Labrador to Florida.
The Indians I had met near the head of the cañon had camped at the foot of it the night before they made the ascent101, and I found their fire still smoking on the side of a small tributary[Pg 226] stream near Moraine Lake; and on the edge of what is called the Mono Desert, four or five miles from the lake, I came to a patch of elymus, or wild rye, growing in magnificent waving clumps102 six or eight feet high, bearing heads six to eight inches long. The crop was ripe, and Indian women were gathering103 the grain in baskets by bending down large handfuls, beating out the seed, and fanning it in the wind. The grains are about five eighths of an inch long, dark-colored and sweet. I fancy the bread made from it must be as good as wheat bread. A fine squirrelish employment this wild grain gathering seems, and the women were evidently enjoying it, laughing and chattering104 and looking almost natural, though most Indians I have seen are not a whit12 more natural in their lives than we civilized105 whites. Perhaps if I knew them better I should like them better. The worst thing about them is their uncleanliness. Nothing truly wild is unclean. Down on the shore of Mono Lake I saw a number of their flimsy huts on the banks of streams that dash swiftly into that dead sea,—mere brush tents where they lie and eat at their ease. Some of the men were feasting on buffalo106 berries, lying beneath the tall bushes now red with fruit. The berries are rather insipid107, but they must needs be wholesome108, since for days and weeks the In[Pg 227]dians, it is said, eat nothing else. In the season they in like manner depend chiefly on the fat larvæ of a fly that breeds in the salt water of the lake, or on the big fat corrugated109 caterpillars110 of a species of silkworm that feeds on the leaves of the yellow pine. Occasionally a grand rabbit-drive is organized and hundreds are slain111 with clubs on the lake shore, chased and frightened into a dense crowd by dogs, boys, girls, men and women, and rings of sage brush fire, when of course they are quickly killed. The skins are made into blankets. In the autumn the more enterprising of the hunters bring in a good many deer, and rarely a wild sheep from the high peaks. Antelopes112 used to be abundant on the desert at the base of the interior mountain-ranges. Sage hens, grouse113, and squirrels help to vary their wild diet of worms; pine nuts also from the small interesting Pinus monophylla, and good bread and good mush are made from acorns and wild rye. Strange to say, they seem to like the lake larvæ best of all. Long windrows are washed up on the shore, which they gather and dry like grain for winter use. It is said that wars, on account of encroachments on each other’s worm-grounds, are of common occurrence among the various tribes and families. Each claims a certain marked portion of the shore.[Pg 228] The pine nuts are delicious—large quantities are gathered every autumn. The tribes of the west flank of the range trade acorns for worms and pine nuts. The squaws carry immense loads on their backs across the rough passes and down the range, making journeys of about forty or fifty miles each way.
The desert around the lake is surprisingly flowery. In many places among the sage bushes I saw mentzelia, abronia, aster114, bigelovia, and gilia, all of which seemed to enjoy the hot sunshine. The abronia, in particular, is a delicate, fragrant115, and most charming plant.
Opposite the mouth of the cañon a range of volcanic116 cones117 extends southward from the lake, rising abruptly118 out of the desert like a chain of mountains. The largest of the cones are about twenty-five hundred feet high above the lake level, have well-formed craters119, and all of them are evidently comparatively recent additions to the landscape. At a distance of a few miles they look like heaps of loose ashes that have never been blest by either rain or snow, but, for a’ that and a’ that, yellow pines are climbing their gray slopes, trying to clothe them and give beauty for ashes. A country of wonderful contrasts. Hot deserts bounded by snow-laden mountains,—cinders and ashes scattered on glacier-polished pavements,[Pg 229]—frost and fire working together in the making of beauty. In the lake are several volcanic islands, which show that the waters were once mingled with fire.
Glad to get back to the green side of the mountains, though I have greatly enjoyed the gray east side and hope to see more of it. Reading these grand mountain manuscripts displayed through every vicissitude120 of heat and cold, calm and storm, upheaving volcanoes and down-grinding glaciers121, we see that everything in Nature called destruction must be creation—a change from beauty to beauty.
Our glacier meadow camp north of the Soda122 Springs seems more beautiful every day. The grass covers all the ground though the leaves are thread-like in fineness, and in walking on the sod it seems like a plush carpet of marvelous richness and softness, and the purple panicles brushing against one’s feet are not felt. This is a typical glacier meadow, occupying the basin of a vanished lake, very definitely bounded by walls of the arrowy two-leaved pines drawn123 up in a handsome orderly array like soldiers on parade. There are many other meadows of the same kind hereabouts imbedded in the woods. The main big meadows along the river are the same in general and extend with but little interruption for ten or[Pg 230] twelve miles, but none I have seen are so finely finished and perfect as this one. It is richer in flowering plants than the prairies of Wisconsin and Illinois were when in all their wild glory. The showy flowers are mostly three species of gentian, a purple and yellow orthocarpus, a golden-rod or two, a small blue pentstemon almost like a gentian, potentilla, ivesia, pedicularis, white violet, kalmia, and bryanthus. There are no coarse weedy plants. Through this flowery lawn flows a stream silently gliding124, swirling, slipping as if careful not to make the slightest noise. It is only about three feet wide in most places, widening here and there into pools six or eight feet in diameter with no apparent current, the banks bossily125 rounded by the down-curving mossy sod, grass panicles over-leaning like miniature pine trees, and rugs of bryanthus spreading here and there over sunken boulders. At the foot of the meadow the stream, rich with the juices of the plants it has refreshed, sings merrily down over shelving rock ledges126 on its way to the Tuolumne River. The sublime127, massive Mount Dana and its companions, green, red, and white, loom90 impressively above the pines along the eastern horizon; a range or spur of gray rugged granite128 crags and mountains on the north; the curiously129 crested130 and battlemented Mount Hoffman on the west;[Pg 231] and the Cathedral Range on the south with its grand Cathedral Peak, Cathedral Spires131, Unicorn132 Peak, and several others, gray and pointed133 or massively rounded.
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1
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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ramble
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| v.漫步，漫谈，漫游；n.漫步，闲谈，蔓延 | |
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rambles
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| （无目的地）漫游( ramble的第三人称单数 )； （喻）漫谈； 扯淡； 长篇大论 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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iris
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| n.虹膜，彩虹 | |
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swoops
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| 猛扑，突然下降( swoop的名词复数 ) | |
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swoop
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| n.俯冲，攫取；v.抓取，突然袭击 | |
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whit
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| n.一点，丝毫 | |
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slates
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| （旧时学生用以写字的）石板( slate的名词复数 )； 板岩； 石板瓦； 石板色 | |
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abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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shuffle
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| n.拖著脚走，洗纸牌；v.拖曳，慢吞吞地走 | |
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boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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revel
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| vi.狂欢作乐，陶醉；n.作乐，狂欢 | |
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glacier
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| n.冰川，冰河 | |
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soothe
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| v.安慰；使平静；使减轻；缓和；奉承 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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dwarfing
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| n.矮化病 | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mammoth
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| n.长毛象；adj.长毛象似的，巨大的 | |
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avalanche
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| n.雪崩，大量涌来 | |
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avalanches
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| n.雪崩( avalanche的名词复数 ) | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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uprooted
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| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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clefts
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| n.裂缝( cleft的名词复数 )；裂口；cleave的过去式和过去分词；进退维谷 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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snugly
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| adv.紧贴地；贴身地；暖和舒适地；安适地 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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dwarfs
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| n.侏儒，矮子（dwarf的复数形式）vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的第三人称单数形式） | |
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39
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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40
robin
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| n.知更鸟，红襟鸟 | |
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41
enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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42
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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43
muffled
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| adj.（声音）被隔的；听不太清的；（衣服）裹严的；蒙住的v.压抑，捂住( muffle的过去式和过去分词 )；用厚厚的衣帽包着（自己） | |
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44
shuffling
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| adj. 慢慢移动的, 滑移的 动词shuffle的现在分词形式 | |
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45
acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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46
sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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47
blurred
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| v.（使）变模糊( blur的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）难以区分；模模糊糊；迷离 | |
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48
joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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49
abraded
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| adj.[医]刮擦的v.刮擦( abrade的过去式和过去分词 )；（在精神方面）折磨（人）；消磨（意志、精神等）；使精疲力尽 | |
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50
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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51
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
rim
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| n.(圆物的)边，轮缘；边界 | |
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53
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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54
sketching
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| n.草图 | |
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55
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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56
somber
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| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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57
ineffable
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| adj.无法表达的，不可言喻的 | |
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58
tassels
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| n.穗( tassel的名词复数 )；流苏状物；（植物的）穗；玉蜀黍的穗状雄花v.抽穗， （玉米）长穗须( tassel的第三人称单数 )；使抽穗， （为了使作物茁壮生长）摘去穗状雄花；用流苏装饰 | |
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59
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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60
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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61
rumbled
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| 发出隆隆声，发出辘辘声( rumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 轰鸣着缓慢行进； 发现…的真相； 看穿（阴谋） | |
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62
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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63
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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64
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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65
cataracts
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| n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障 | |
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66
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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67
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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68
icebergs
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| n.冰山，流冰( iceberg的名词复数 ) | |
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69
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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70
flattened
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| [医]（水）平扁的，弄平的 | |
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71
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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72
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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73
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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74
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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75
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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76
savagely
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| adv. 野蛮地，残酷地 | |
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77
hacked
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| 生气 | |
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78
slant
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| v.倾斜，倾向性地编写或报道；n.斜面，倾向 | |
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79
swirling
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| v.旋转，打旋( swirl的现在分词 ) | |
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80
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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81
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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82
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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83
cascade
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| n.小瀑布，喷流；层叠；vi.成瀑布落下 | |
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84
cascades
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| 倾泻( cascade的名词复数 )； 小瀑布（尤指一连串瀑布中的一支）； 瀑布状物； 倾泻（或涌出）的东西 | |
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85
zigzagging
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| v.弯弯曲曲地走路，曲折地前进( zigzag的现在分词 )；盘陀 | |
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86
ledge
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| n.壁架，架状突出物；岩架，岩礁 | |
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87
sift
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| v.筛撒，纷落，详察 | |
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88
tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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precipice
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| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
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90
loom
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| n.织布机，织机；v.隐现，(危险、忧虑等)迫近 | |
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91
bower
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| n.凉亭，树荫下凉快之处；闺房；v.荫蔽 | |
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92
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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93
tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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94
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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95
fluted
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| a.有凹槽的 | |
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96
eroded
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| adj. 被侵蚀的，有蚀痕的 动词erode的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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97
rims
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| n.（圆形物体的）边( rim的名词复数 )；缘；轮辋；轮圈 | |
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98
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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99
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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100
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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101
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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102
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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103
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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104
chattering
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| n. （机器振动发出的）咔嗒声，(鸟等)鸣，啁啾 adj. 喋喋不休的，啾啾声的 动词chatter的现在分词形式 | |
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105
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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106
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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107
insipid
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| adj.无味的，枯燥乏味的，单调的 | |
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108
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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109
corrugated
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| adj.波纹的；缩成皱纹的；波纹面的；波纹状的v.（使某物）起皱褶(corrugate的过去式和过去分词) | |
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110
caterpillars
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| n.毛虫( caterpillar的名词复数 )；履带 | |
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111
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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112
antelopes
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| 羚羊( antelope的名词复数 )； 羚羊皮革 | |
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113
grouse
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| n.松鸡；v.牢骚，诉苦 | |
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114
aster
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| n.紫菀属植物 | |
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115
fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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116
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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117
cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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118
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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119
craters
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| n.火山口( crater的名词复数 )；弹坑等 | |
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120
vicissitude
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| n.变化，变迁，荣枯，盛衰 | |
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121
glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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122
soda
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| n.苏打水；汽水 | |
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123
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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124
gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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125
bossily
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| 黄铜地，似黄铜地，低廉而华丽地 | |
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126
ledges
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| n.（墙壁，悬崖等）突出的狭长部分( ledge的名词复数 )；（平窄的）壁架；横档；（尤指）窗台 | |
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127
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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128
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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129
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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130
crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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131
spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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132
unicorn
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| n.(传说中的)独角兽 | |
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133
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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