Such were the exploits of Dercylidas: nine cities taken in eight days. Two considerations now began to occupy his mind: how was he to avoid falling into the fatal error of Thibron and becoming a burthen to his allies, whilst wintering in a friendly country? how, again, was he to prevent Pharnabazus from overriding1 the Hellenic states in pure contempt with his cavalry2? Accordingly he sent to Pharnabazus and put it to him point-blank: Which will you have, peace or war? Whereupon Pharnabazus, who could not but perceive that the whole Aeolid had now been converted practically into a fortified3 base of operations, which threatened his own homestead of Phrygia, chose peace.
B.C. 399-398. This being so, Dercylidas advanced into Bithynian Thrace, and there spent the winter; nor did Pharnabazus exhibit a shadow of annoyance4, since the Bithynians were perpetually at war with himself. For the most part, Dercylidas continued to harry146 Bithynia in perfect security, and found provisions without stint6. Presently he was joined from the other side of the straits by some Odrysian allies sent by Seuthes;147 they numbered two hundred horse and three hundred peltasts. These fellows pitched upon a site a little more than a couple of miles148 from the Hellenic force, where they entrenched7 themselves; then having got from Dercylidas some heavy infantry8 soldiers to act as guards of their encampment, they devoted9 themselves to plundering11, and succeeded in capturing an ample store of slaves and other wealth. Presently their camp was full of prisoners, when one morning the Bithynians, having ascertained12 the actual numbers of the marauding parties as well as of the Hellenes left as guards behind, collected in large masses of light troops and cavalry, and attacked the garrison14, who were not more than two hundred strong. As soon as they came close enough, they began discharging spears and other missiles on the little body, who on their side continued to be wounded and shot down, but were quite unable to retaliate15, cooped up as they were within a palisading barely six feet high, until in desperation they tore down their defences with their own hands, and dashed at the enemy. These had nothing to do but to draw back from the point of egress16, and being light troops easily escaped beyond the grasp of heavy-armed men, while ever and again, from one point of vantage or another, they poured their shower of javelins17, and at every sally laid many a brave man low, till at length, like sheep penned in a fold, the defenders18 were shot down almost to a man. A remnant, it is true, did escape, consisting of some fifteen who, seeing the turn affairs were taking, had already made off in the middle of the fighting. Slipping through their assailants’ fingers,149 to the small concern of the Bithynians, they reached the main Hellenic camp in safety. The Bithynians, satisfied with their achievement, part of which consisted in cutting down the tent guards of the Odrysian Thracians and recovering all their prisoners, made off without delay; so that by the time the Hellenes got wind of the affair and rallied to the rescue, they found nothing left in the camp save only the stripped corpses19 of the slain20. When the Odrysians themselves returned, they fell to burying their own dead, quaffing21 copious22 draughts23 of wine in their honour and holding horse-races; but for the future they deemed it advisable to camp along with the Hellenes. Thus they harried24 and burned Bithynia the winter through.
B.C. 398. With the commencement of spring Dercylidas turned his back upon the Bithynians and came to Lampsacus. Whilst at this place envoys25 reached him from the home authorities. These were Aracus, Naubates, and Antisthenes. They were sent to inquire generally into the condition of affairs in Asia, and to inform Dercylidas of the extension of his office for another year. They had been further commissioned by the ephors to summon a meeting of the soldiers and inform them that the ephors held them to blame for their former doings, though for their present avoidance of evil conduct they must needs praise them; and for the future they must understand that while no repetition of misdoing would be tolerated, all just and upright dealing26 by the allies would receive its meed of praise. The soldiers were therefore summoned, and the envoys delivered their message, to which the leader of the Cyreians answered: “Nay, men of Lacedaemon, listen; we are the same today as we were last year; only our general of today is different from our general in the past. If today we have avoided our offence of yesterday, the cause is not far to seek; you may discover it for youselves.”
Aracus and the other envoys shared the hospitality of Dercylidas’s tent, and one of the party chanced to mention how they had left an embassy from the men of Chersonese in Lacedaemon. According to their statement, he added, it was impossible for them to till their land nowadays, so perpetually were they robbed and plundered27 by the Thracians; whereas the peninsula needed only to be walled across from sea to sea, and there would be abundance of good land to cultivate — enough for themselves and as many others from Lacedaemon as cared to come. “So that it would not surprise us,” continued the envoys, “if a Lacedaemonian were actually sent out from Sparta with a force to carry out the project.” Dercylidas kept his ears open but his counsel close, and so sent forward the commissioners28 to Ephesus.150 It pleased him to picture their progress through the Hellenic cities, and the spectacle of peace and prosperity which would everywhere greet their eyes. When he knew that his stay was to be prolonged, he sent again to Pharnabazus and offered him once more as an alternative either the prolongation of the winter truce29 or war. And once again Pharnabazus chose truce. It was thus that Dercylidas was able to leave the cities in the neighbourhood of the satrap151 in peace and friendship. Crossing the Hellespont himself he brought his army into Europe, and marching through Thrace, which was also friendly, was entertained by Seuthes,152 and so reached the Chersonese.
This district, he soon discovered, not only contained something like a dozen cities,153 but was singularly fertile. The soil was of the best, but ruined by the ravages30 of the Thracians, precisely31 as he had been told. Accordingly, having measured and found the breadth of the isthmus32 barely four miles,154 he no longer hesitated. Having offered sacrifice, he commenced his line of wall, distributing the area to the soldiers in detachments, and promising33 to award them prizes for their industry — a first prize for the section first completed, and the rest as each detachment of workers might deserve. By this means the whole wall begun in spring was finished before autumn. Within these lines he established eleven cities, with numerous harbours, abundance of good arable34 land, and plenty of land under plantation35, besides magnificent grazing grounds for sheep and cattle of every kind.
Having finished the work, he crossed back again into Asia, and on a tour of inspection36, found the cities for the most part in a thriving condition; but when he came to Atarneus he discovered that certain exiles from Chios had got possession of the stronghold, which served them as a convenient base for pillaging37 and plundering Ionia; and this, in fact, was their means of livelihood38. Being further informed of the large supplies of grain which they had inside, he proceeded to draw entrenchments around the place with a view to a regular investment, and by this means he reduced it in eight months. Then having appointed Draco of Pellene155 commandant, he stocked the fortress39 with an abundance of provisions of all sorts, to serve him as a halting-place when he chanced to pass that way, and so withdrew to Ephesus, which is three days’ journey from Sardis.
B.C. 397. Up to this date peace had been maintained between Tissaphernes and Dercylidas, as also between the Hellenes and the barbarians40 in those parts. But the time came when an embassy arrived at Lacedaemon from the Ionic cities, protesting that Tissaphernes might, if he chose, leave the Hellenic cities independent. “Our idea,” they added, “is, that if Caria, the home of Tissaphernes, felt the pinch of war, the satrap would very soon agree to grant us independence.” The ephors, on hearing this, sent a despatch41 to Dercylidas, and bade him cross the frontier with his army into Caria, whilst Pharax the admiral coasted round with the fleet. These orders were carried out. Meanwhile a visitor had reached Tissaphernes. This was not less a person than Pharnabazus. His coming was partly owing to the fact that Tissaphernes had been appointed general-inchief, and party in order to testify his readiness to make common cause with his brother satrap in fighting and expelling the Hellenes from the king’s territory; for if his heart was stirred by jealousy42 on account of the generalship bestowed43 upon his rival, he was not the less aggrieved44 at finding himself robbed of the Aeolid. Tissaphernes, lending willing ears to the proposal, had answered: “First cross over with me in Caria, and then we will take counsel on these matters.” But being arrived in Caria, they determined45 to establish garrisons46 of some strength in the various fortresses47, and so crossed back again into Ionia.
Hearing that the satraps had recrossed the Maeander, Dercylidas grew apprehensive48 for the district which lay there unprotected. “If Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus,” he said to Pharax, “chose to make a descent, they could harry5 the country right and left.” In this mind he followed suit, and recrossed the frontier too. And now as they marched on, preserving no sort of battle order — on the supposition that the enemy had got far ahead of them into the district of Ephesus — suddenly they caught sight of his scouts49 perched on some monumental structures facing them. To send up scouts into similar edifices50 and towers on their own side was the work of a few moments, and before them lay revealed the long lines of troops drawn51 up just where their road lay. These were the Carians, with their white shields, and the whole Persian troops there present, with all the Hellenic contingents52 belonging to either satrap. Besides these there was a great cloud of cavalry: on the right wing the squadrons of Tissaphernes, and on the left those of Pharnabazus.
Seeing how matters lay, Dercylidas ordered the generals of brigade and captains to form into line as quickly as possible, eight deep, placing the light infantry on the fringe of battle, with the cavalry — such cavalry, that is, and of such numerical strength, as he chanced to have. Meanwhile, as general, he sacrificed.156 During this interval53 the troops from Peloponnese kept quiet in preparation as for battle. Not so the troops from Priene and Achilleum, from the islands and the Ionic cities, some of whom left their arms in the corn, which stood thick and deep in the plain of the Maeander, and took to their heels; while those who remained at their posts gave evident signs that their steadiness would not last. Pharnabazus, it was reported, had given orders to engage; but Tissaphernes, who recalled his experience of his own exploits with the Cyreian army, and assumed that all other Hellenes were of similar mettle54, had no desire to engage, but sent to Dercylidas saying, he should be glad to meet him in conference. So Dercylidas, attended by the pick of his troops, horse and foot, in personal attendance on himself,157 went forward to meet the envoys. He told them that for his own part he had made his preparations to engage, as they themselves might see, but still, if the satraps were minded to meet in conference, he had nothing to say against it —“Only, in that case, there must be mutual55 exchange of hostages and other pledges.”
When this proposal had been agreed to and carried out, the two armies retired56 for the night — the Asiatics to Tralles in Caria, the Hellenes to Leucophrys, where was a temple158 of Artemis of great sanctity, and a sandy-bottomed lake more than a furlong in extent, fed by a spring of ever-flowing water fit for drinking and warm. For the moment so much was effected. On the next day they met at the place appointed, and it was agreed that they should mutually ascertain13 the terms on which either party was willing to make peace. On his side, Dercylidas insisted that the king should grant independence to the Hellenic cities; while Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus demanded the evacuation of the country by the Hellenic army, and the withdrawal57 of the Lacedaemonian governors from the cities. After this interchange of ideas a truce was entered into, so as to allow time for the reports of the proceedings58 to be sent by Dercylidas to Lacedaemon, and by Tissaphernes to the king.
B.C. 401 (?). Whilst such was the conduct of affairs in Asia under the guidance of Dercylidas, the Lacedaemonians at home were at the same time no less busily employed with other matters. They cherished a long-standing embitterment59 against the Eleians, the grounds of which were that the Eleians had once159 contracted an alliance with the Athenians, Argives, and Mantineans; moreover, on pretence60 of a sentence registered against the Lacedaemonians, they had excluded them from the horse-race and gymnastic contests. Nor was that the sum of their offending. They had taken and scourged61 Lichas,160 under the following circumstances:— Being a Spartan62, he had formally consigned63 his chariot to the Thebans, and when the Thebans were proclaimed victors he stepped forward to crown his charioteer; whereupon, in spite of his grey hairs, the Eleians put those indignities64 upon him and expelled him from the festival. Again, at a date subsequent to that occurrence, Agis being sent to offer sacrifice to Olympian Zeus in accordance with the bidding of an oracle65, the Eleians would not suffer him to offer prayer for victory in war, asserting that the ancient law and custom161 forbade Hellenes to consult the god for war with Hellenes; and Agis was forced to go away without offering the sacrifice.
In consequence of all these annoyances66 the ephors and the Assembly determined “to bring the men of Elis to their senses.” Thereupon they sent an embassy to that state, announcing that the authorities of Lacedaemon deemed it just and right that they should leave the country162 townships in the territory of Elis free and independent. This the Eleians flatly refused to do. The cities in question were theirs by right of war. Thereupon the ephors called out the ban. The leader of the expedition was Agis. He invaded Elis through Achaia163 by the Larisus; but the army had hardly set foot on the enemy’s soil and the work of devastation67 begun, when an earthquake took place, and Agis, taking this as a sign from Heaven, marched back again out of the country and disbanded his army. Thereat the men of Elis were much more emboldened68, and sent embassies to various cities which they knew to be hostile to the Lacedaemonians.
The year had not completed its revolution164 ere the ephors again called out the ban against Elis, and the invading host of Agis was this time swelled69 by the rest of the allies, including the Athenians; the Boeotians and Corinthians alone excepted. The Spartan king now entered through Aulon,165 and the men of Lepreum166 at once revolted from the Eleians and gave in their adhesion to the Spartan, and simultaneously70 with these the Macistians and their next-door neighbours the Epitalians. As he crossed the river further adhesions followed, on the part of the Letrinians, the Amphidolians, and the Marganians.
B.C. 400 (?). Upon this he pushed on into Olympian territory and did sacrifice to Olympian Zeus. There was no attempt to stay his proceedings now. After sacrifice he marched against the capital,167 devastating71 and burning the country as he went. Multitudes of cattle, multitudes of slaves, were the fruits of conquest yielded, insomuch that the fame thereof spread, and many more Arcadians and Achaeans flocked to join the standard of the invader72 and to share in the plunder10. In fact, the expedition became one enormous foray. Here was the chance to fill all the granaries of Peloponnese with corn. When he had reached the capital, the beautiful suburbs and gymnasia became a spoil to the troops; but the city itself, though it lay open before him a defenceless and unwalled town, he kept aloof73 from. He would not, rather than could not, take it. Such was the explanation given. Thus the country was a prey74 to devastation, and the invaders75 massed round Cyllene.
Then the friends of a certain Xenias — a man of whom it was said that he might measure the silver coin, inherited from his father, by the bushel — wishing to be the leading instrument in bringing over the state to Lacedaemon, rushed out of the house, sword in hand, and began a work of butchery. Amongst other victims they killed a man who strongly resembled the leader of the democratic party, Thrasydaeus.168 Everyone believed it was really Thrasydaeus who was slain. The popular party were panic-stricken, and stirred neither hand nor foot. On their side, the cut-throats poured their armed bands into the market-place. But Thrasydaeus was laid asleep the while where the fumes76 of wine had overpowered him. When the people came to discover that their hero was not dead, they crowded round his house this side and that,169 like a swarm77 of bees clinging to their leader; and as soon as Thrasydaeus had put himself in the van, with the people at his back, a battle was fought, and the people won. And those who had laid their hands to deeds of butchery went as exiles to the Lacedaemonians.
After a while Agis himself retired, recrossing the Alpheus; but he was careful to leave a garrison in Epitalium near that river, with Lysippus as governor, and the exiles from Elis along with him. Having done so, he disbanded his army and returned home himself.
B.C. 400-399 (?).170 During the rest of the summer and the ensuing winter the territory of the Eleians was ravaged78 and ransacked79 by Lysippus and his troops, until Thrasydaeus, the following summer, sent to Lacedaemon and agreed to dismantle80 the walls of Phea and Cyllene, and to grant autonomy to the Triphylian townships171 — together with Phrixa and Epitalium, the Letrinians, Amphidolians, and Marganians; and besides these to the Acroreians and to Lasion, a place claimed by the Arcadians. With regard to Epeium, a town midway between Heraea and Macistus, the Eleians claimed the right to keep it, on the plea that they had purchased the whole district from its then owners, for thirty talents,172 which sum they had actually paid. But the Lacedaemonians, acting81 on the principle “that a purchase which forcibly deprives the weaker party of his possession is no more justifiable82 than a seizure83 by violence,” compelled them to emancipate84 Epeium also. From the presidency85 of the temple of Olympian Zeus, however, they did not oust86 them; not that it belonged to Elis of ancient right, but because the rival claimants,173 it was felt, were “villagers,” hardly equal to the exercise of the presidency. After these concessions87, peace and alliance between the Eleians and the Lacedaemonians were established, and the war between Elis and Sparta ceased.
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overriding
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| a.最主要的 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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stint
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| v.节省，限制，停止；n.舍不得化，节约，限制；连续不断的一段时间从事某件事 | |
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entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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retaliate
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| v.报复，反击 | |
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egress
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| n.出去；出口 | |
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javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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quaffing
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| v.痛饮( quaff的现在分词 )；畅饮；大口大口将…喝干；一饮而尽 | |
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copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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harried
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| v.使苦恼( harry的过去式和过去分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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truce
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ravages
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| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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arable
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| adj.可耕的，适合种植的 | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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aggrieved
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| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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apprehensive
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| adj.担心的，恐惧的，善于领会的 | |
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scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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contingents
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| （志趣相投、尤指来自同一地方的）一组与会者( contingent的名词复数 )； 代表团； （军队的）分遣队； 小分队 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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mettle
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| n.勇气，精神 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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embitterment
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pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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scourged
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| 鞭打( scourge的过去式和过去分词 )； 惩罚，压迫 | |
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spartan
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| adj.简朴的，刻苦的；n.斯巴达；斯巴达式的人 | |
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consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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annoyances
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| n.恼怒( annoyance的名词复数 )；烦恼；打扰；使人烦恼的事 | |
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devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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dismantle
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| vt.拆开，拆卸；废除，取消 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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justifiable
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| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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83
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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emancipate
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| v.解放，解除 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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oust
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| vt.剥夺，取代，驱逐 | |
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concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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