Part 5 Book 2 Chapter 1 The Land Impoverished by the Sea

Paris casts twenty-five millions yearly into the water. And this without metaphor¹. How, and in what manner? Day and night. With what object? With no object. With what intention? With no intention. Why? For no reason. By means of what organ? By means of its intestine². What is its intestine? The sewer³.

Twenty-five millions is the most moderate approximative figure which the valuations of special science have set upon it.

Science, after having long groped about, now knows that the most fecundating and the most efficacious of fertilizers is human manure⁴. The Chinese, let us confess it to our shame, knew it before us. Not a Chinese peasant--it is Eckberg who says this,--goes to town without bringing back with him, at the two extremities⁵ of his bamboo pole, two full buckets of what we designate as filth⁶. Thanks to human dung, the earth in China is still as young as in the days of Abraham. Chinese wheat yields a hundred fold of the seed. There is no guano comparable in fertility with the detritus⁷ of a capital. A great city is the most mighty⁸ of dung-makers. Certain success would attend the experiment of employing the city to manure the plain. If our gold is manure, our manure, on the other hand, is gold.

What is done with this golden manure? It is swept into the abyss.

Fleets of vessels⁹ are despatched, at great expense, to collect the dung of petrels and penguins¹⁰ at the South Pole, and the incalculable element of opulence¹¹ which we have on hand, we send to the sea. All the human and animal manure which the world wastes, restored to the land instead of being cast into the water, would suffice to nourish the world.

Those heaps of filth at the gate-posts, those tumbrils of mud which jolt¹² through the street by night, those terrible casks of the street department, those fetid drippings of subterranean¹³ mire¹⁴, which the pavements hide from you,--do you know what they are? They are the meadow in flower, the green grass, wild thyme, thyme and sage¹⁵, they are game, they are cattle, they are the satisfied bellows¹⁶ of great oxen in the evening, they are perfumed hay, they are golden wheat, they are the bread on your table, they are the warm blood in your veins¹⁷, they are health, they are joy, they are life. This is the will of that mysterious creation which is transformation¹⁸ on earth and transfiguration in heaven.

Restore this to the great crucible¹⁹; your abundance will flow forth²⁰ from it. The nutrition of the plains furnishes the nourishment²¹ of men.

You have it in your power to lose this wealth, and to consider me ridiculous to boot. This will form the master-piece of your ignorance.

Statisticians have calculated that France alone makes a deposit of half a milliard every year, in the Atlantic, through the mouths of her rivers. Note this: with five hundred millions we could pay one quarter of the expenses of our budget. The cleverness of man is such that he prefers to get rid of these five hundred millions in the gutter²². It is the very substance of the people that is carried off, here drop by drop, there wave after wave, the wretched outpour of our sewers²³ into the rivers, and the gigantic collection of our rivers into the ocean. Every hiccough of our sewers costs us a thousand francs. From this spring two results, the land impoverished²⁴, and the water tainted²⁵. Hunger arising from the furrow²⁶, and disease from the stream.

It is notorious, for example, that at the present hour, the Thames is poisoning London.

So far as Paris is concerned, it has become indispensable of late, to transport the mouths of the sewers down stream, below the last bridge.

A double tubular apparatus²⁷, provided with valves and sluices²⁸, sucking up and driving back, a system of elementary drainage, simple as the lungs of a man, and which is already in full working order in many communities in England, would suffice to conduct the pure water of the fields into our cities, and to send back to the fields the rich water of the cities, and this easy exchange, the simplest in the world, would retain among us the five hundred millions now thrown away. People are thinking of other things.

The process actually in use does evil, with the intention of doing good. The intention is good, the result is melancholy²⁹. Thinking to purge³⁰ the city, the population is blanched³¹ like plants raised in cellars. A sewer is a mistake. When drainage, everywhere, with its double function, restoring what it takes, shall have replaced the sewer, which is a simple impoverishing³² washing, then, this being combined with the data of a now social economy, the product of the earth will be increased tenfold, and the problem of misery³³ will be singularly lightened. Add the suppression of parasitism³⁴, and it will be solved.

In the meanwhile, the public wealth flows away to the river, and leakage³⁵ takes place. Leakage is the word. Europe is being ruined in this manner by exhaustion³⁶.

As for France, we have just cited its figures. Now, Paris contains one twenty-fifth of the total population of France, and Parisian guano being the richest of all, we understate the truth when we value the loss on the part of Paris at twenty-five millions in the half milliard which France annually³⁷ rejects. These twenty-five millions, employed in assistance and enjoyment³⁸, would double the splendor³⁹ of Paris. The city spends them in sewers. So that we may say that Paris's great prodigality⁴⁰, its wonderful festival, its Beaujon folly⁴¹, its orgy, its stream of gold from full hands, its pomp, its luxury, its magnificence, is its sewer system.

It is in this manner that, in the blindness of a poor political economy, we drown and allow to float down stream and to be lost in the gulfs the well-being⁴² of all. There should be nets at Saint-Cloud for the public fortune.

Economically considered, the matter can be summed up thus: Paris is a spendthrift. Paris, that model city, that patron of well-arranged capitals, of which every nation strives to possess a copy, that metropolis⁴³ of the ideal, that august country of the initiative, of impulse and of effort, that centre and that dwelling⁴⁴ of minds, that nation-city, that hive of the future, that marvellous combination of Babylon and Corinth, would make a peasant of the Fo-Kian shrug⁴⁵ his shoulders, from the point of view which we have just indicated.

Imitate Paris and you will ruin yourselves.

Moreover, and particularly in this immemorial and senseless waste, Paris is itself an imitator.

These surprising exhibitions of stupidity are not novel; this is no young folly. The ancients did like the moderns. "The sewers of Rome," says Liebig, "have absorbed all the well-being of the Roman peasant." When the Campagna of Rome was ruined by the Roman sewer, Rome exhausted⁴⁶ Italy, and when she had put Italy in her sewer, she poured in Sicily, then Sardinia, then Africa. The sewer of Rome has engulfed⁴⁷ the world. This cess-pool offered its engulfment⁴⁸ to the city and the universe. Urbi et orbi. Eternal city, unfathomable sewer.

Rome sets the example for these things as well as for others.

Paris follows this example with all the stupidity peculiar⁴⁹ to intelligent towns.

For the requirements of the operation upon the subject of which we have just explained our views, Paris has beneath it another Paris; a Paris of sewers; which has its streets, its cross-roads, its squares, its blind-alleys, its arteries⁵⁰, and its circulation, which is of mire and minus the human form.

For nothing must be flattered, not even a great people; where there is everything there is also ignominy by the side of sublimity⁵¹; and, if Paris contains Athens, the city of light, Tyre, the city of might, Sparta, the city of virtue⁵², Nineveh, the city of marvels,it also contains Lutetia,the city of mud.

However, the stamp of its power is there also, and the Titanic⁵³ sink of Paris realizes, among monuments, that strange ideal realized in humanity by some men like Macchiavelli, Bacon and Mirabeau, grandiose⁵⁴ vileness⁵⁵.

The sub-soil of Paris, if the eye could penetrate⁵⁶ its surface, would present the aspect of a colossal⁵⁷ madrepore. A sponge has no more partitions and ducts than the mound⁵⁸ of earth for a circuit of six leagues round about, on which rests the great and ancient city. Not to mention its catacombs, which are a separate cellar, not to mention the inextricable trellis-work of gas pipes, without reckoning the vast tubular system for the distribution of fresh water which ends in the pillar fountains, the sewers alone form a tremendous, shadowy net-work under the two banks; a labyrinth⁵⁹ which has its slope for its guiding thread.

There appears, in the humid mist, the rat which seems the product to which Paris has given birth.

巴黎一年要把二千五百万法郎抛入海洋。

这并非修辞方面的隐喻。怎样抛，又以什么方式？日以继夜。为了什么目的？毫无目的。用意何在？从未考虑过。为什么要这样做？什么也不为。通过什么器官？通过它的肠子。

它的肠子是什么？那就是它的下水道。

二千五百万是从专业角度估计出来的最低约数。

经过长期的摸索，科学今日已经知道肥效最高的肥料就是人肥。中国人，说来令人惭愧，比我们知道得早。没有一个中国农民棗这是埃格勃说的棗进城不用竹子扁担挑两桶满满的我们称之为污物的东西回去。多亏人肥，中国的土地仍和亚伯拉罕①时代那样富于活力。中国小麦的收成，一粒种子能收获一百二十倍的麦子。任何鸟粪都没有首都的垃圾肥效高。一个大城市有着肥效极高的粪肥。利用城市来对田野施肥，这肯定会成功的。如果说我们的黄金是粪尿，反之，我们的粪尿就是黄金。

①亚伯拉罕（Abraham），希伯来民族之始祖。

我们的这些黄金粪尿是如何处理的呢？我们把它倒在深渊中。

我们花了大量开支，派船队到南极去收集海燕和企鹅的粪，而手边不可估量的致富因素却流入海洋。全世界损失的人兽肥，如归还土地而不抛入水中，就足够使全世界丰衣足食了。

这些墙拐角处的垃圾堆，半夜在路上颠簸的一车车淤泥，使人厌恶的清道夫的载运车，铺路石遮盖的在地下流动着的臭污泥，你可知道这是什么？这是鲜花盛开的牧场，是碧绿的草地，是薄荷草，是百里香，是鼠尾草，是野味，是家畜，是大群雄牛晚上知足的哞哞声，是喷香的干草，是金黄的麦穗，是你们桌上的面包，是你们血管中的血液，是健康，是快乐，是生命。神秘的造物主就是要使地上变化无穷，天上改观变形。

把这些归还给大熔炉，您将从中得到丰收，平原得到的营养会变为人类的食物。

你们可以抛弃这些财富，并且还觉得我很可笑。这是你们愚昧无知的十足表现。

根据统计学的计算，仅法国一国每年就从它的河流倾入大西洋五亿法郎。请注意，用这五亿法郎我们就可以支付国家预算开支的四分之一。可是人竟如此高明，宁愿将这五亿扔进河沟里。让我们的阴沟一滴一滴地注入河流，并让河流大量向大海倾泻的，是人民的养分。阴沟每打一个噎，就耗费一千法郎。这就产生两个结果：土壤贫瘠，河流被污染。饥馑来自田畦，疾病来自河流。

例如，尽人皆知，现在泰晤士河使伦敦中毒。

至于巴黎，最近只得把绝大多数的阴渠出口改到下游最后一座桥的下方。

一种双管设备，设有活门和放水闸门，引水进来又排泄出去。一个极简单的排水法，简单得就象人的肺，在英国好几个地区已大量采用，已把田野的清流引进城市并把城市的肥水输入田野。这种世上最简单的一来一去，可以保住扔掉的五亿法郎，然而人们想的是别的事。

目前的做法是想办好事却干了坏事。动机是好的，但后果却很糟。他们以为在使城市清洁，其实他们在使人民憔悴，阴渠使用不合理。一旦这种只洗涤而伤元气的阴渠都换成了有两种功能的、吸受后又归还的排水系统，再配上一套新的社会经济体系，那么地里的产物就可以增长十倍，穷困问题将大大缓和。加上又消灭了各类寄生虫，问题将会得到解决。

目前，公共的财富流进河里。漏损接连不断。漏损这字眼很恰当，就这样，欧洲因这一消耗而破产。

至于法国，我们刚才已提到过它的数字，现在巴黎占全国人口的二十五分之一，而巴黎的粪沟是所有阴沟中最富的，所以在法国，每年抛弃的五亿中估计巴黎损失二千五百万还是一个低于实际的数字。这二千五百万如用在救济和享受方面，可以使巴黎更加繁华，但这个城市却把它花在下水道里。因此我们可以这样说，巴黎最大的挥霍，它奇妙的节日，波戎区的狂欢，它的盛宴，它的挥金如土，它的豪华，它的奢侈，它的华丽，就是它的阴渠。

由于这样，一个盲目而又拙劣的政治经济学使公众的福利丧失，付之流水，使它沉没在深渊中。对于公众的财富，应该用上圣克鲁的网①才是。

从经济方面来说，这事可以作这样的总结：巴黎是一个漏筐。

巴黎，这个模范城市，一切有水平的首都的典范，每个民族都试图仿效它，这个理想的首都，这个创举、推进试验的雄伟策源地，这个精神的中心，这个城市之国，这个创造未来的场所，这个集巴比伦和科林斯之大成者，在我们所指出的方面，却要使一个福建的农民耸肩讥笑。

仿效巴黎，就会使你破产。

此外，尤其是在这远得无法追忆而又缺乏理智的挥霍方面，巴黎本身也是仿效别人的。

这些令人惊异的无能不是新鲜事！这不只是近代产生的愚昧行为。古人和今人的作法相同。李比希②曾说：“罗马的下水道吞没了罗马农民的福利。”当罗马的农村被罗马的阴沟毁灭之后，罗马又使意大利疲惫。它把意大利扔进阴沟里之后，它又把西西里扔进去，然后又扔进了撒丁和非洲。罗马的阴沟把全世界卷了进去，这个下水道淹没了全市和全球。罗马城势遍天下③。这是座不朽之城，无底的坑。

①圣克鲁（Saint－Cloud），法国塞纳河畔的要塞，在该处河中置网，用以拦截河中各种漂流物。

②李比希（Liebig，1803-1873），德国化学家。

③罗马城势遍天下，原文为拉丁文urbietorbi。　

对这些事和对其他事一样，罗马起到了首创作用。

巴黎，以一切文化城市固有的傻劲，仿效这块样板。

由于我们刚才解释的工序的需要，巴黎在它下面另有一个巴黎，一个阴沟的巴黎，它有它的道路、它的十字路、它的广场、它的死胡同、它的动脉以及污泥的循环，只是缺少人形而已。

因为，什么也不要恭维，也不能恭维，这里应有尽有，有壮丽卓绝的一面，也有不光彩的一面；如果巴黎具有雅典城的光明，提尔①城的实力，斯巴达城的道义，尼尼微城的英才，但它也有着吕代斯②的污泥。

何况，它的力量的印验也表现在这里，巴黎巨大的肮脏沟道，在所有的大建筑中，这一奇特典型被人类中几个人物所体现，如马基雅弗利、培根③和米拉波，都是可耻的伟大。

①提尔（Tyr），古代腓尼基城市，在地中海东岸。

②吕代斯（Lutèce），巴黎古名。

③培根（Bacon，1561-1626），英国哲学家，英国唯物主义的创始人，自然科学家和历史学家。

如果视线能透过路面，巴黎的地下会呈现出一个巨大的石珊瑚形状，海绵孔也不会比这块上面矗立着伟大古城的、周围有着六法里长的土块下面的狭径和管道更多，还不包括地下墓窟棗这是另一种地窖，还不包括错杂的煤气管，还不算庞大的一直通到取水龙头的饮用水管道系统，单单阴渠本身在河的两岸下面就形成了一个黑暗的网道，斜坡就是这座迷宫的引路线。

这儿，在潮湿的烟雾中，出现了大老鼠，就象巴黎分娩出来的一样。

1 metaphor   

n.隐喻，暗喻

参考例句：

• Using metaphor,we say that computers have senses and a memory.打个比方，我们可以说计算机有感觉和记忆力。
• In poetry the rose is often a metaphor for love.玫瑰在诗中通常作为爱的象征。

2 intestine   

adj.内部的；国内的；n.肠

参考例句：

• This vitamin is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine.这种维生素通过小肠壁被吸收。
• The service productivity is the function,including external efficiency,intestine efficiency and capacity efficiency.服务业的生产率是一个包含有外部效率、内部效率和能力效率的函数。

3 sewer   

n.排水沟，下水道

参考例句：

• They are tearing up the street to repair a sewer. 他们正挖开马路修下水道。
• The boy kicked a stone into the sewer. 那个男孩把一石子踢进了下水道。

4 manure   

n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥

参考例句：

• The farmers were distributing manure over the field.农民们正在田间施肥。
• The farmers used manure to keep up the fertility of their land.农夫们用粪保持其土质的肥沃。

5 extremities   

n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地

参考例句：

• She was most noticeable, I thought, in respect of her extremities. 我觉得她那副穷极可怜的样子实在太惹人注目。 来自辞典例句
• Winters may be quite cool at the northwestern extremities. 西北边区的冬天也可能会相当凉。 来自辞典例句

6 filth   

n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥

参考例句：

• I don't know how you can read such filth.我不明白你怎么会去读这种淫秽下流的东西。
• The dialogue was all filth and innuendo.这段对话全是下流的言辞和影射。

7 detritus   

n.碎石

参考例句：

• Detritus usually consists of gravel, sand and clay.岩屑通常是由砂砾，沙和粘土组成的。
• A channel is no sooner cut than it chokes in its own detritus.一个河道刚被切割了不久，很快又被它自己的碎屑物质所充塞。

8 mighty   

adj.强有力的；巨大的

参考例句：

• A mighty force was about to break loose.一股巨大的力量即将迸发而出。
• The mighty iceberg came into view.巨大的冰山出现在眼前。

9 vessels   

n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人

参考例句：

• The river is navigable by vessels of up to 90 tons. 90 吨以下的船只可以从这条河通过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• All modern vessels of any size are fitted with radar installations. 所有现代化船只都有雷达装置。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

10 penguins   

n.企鹅( penguin的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Why can penguins live in cold environment? 为什么企鹅能生活在寒冷的环境中？ 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Whales, seals, penguins, and turtles have flippers. 鲸、海豹，企鹅和海龟均有鳍形肢。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

11 opulence   

n.财富，富裕

参考例句：

• His eyes had never beheld such opulence.他从未见过这样的财富。
• He owes his opulence to work hard.他的财富乃辛勤工作得来。

12 jolt   

v.（使）摇动，（使）震动，（使）颠簸

参考例句：

• We were worried that one tiny jolt could worsen her injuries.我们担心稍微颠簸一下就可能会使她的伤势恶化。
• They were working frantically in the fear that an aftershock would jolt the house again.他们拼命地干着，担心余震可能会使房子再次受到震动。

13 subterranean   

adj.地下的，地表下的

参考例句：

• London has 9 miles of such subterranean passages.伦敦像这样的地下通道有9英里长。
• We wandered through subterranean passages.我们漫游地下通道。

14 mire   

n.泥沼，泥泞；v.使...陷于泥泞，使...陷入困境

参考例句：

• I don't want my son's good name dragged through the mire.我不想使我儿子的名誉扫地。
• He has rescued me from the mire of misery.他把我从苦海里救了出来。

15 sage   

n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的

参考例句：

• I was grateful for the old man's sage advice.我很感激那位老人贤明的忠告。
• The sage is the instructor of a hundred ages.这位哲人是百代之师。

16 bellows   

n.风箱；发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的名词复数 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的第三人称单数 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫

参考例句：

• His job is to blow the bellows for the blacksmith. 他的工作是给铁匠拉风箱。 来自辞典例句
• You could, I suppose, compare me to a blacksmith's bellows. 我想，你可能把我比作铁匠的风箱。 来自辞典例句

17 veins   

n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理

参考例句：

• The blood flows from the capillaries back into the veins. 血从毛细血管流回静脉。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• I felt a pleasant glow in all my veins from the wine. 喝过酒后我浑身的血都热烘烘的，感到很舒服。 来自《简明英汉词典》

18 transformation   

n.变化；改造；转变

参考例句：

• Going to college brought about a dramatic transformation in her outlook.上大学使她的观念发生了巨大的变化。
• He was struggling to make the transformation from single man to responsible husband.他正在努力使自己由单身汉变为可靠的丈夫。

19 crucible   

n.坩锅，严酷的考验

参考例句：

• The alliance had been forged in the crucible of war.这个联盟经受了战争的严峻考验。
• Put the required amount of metal into the crucible.把适量的金属放入坩埚。

20 forth   

adv.向前；向外，往外

参考例句：

• The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。
• He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品。

21 nourishment   

n.食物，营养品；营养情况

参考例句：

• Lack of proper nourishment reduces their power to resist disease.营养不良降低了他们抵抗疾病的能力。
• He ventured that plants draw part of their nourishment from the air.他大胆提出植物从空气中吸收部分养分的观点。

22 gutter   

n.沟，街沟，水槽，檐槽，贫民窟

参考例句：

• There's a cigarette packet thrown into the gutter.阴沟里有个香烟盒。
• He picked her out of the gutter and made her a great lady.他使她脱离贫苦生活，并成为贵妇。

23 sewers   

n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The sewers discharge out at sea. 下水道的污水排入海里。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Another municipal waste problem is street runoff into storm sewers. 有关都市废水的另外一个问题是进入雨水沟的街道雨水。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法

24 impoverished   

adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化

参考例句：

• the impoverished areas of the city 这个城市的贫民区
• They were impoverished by a prolonged spell of unemployment. 他们因长期失业而一贫如洗。 来自《简明英汉词典》

25 tainted   

adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏

参考例句：

• The administration was tainted with scandal. 丑闻使得政府声名狼藉。
• He was considered tainted by association with the corrupt regime. 他因与腐败政府有牵连而名誉受损。 来自《简明英汉词典》

26 furrow   

n.沟；垄沟；轨迹；车辙；皱纹

参考例句：

• The tractor has make deep furrow in the loose sand.拖拉机在松软的沙土上留下了深深的车辙。
• Mei did not weep.She only bit her lips,and the furrow in her brow deepened.梅埋下头，她咬了咬嘴唇皮，额上的皱纹显得更深了。

27 apparatus   

n.装置，器械；器具，设备

参考例句：

• The school's audio apparatus includes films and records.学校的视听设备包括放映机和录音机。
• They had a very refined apparatus.他们有一套非常精良的设备。

28 sluices   

n.水闸( sluice的名词复数 )；（用水闸控制的）水；有闸人工水道；漂洗处v.冲洗( sluice的第三人称单数 )；（指水）喷涌而出；漂净；给…安装水闸

参考例句：

• Excess water will drain through sluices into the sea. 过剩的水将会通过水闸排放到海里去。 来自英语晨读30分（高二）
• The sluices had already been opened, and with every day the floods were spreading. 水闸已经打开，洪水逐日奔流。 来自辞典例句

29 melancholy   

n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的

参考例句：

• All at once he fell into a state of profound melancholy.他立即陷入无尽的忧思之中。
• He felt melancholy after he failed the exam.这次考试没通过，他感到很郁闷。

30 purge   

n.整肃，清除，泻药，净化；vt.净化，清除，摆脱；vi.清除，通便，腹泻，变得清洁

参考例句：

• The new president carried out a purge of disloyal army officers.新总统对不忠诚的军官进行了清洗。
• The mayoral candidate has promised to purge the police department.市长候选人答应清洗警察部门。

31 blanched   

v.使变白( blanch的过去式 )；使（植物）不见阳光而变白；酸洗（金属）使有光泽；用沸水烫（杏仁等）以便去皮

参考例句：

• The girl blanched with fear when she saw the bear coming. 那女孩见熊（向她）走来，吓得脸都白了。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
• Their faces blanched in terror. 他们的脸因恐惧而吓得发白。 来自《简明英汉词典》

32 impoverishing   

v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的现在分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化

参考例句：

• Slowly the wasters and despoilers are impoverishing our land. 浪费者和掠夺者们在慢慢地糟蹋着我们的土地。 来自辞典例句
• It enriches those who receive, without impoverishing those who give. 它使获得者蒙益，施予者也无损失。 来自互联网

33 misery   

n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦

参考例句：

• Business depression usually causes misery among the working class.商业不景气常使工薪阶层受苦。
• He has rescued me from the mire of misery.他把我从苦海里救了出来。

34 parasitism   

n.寄生状态，寄生病；寄生性

参考例句：

• Gastrointestinal parasitism is characterized gastroenteritis, unthriftiness and anemia. 胃肠道寄生虫病的特征是：胃肠炎，瘦弱和贫血。 来自辞典例句
• Many biologists think that sex, for example, is a response to parasitism. 比如说许多生物学家认为性就是对寄生病菌的一种反应。 来自互联网

35 leakage   

n.漏，泄漏；泄漏物；漏出量

参考例句：

• Large areas of land have been contaminated by the leakage from the nuclear reactor.大片地区都被核反应堆的泄漏物污染了。
• The continuing leakage is the result of the long crack in the pipe.这根管子上的那一条裂缝致使渗漏不断。

36 exhaustion   

n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述

参考例句：

• She slept the sleep of exhaustion.她因疲劳而酣睡。
• His exhaustion was obvious when he fell asleep standing.他站着睡着了，显然是太累了。

37 annually   

adv.一年一次，每年

参考例句：

• Many migratory birds visit this lake annually.许多候鸟每年到这个湖上作短期逗留。
• They celebrate their wedding anniversary annually.他们每年庆祝一番结婚纪念日。

38 enjoyment   

n.乐趣；享有；享用

参考例句：

• Your company adds to the enjoyment of our visit. 有您的陪同，我们这次访问更加愉快了。
• After each joke the old man cackled his enjoyment.每逢讲完一个笑话，这老人就呵呵笑着表示他的高兴。

39 splendor   

n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌

参考例句：

• Never in his life had he gazed on such splendor.他生平从没有见过如此辉煌壮丽的场面。
• All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。

40 prodigality   

n.浪费，挥霍

参考例句：

• Laughter is easier minute by minute, spilled with prodigality. 笑声每时每刻都变得越来越容易，毫无节制地倾泻出来。 来自辞典例句
• Laughter is easier minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. 笑声每时每刻都变得越来越容易，毫无节制地倾泻出来，只要一句笑话就会引起哄然大笑。 来自英汉文学 - 盖茨比

41 folly   

n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话

参考例句：

• Learn wisdom by the folly of others.从别人的愚蠢行动中学到智慧。
• Events proved the folly of such calculations.事情的进展证明了这种估计是愚蠢的。

42 well-being   

n.安康，安乐，幸福

参考例句：

• He always has the well-being of the masses at heart.他总是把群众的疾苦挂在心上。
• My concern for their well-being was misunderstood as interference.我关心他们的幸福，却被误解为多管闲事。

43 metropolis   

n.首府；大城市

参考例句：

• Shanghai is a metropolis in China.上海是中国的大都市。
• He was dazzled by the gaiety and splendour of the metropolis.大都市的花花世界使他感到眼花缭乱。

44 dwelling   

n.住宅，住所，寓所

参考例句：

• Those two men are dwelling with us.那两个人跟我们住在一起。
• He occupies a three-story dwelling place on the Park Street.他在派克街上有一幢3层楼的寓所。

45 shrug   

v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等)

参考例句：

• With a shrug,he went out of the room.他耸一下肩，走出了房间。
• I admire the way she is able to shrug off unfair criticism.我很佩服她能对错误的批评意见不予理会。

46 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

47 engulfed   

v.吞没，包住( engulf的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He was engulfed by a crowd of reporters. 他被一群记者团团围住。
• The little boat was engulfed by the waves. 小船被波浪吞没了。 来自《简明英汉词典》

48 engulfment   

[医]吞食，病毒固定

参考例句：

• The mutation of engulfment genes can change the process of apoptosis. 吞噬基因的突变可以改变凋亡细胞的进程。 来自互联网
• Results: QGCCD could improve engulfment capabliity of macrophage, tolerance time of anoxia and swim in mice. 结果：长春丹明显延长小鼠游泳时间及耐缺氧时间、高小鼠单核巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。 来自互联网

49 peculiar   

adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的

参考例句：

• He walks in a peculiar fashion.他走路的样子很奇特。
• He looked at me with a very peculiar expression.他用一种很奇怪的表情看着我。

50 arteries   

n.动脉( artery的名词复数 )；干线，要道

参考例句：

• Even grafting new blood vessels in place of the diseased coronary arteries has been tried. 甚至移植新血管代替不健康的冠状动脉的方法都已经试过。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• This is the place where the three main arteries of West London traffic met. 这就是伦敦西部三条主要交通干线的交汇处。 来自《简明英汉词典》

51 sublimity   

崇高，庄严，气质高尚

参考例句：

• It'suggests no crystal waters, no picturesque shores, no sublimity. 这决不会叫人联想到晶莹的清水，如画的两岸，雄壮的气势。
• Huckleberry was filled with admiration of Tom's facility in writing, and the sublimity of his language. 对汤姆流利的书写、响亮的内容，哈克贝利心悦诚服。

52 virtue   

n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力

参考例句：

• He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
• You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。

53 titanic   

adj.巨人的，庞大的，强大的

参考例句：

• We have been making titanic effort to achieve our purpose.我们一直在作极大的努力，以达到我们的目的。
• The island was created by titanic powers and they are still at work today.台湾岛是由一个至今仍然在运作的巨大力量塑造出来的。

54 grandiose   

adj.宏伟的，宏大的，堂皇的，铺张的

参考例句：

• His grandiose manner impressed those who met him for the first time.他那种夸大的举止给第一次遇见他的人留下了深刻的印象。
• As the fog vanished,a grandiose landscape unfolded before the tourists.雾气散去之后，一幅壮丽的景观展现在游客面前。

55 vileness   

n.讨厌，卑劣

参考例句：

• Separating out the vileness is impossible. 分离其中不良的部分是不可能的。 来自互联网
• The vileness of his language surprised us. 他言语的粗俗令我们吃惊。 来自互联网

56 penetrate   

v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解

参考例句：

• Western ideas penetrate slowly through the East.西方观念逐渐传入东方。
• The sunshine could not penetrate where the trees were thickest.阳光不能透入树木最浓密的地方。

57 colossal   

adj.异常的，庞大的

参考例句：

• There has been a colossal waste of public money.一直存在巨大的公款浪费。
• Some of the tall buildings in that city are colossal.那座城市里的一些高层建筑很庞大。

58 mound   

n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫

参考例句：

• The explorers climbed a mound to survey the land around them.勘探者爬上土丘去勘测周围的土地。
• The mound can be used as our screen.这个土丘可做我们的掩蔽物。

59 labyrinth   

n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路

参考例句：

• He wandered through the labyrinth of the alleyways.他在迷宫似的小巷中闲逛。
• The human mind is a labyrinth.人的心灵是一座迷宫。