And thou, great god of aquavitae!
Wha sways the empire of this city
(When fou we’re sometimes capernoity),
Be thou prepared,
To save us frae that black banditti,
The City Guard!
Fergusson’s Daft Days.
Captain John Porteous, a name memorable1 in the traditions of Edinburgh, as well as in the records of criminal jurisprudence, was the son of a citizen of Edinburgh, who endeavoured to breed him up to his own mechanical trade of a tailor. The youth, however, had a wild and irreclaimable propensity2 to dissipation, which finally sent him to serve in the corps3 long maintained in the service of the States of Holland, and called the Scotch4 Dutch. Here he learned military discipline; and, returning afterwards, in the course of an idle and wandering life, to his native city, his services were required by the magistrates5 of Edinburgh in the disturbed year 1715, for disciplining their City Guard, in which he shortly afterwards received a captain’s commission. It was only by his military skill and an alert and resolute6 character as an officer of police, that he merited this promotion7, for he is said to have been a man of profligate8 habits, an unnatural9 son, and a brutal10 husband. He was, however, useful in his station, and his harsh and fierce habits rendered him formidable to rioters or disturbers of the public peace.
The corps in which he held his command is, or perhaps we should rather say was, a body of about one hundred and twenty soldiers divided into three companies, and regularly armed, clothed, and embodied11. They were chiefly veterans who enlisted12 in this cogs, having the benefit of working at their trades when they were off duty. These men had the charge of preserving public order, repressing riots and street robberies, acting13, in short, as an armed police, and attending on all public occasions where confusion or popular disturbance14 might be expected.1
Poor Fergusson, whose irregularities sometimes led him into unpleasant rencontres with these military conservators of public order, and who mentions them so often that he may be termed their poet laureate,2 thus admonishes15 his readers, warned doubtless by his own experience:—
“Gude folk, as ye come frae the fair,
Bide16 yont frae this black squad17:
There’s nae sic savages18 elsewhere
Allowed to wear cockad.”
In fact, the soldiers of the City Guard, being, as we have said, in general discharged veterans, who had strength enough remaining for this municipal duty, and being, moreover, for the greater part, Highlanders, were neither by birth, education, nor former habits, trained to endure with much patience the insults of the rabble20, or the provoking petulance21 of truant22 schoolboys, and idle debauchees of all descriptions, with whom their occupation brought them into contact. On the contrary, the tempers of the poor old fellows were soured by the indignities23 with which the mob distinguished24 them on many occasions, and frequently might have required the soothing25 strains of the poet we have just quoted —
“O soldiers! for your ain dear sakes,
For Scotland’s love, the Land o’ Cakes,
Gie not her bairns sic deadly paiks,
Nor be sae rude,
Wi’ firelock or Lochaber-axe26,
As spill their bluid!”
On all occasions when a holiday licensed27 some riot and irregularity, a skirmish with these veterans was a favourite recreation with the rabble of Edinburgh. These pages may perhaps see the light when many have in fresh recollection such onsets28 as we allude29 to. But the venerable corps, with whom the contention30 was held, may now be considered as totally extinct. Of late the gradual diminution31 of these civic32 soldiers reminds one of the abatement33 of King Lear’s hundred knights34. The edicts of each succeeding set of magistrates have, like those of Goneril and Regan, diminished this venerable band with the similar question, “What need we five-and-twenty? — ten? — or five?” And it is now nearly come to, “What need one?” A spectre may indeed here and there still be seen, of an old grey-headed and grey-bearded Highlander19, with war-worn features, but bent35 double by age; dressed in an old fashioned cocked-hat, bound with white tape instead of silver lace; and in coat, waistcoat, and breeches, of a muddy-coloured red, bearing in his withered36 hand an ancient weapon, called a Lochaber-axe; a long pole, namely, with an axe at the extremity37, and a hook at the back of the hatchet38.3
Such a phantom39 of former days still creeps, I have been informed, round the statue of Charles the Second, in the Parliament Square, as if the image of a Stuart were the last refuge for any memorial of our ancient manners; and one or two others are supposed to glide40 around the door of the guardhouse assigned to them in the Luckenbooths, when their ancient refuge in the High Street was laid low.4
But the fate of manuscripts bequeathed to friends and executors is so uncertain, that the narrative41 containing these frail42 memorials of the old Town Guard of Edinburgh, who, with their grim and valiant43 corporal, John Dhu (the fiercest-looking fellow I ever saw), were, in my boyhood, the alternate terror and derision of the petulant44 brood of the High School, may, perhaps, only come to light when all memory of the institution has faded away, and then serve as an illustration of Kay’s caricatures, who has preserved the features of some of their heroes. In the preceding generation, when there was a perpetual alarm for the plots and activity of the Jacobites, some pains were taken by the magistrates of Edinburgh to keep this corps, though composed always of such materials as we have noticed, in a more effective state than was afterwards judged necessary, when their most dangerous service was to skirmish with the rabble on the king’s birthday. They were, therefore, more the objects of hatred45, and less that of scorn, than they were afterwards accounted.
To Captain John Porteous, the honour of his command and of his corps seems to have been a matter of high interest and importance. He was exceedingly incensed46 against Wilson for the affront47 which he construed48 him to have put upon his soldiers, in the effort he made for the liberation of his companion, and expressed himself most ardently49 on the subject. He was no less indignant at the report, that there was an intention to rescue Wilson himself from the gallows50, and uttered many threats and imprecations upon that subject, which were afterwards remembered to his disadvantage. In fact, if a good deal of determination and promptitude rendered Porteous, in one respect, fit to command guards designed to suppress popular commotion51, he seems, on the other, to have been disqualified for a charge so delicate, by a hot and surly temper, always too ready to come to blows and violence; a character void of principle; and a disposition52 to regard the rabble, who seldom failed to regale53 him and his soldiers with some marks of their displeasure, as declared enemies, upon whom it was natural and justifiable54 that he should seek opportunities of vengeance55. Being, however, the most active and trustworthy among the captains of the City Guard, he was the person to whom the magistrates confided56 the command of the soldiers appointed to keep the peace at the time of Wilson’s execution. He was ordered to guard the gallows and scaffold, with about eighty men, all the disposable force that could be spared for that duty.
But the magistrates took farther precautions, which affected58 Porteous’s pride very deeply. They requested the assistance of part of a regular infantry59 regiment60, not to attend upon the execution, but to remain drawn61 up on the principal street of the city, during the time that it went forward, in order to intimidate62 the multitude, in case they should be disposed to be unruly, with a display of force which could not be resisted without desperation. It may sound ridiculous in our ears, considering the fallen state of this ancient civic corps, that its officer should have felt punctiliously63 jealous of its honour. Yet so it was. Captain Porteous resented, as an indignity64, the introducing the Welsh Fusileers within the city, and drawing them up in the street where no drums but his own were allowed to be sounded without the special command or permission of the magistrates. As he could not show his ill-humour to his patrons the magistrates, it increased his indignation and his desire to be revenged on the unfortunate criminal Wilson, and all who favoured him. These internal emotions of jealousy65 and rage wrought66 a change on the man’s mien67 and bearing, visible to all who saw him on the fatal morning when Wilson was appointed to suffer. Porteous’s ordinary appearance was rather favourable68. He was about the middle size, stout69, and well made, having a military air, and yet rather a gentle and mild countenance70. His complexion71 was brown, his face somewhat fretted72 with the sears of the smallpox73, his eyes rather languid than keen or fierce. On the present occasion, however, it seemed to those who saw him as if he were agitated74 by some evil demon75. His step was irregular, his voice hollow and broken, his countenance pale, his eyes staring and wild, his speech imperfect and confused, and his whole appearance so disordered, that many remarked he seemed to be fey, a Scottish expression, meaning the state of those who are driven on to their impending76 fate by the strong impulse of some irresistible77 necessity.
One part of his conduct was truly diabolical78, if indeed it has not been exaggerated by the general prejudice entertained against his memory. When Wilson, the unhappy criminal, was delivered to him by the keeper of the prison, in order that he might be conducted to the place of execution, Porteous, not satisfied with the usual precautions to prevent escape, ordered him to be manacled. This might be justifiable from the character and bodily strength of the malefactor79, as well as from the apprehensions80 so generally entertained of an expected rescue. But the handcuffs which were produced being found too small for the wrists of a man so big-boned as Wilson, Porteous proceeded with his own hands, and by great exertion81 of strength, to force them till they clasped together, to the exquisite82 torture of the unhappy criminal. Wilson remonstrated83 against such barbarous usage, declaring that the pain distracted his thoughts from the subjects of meditation84 proper to his unhappy condition.
“It signifies little,” replied Captain Porteous; “your pain will soon be at an end.”
“Your cruelty is great,” answered the sufferer. “You know not how soon you yourself may have occasion to ask the mercy which you are now refusing to a fellow-creature. May God forgive you!”
These words, long afterwards quoted and remembered, were all that passed between Porteous and his prisoner; but as they took air, and became known to the people, they greatly increased the popular compassion85 for Wilson, and excited a proportionate degree of indignation against Porteous; against whom, as strict, and even violent in the discharge of his unpopular office, the common people had some real, and many imaginary causes of complaint.
When the painful procession was completed, and Wilson, with the escort, had arrived at the scaffold in the Grassmarket, there appeared no signs of that attempt to rescue him which had occasioned such precautions. The multitude, in general, looked on with deeper interest than at ordinary executions; and there might be seen, on the countenances86 of many, a stern and indignant expression, like that with which the ancient Cameronians might be supposed to witness the execution of their brethren, who glorified87 the Covenant88 on the same occasion, and at the same spot. But there was no attempt at violence. Wilson himself seemed disposed to hasten over the space that divided time from eternity89. The devotions proper and usual on such occasions were no sooner finished than he submitted to his fate, and the sentence of the law was fulfilled.
He had been suspended on the gibbet so long as to be totally deprived of life, when at once, as if occasioned by some newly received impulse, there arose a tumult90 among the multitude. Many stones were thrown at Porteous and his guards; some mischief91 was done; and the mob continued to press forward with whoops92, shrieks93, howls, and exclamations94. A young fellow, with a sailor’s cap slouched over his face, sprung on the scaffold, and cut the rope by which the criminal was suspended. Others approached to carry off the body, either to secure for it a decent grave, or to try, perhaps, some means of resuscitation95. Captain Porteous was wrought, by this appearance of insurrection against his authority, into a rage so headlong as made him forget, that, the sentence having been fully96 executed, it was his duty not to engage in hostilities97 with the misguided multitude, but to draw off his men as fast as possible. He sprung from the scaffold, snatched a musket98 from one of his soldiers, commanded the party to give fire, and, as several eye-witnesses concurred99 in swearing, set them the example, by discharging his piece, and shooting a man dead on the spot. Several soldiers obeyed his command or followed his example; six or seven persons were slain100, and a great many were hurt and wounded.
After this act of violence, the Captain proceeded to withdraw his men towards their guard-house in the High Street. The mob were not so much intimidated101 as incensed by what had been done. They pursued the soldiers with execrations, accompanied by volleys of stones. As they pressed on them, the rearmost soldiers turned, and again fired with fatal aim and execution. It is not accurately102 known whether Porteous commanded this second act of violence; but of course the odium of the whole transactions of the fatal day attached to him, and to him alone. He arrived at the guard-house, dismissed his soldiers, and went to make his report to the magistrates concerning the unfortunate events of the day.
Apparently103 by this time Captain Porteous had began to doubt the propriety104 of his own conduct, and the reception he met with from the magistrates was such as to make him still more anxious to gloss105 it over. He denied that he had given orders to fire; he denied he had fired with his own hand; he even produced the fusee which he carried as an officer for examination; it was found still loaded. Of three cartridges106 which he was seen to put in his pouch107 that morning, two were still there; a white handkerchief was thrust into the muzzle108 of the piece, and re-turned unsoiled or blackened. To the defence founded on these circumstances it was answered, that Porteous had not used his own piece, but had been seen to take one from a soldier. Among the many who had been killed and wounded by the unhappy fire, there were several of better rank; for even the humanity of such soldiers as fired over the heads of the mere109 rabble around the scaffold, proved in some instances fatal to persons who were stationed in windows, or observed the melancholy110 scene from a distance. The voice of public indignation was loud and general; and, ere men’s tempers had time to cool, the trial of Captain Porteous took place before the High Court of Justiciary. After a long and patient hearing, the jury had the difficult duty of balancing the positive evidence of many persons, and those of respectability, who deposed111 positively112 to the prisoner’s commanding his soldiers to fire, and himself firing his piece, of which some swore that they saw the smoke and flash, and beheld113 a man drop at whom it was pointed57, with the negative testimony114 of others, who, though well stationed for seeing what had passed, neither heard Porteous give orders to fire, nor saw him fire himself; but, on the contrary, averred115 that the first shot was fired by a soldier who stood close by him. A great part of his defence was also founded on the turbulence116 of the mob, which witnesses, according to their feelings, their predilections117, and their opportunities of observation, represented differently; some describing as a formidable riot, what others represented as a trifling118 disturbance such as always used to take place on the like occasions, when the executioner of the law, and the men commissioned to protect him in his task, were generally exposed to some indignities. The verdict of the jury sufficiently119 shows how the evidence preponderated120 in their minds. It declared that John Porteous fired a gun among the people assembled at the execution; that he gave orders to his soldiers to fire, by which many persons were killed and wounded; but, at the same time, that the prisoner and his guard had been wounded and beaten, by stones thrown at them by the multitude. Upon this verdict, the Lords of Justiciary passed sentence of death against Captain John Porteous, adjudging him, in the common form, to be hanged on a gibbet at the common place of execution, on Wednesday, 8th September 1736, and all his movable property to be forfeited121 to the king’s use, according to the Scottish law in cases of wilful122 murder.
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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2
propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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8
profligate
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| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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13
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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admonishes
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| n.劝告( admonish的名词复数 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责v.劝告( admonish的第三人称单数 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责 | |
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16
bide
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| v.忍耐；等候；住 | |
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squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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highlander
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| n.高地的人，苏格兰高地地区的人 | |
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rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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21
petulance
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| n.发脾气，生气，易怒，暴躁，性急 | |
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truant
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| n.懒惰鬼，旷课者；adj.偷懒的，旷课的，游荡的；v.偷懒，旷课 | |
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23
indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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24
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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25
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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licensed
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| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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onsets
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| 攻击，袭击（onset的复数形式） | |
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allude
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| v.提及，暗指 | |
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contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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33
abatement
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| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
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34
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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37
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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phantom
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| n.幻影，虚位，幽灵；adj.错觉的，幻影的，幽灵的 | |
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40
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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petulant
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| adj.性急的，暴躁的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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46
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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affront
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| n./v.侮辱，触怒 | |
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48
construed
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| v.解释（陈述、行为等）( construe的过去式和过去分词 )；翻译，作句法分析 | |
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ardently
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| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
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gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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regale
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| v.取悦，款待 | |
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justifiable
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| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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intimidate
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| vt.恐吓，威胁 | |
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punctiliously
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indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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fretted
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| 焦躁的，附有弦马的，腐蚀的 | |
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smallpox
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| n.天花 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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malefactor
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| n.罪犯 | |
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apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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meditation
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| n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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glorified
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| 美其名的，变荣耀的 | |
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covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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whoops
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| int.呼喊声 | |
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shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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exclamations
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| n.呼喊( exclamation的名词复数 )；感叹；感叹语；感叹词 | |
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resuscitation
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| n.复活 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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concurred
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| 同意（concur的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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intimidated
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| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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gloss
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| n.光泽，光滑；虚饰；注释；vt.加光泽于；掩饰 | |
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106
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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pouch
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| n.小袋，小包，囊状袋；vt.装...入袋中，用袋运输；vi.用袋送信件 | |
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muzzle
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| n.鼻口部；口套；枪(炮)口；vt.使缄默 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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114
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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averred
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| v.断言( aver的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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116
turbulence
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| n.喧嚣，狂暴，骚乱，湍流 | |
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predilections
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| n.偏爱，偏好，嗜好( predilection的名词复数 ) | |
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118
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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119
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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120
preponderated
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| v.超过，胜过( preponderate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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