The pope becomes attached to the Florentines — The Genoese seize Serezanello — They are routed by the Florentines — Serezana surrenders — Genoa submits to the duke of Milan — War between the Venetians and the Dutch — Osimo revolts from the church — Count Girolamo Riario, lord of Furli, slain1 by a conspiracy2 — Galeotto, lord of Faenza, is murdered by the treachery of his wife — The government of the city offered to the Florentines — Disturbances4 in Sienna — Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici — His eulogy5 — Establishment of his family — Estates bought by Lorenzo — His anxiety for the defense6 of Florence — His taste for arts and literature — The university of Pisa — The estimation of Lorenzo by other princes.
The pope having observed in the course of the war, how promptly7 and earnestly the Florentines adhered to their alliances, although he had previously8 been opposed to them from his attachment9 to the Genoese, and the assistance they had rendered to the king, now evinced a more amicable10 disposition11, and received their ambassadors with greater favor than previously. Lorenzo de’ Medici, being made acquainted with this change of feeling, encouraged it with the utmost solicitude12; for he thought it would be of great advantage, if to the friendship of the king he could add that of the pontiff. The pope had a son named Francesco, upon whom designing to bestow13 states and attach friends who might be useful to him after his own death, saw no safer connection in Italy than Lorenzo’s, and therefore induced the latter to give him one of his daughters in marriage. Having formed this alliance, the pope desired the Genoese to concede Serezana to the Florentines, insisting that they had no right to detain what Agostino had sold, nor was Agostino justified14 in making over to the Bank of San Giorgio what was not his own. However, his holiness did not succeed with them; for the Genoese, during these transactions at Rome, armed several vessels15, and, unknown to the Florentines, landed three thousand foot, attacked Serezanello, situated16 above Serezana, plundered17 and burnt the town near it, and then, directing their artillery18 against the fortress19, fired upon it with their utmost energy. This assault was new and unexpected by the Florentines, who immediately assembled their forces under Virginio Orsino, at Pisa, and complained to the pope, that while he was endeavoring to establish peace, the Genoese had renewed their attack upon them. They then sent Piero Corsini to Lucca, that by his presence he might keep the city faithful; and Pagolantonio Soderini to Venice, to learn how that republic was disposed. They demanded assistance of the king and of Signor Lodovico, but obtained it from neither; for the king expressed apprehensions21 of the Turkish fleet, and Lodovico made excuses, but sent no aid. Thus the Florentines in their own wars are almost always obliged to stand alone, and find no friends to assist them with the same readiness they practice toward others. Nor did they, on this desertion of their allies (it being nothing new to them) give way to despondency; for having assembled a large army under Jacopo Guicciardini and Pietro Vettori, they sent it against the enemy, who had encamped upon the river Magra, at the same time pressing Serezanello with mines and every species of attack. The commissaries being resolved to relieve the place, an engagement ensued, when the Genoese were routed, and Lodovico dal Fiesco, with several other principal men, made prisoners. The Serezanesi were not so depressed22 at their defeat as to be willing to surrender, but obstinately23 prepared for their defense, while the Florentine commissaries proceeded with their operations, and instances of valor24 occurred on both sides. The siege being protracted25 by a variety of fortune, Lorenzo de’ Medici resolved to go to the camp, and on his arrival the troops acquired fresh courage, while that of the enemy seemed to fail; for perceiving the obstinacy26 of the Florentines’ attack, and the delay of the Genoese in coming to their relief, they surrendered to Lorenzo, without asking conditions, and none were treated with severity except two or three who were leaders of the rebellion. During the siege, Lodovico had sent troops to Pontremoli, as if with an intention of assisting the Florentines; but having secret correspondence in Genoa, a party was raised there, who, by the aid of these forces, gave the city to the duke of Milan.
At this time the Dutch made war upon the Venetians, and Boccolino of Osimo, in the Marca, caused that place to revolt from the pope, and assumed the sovereignty. After a variety of fortune, he was induced to restore the city to the pontiff and come to Florence, where, under the protection of Lorenzo de’ Medici, by whose advice he had been prevailed upon to submit, he lived long and respected. He afterward27 went to Milan, but did not experience such generous treatment; for Lodovico caused him to be put to death. The Venetians were routed by the Dutch, near the city of Trento, and Roberto da S. Severino, their captain, was slain. After this defeat, the Venetians, with their usual good fortune, made peace with the Dutch, not as vanquished28, but as conquerors29, so honorable were the terms they obtained.
About this time, there arose serious troubles in Romagna. Francesco d’Orso, of Furli, was a man of great authority in that city, and became suspected by the count Girolamo, who often threatened him. He consequently, living under great apprehensions, was advised by his friends to provide for his own safety, by the immediate20 adoption30 of such a course as would relieve him from all further fear of the count. Having considered the matter and resolved to attempt it, they fixed31 upon the market day, at Furli, as most suitable for their purpose; for many of their friends being sure to come from the country, they might make use of their services without having to bring them expressly for the occasion. It was the month of May, when most Italians take supper by daylight. The conspirators33 thought the most convenient hour would be after the count had finished his repast; for his household being then at their meal, he would remain in the chamber34 almost alone. Having fixed upon the hour, Francesco went to the count’s residence, left his companions in the hall, proceeded to his apartment, and desired an attendant to say he wished for an interview. He was admitted, and after a few words of pretended communication, slew35 him, and calling to his associates, killed the attendant. The governor of the place coming by accident to speak with the count, and entering the apartment with a few of his people, was also slain. After this slaughter36, and in the midst of a great tumult37, the count’s body was thrown from the window, and with the cry of “church and liberty,” they roused the people (who hated the avarice38 and cruelty of the count) to arms, and having plundered his house, made the Countess Caterina and her children prisoners. The fortress alone had to be taken to bring the enterprise to a successful issue; but the Castellan would not consent to its surrender. They begged the countess would desire him to comply with their wish, which she promised to do, if they would allow her to go into the fortress, leaving her children as security for the performance of her promise. The conspirators trusted her, and permitted her to enter; but as soon as she was within, she threatened them with death and every kind of torture in revenge for the murder of her husband; and upon their menacing her with the death of her children, she said she had the means of getting more. Finding they were not supported by the pope, and that Lodovico Sforza, uncle to the countess, had sent forces to her assistance, the conspirators became terrified, and taking with them whatever property they could carry off, they fled to Citta di Castello. The countess recovered the state, and avenged39 the death of her husband with the utmost cruelty. The Florentines hearing of the count’s death, took occasion to recover the fortress of Piancaldoli, of which he had formerly40 deprived them, and, on sending some forces, captured it; but Cecco, the famous engineer, lost his life during the siege.
To this disturbance3 in Romagna, another in that province, no less important, has to be added. Galeotto, lord of Faenza, had married the daughter of Giovanni Bentivogli, prince of Bologna. She, either through jealousy41 or ill treatment by her husband, or from the depravity of her own nature, hated him to such a degree, that she determined42 to deprive him of his possessions and his life; and pretending sickness, she took to her bed, where, having induced Galeotto to visit her, he was slain by assassins, whom she had concealed43 for that purpose in the apartment. She had acquainted her father with her design, and he hoped, on his son-in-law’s death, to become lord of Faenza. A great tumult arose as soon as the murder was known, the widow, with an infant son, fled into the fortress, the people took up arms, Giovanni Bentivogli, with a condottiere of the duke of Milan, named Bergamino, engaged for the occasion, entered Faenza with a considerable force, and Antonio Boscoli, the Florentine commissary, was also there. These leaders being together, and discoursing44 of the government of the place, the men of Val di Lamona, who had risen unanimously upon learning what had occurred, attacked Giovanni and Bergamino, the latter of whom they slew, made the former prisoner, and raising the cry of “Astorre and the Florentines,” offered the city to the commissary. These events being known at Florence, gave general offense45; however, they set Giovanni and his daughter at liberty, and by the universal desire of the people, took the city and Astorre under their protection. Besides these, after the principal differences of the greater powers were composed, during several years tumults46 prevailed in Romagna, the Marca, and Sienna, which, as they are unimportant, it will be needless to recount. When the duke of Calabria, after the war of 1478, had left the country, the distractions47 of Sienna became more frequent, and after many changes, in which, first the plebeians48, and then the nobility, were victorious49, the latter and length maintained the superiority, and among them Pandolfo and Jacopo Petrucci obtained the greatest influence, so that the former being distinguished50 for prudence51 and the latter for resolution, they became almost princes in the city.
The Florentines after the war of Serezana, lived in great prosperity until 1492, when Lorenzo de’ Medici died; for he having put a stop to the internal wars of Italy, and by his wisdom and authority established peace, turned his thoughts to the advancement52 of his own and the city’s interests, and married Piero, his eldest53 son, to Alfonsina, daughter of the Cavaliere Orsino. He caused Giovanni, his second son, to be raised to the dignity of cardinal54. This was the more remarkable55 from its being unprecedented56; for he was only fourteen years of age when admitted to the college; and became the medium by which his family attained57 to the highest earthly glory. He was unable to make any particular provision for Guiliano, his third son, on account of his tender years, and the shortness of his own life. Of his daughters, one married Jacopo Salviati; another, Francesco Cibo; the third, Piero Ridolfi; and the fourth, whom, in order to keep his house united, he had married to Giovanni de’ Medici, died. In his commercial affairs he was very unfortunate, from the improper58 conduct of his agents, who in all their proceedings59 assumed the deportment of princes rather than of private persons; so that in many places, much of his property was wasted, and he had to be relieved by his country with large sums of money. To avoid similar inconvenience, he withdrew from mercantile pursuits, and invested his property in land and houses, as being less liable to vicissitude60. In the districts of Prato, Pisa, and the Val di Pesa, he purchased extensively, and erected61 buildings, which for magnificence and utility, were quite of regal character. He next undertook the improvement of the city, and as many parts were unoccupied by buildings, he caused new streets to be erected in them, of great beauty, and thus enlarged the accommodation of the inhabitants. To enjoy his power in security and repose62, and conquer or resist his enemies at a distance, in the direction of Bologna he fortified63 the castle of Firenzuola, situated in the midst of the Appennines; toward Sienna he commenced the restoration and fortification of the Poggio Imperiale; and he shut out the enemy in the direction of Genoa, by the acquisition of Pietra Santa and Serezana. For the greater safety of the city, he kept in pay the Baglioni, at Perugia, and the Vitelli, at Citta di Castello, and held the government of Faenza wholly in his own power; all which greatly contributed to the repose and prosperity of Florence. In peaceful times, he frequently entertained the people with feasts, and exhibitions of various events and triumphs of antiquity64; his object being to keep the city abundantly supplied, the people united, and the nobility honored. He was a great admirer of excellence65 in the arts, and a patron of literary men, of which Agnolo da Montepulciano, Cristofero Landini, and Demetrius Chalcondylas, a Greek, may afford sufficient proofs. On this account, Count Giovanni della Mirandola, a man of almost supernatural genius, after visiting every court of Europe, induced by the munificence66 of Lorenzo, established his abode67 at Florence. He took great delight in architecture, music, and poetry, many of his comments and poetical68 compositions still remaining. To facilitate the study of literature to the youth of Florence, he opened a university at Pisa, which was conducted by the most distinguished men in Italy. For Mariano da Chinazano, a friar of the order of St. Augustine, and an excellent preacher, he built a monastery69 in the neighborhood of Florence. He enjoyed much favor both from fortune and from the Almighty70; all his enterprises were brought to a prosperous termination, while his enemies were unfortunate; for, besides the conspiracy of the Pazzi, an attempt was made to murder him in the Carmine71, by Batista Frescobaldi, and a similar one by Baldinetto da Pistoja, at his villa72; but these persons, with their confederates, came to the end their crimes deserved. His skill, prudence, and fortune, were acknowledged with admiration73, not only by the princes of Italy, but by those of distant countries; for Matthias, king of Hungary, gave him many proofs of his regard; the sultan sent ambassadors to him with valuable presents, and the Turkish emperor placed in his hands Bernardo Bandini, the murderer of his brother. These circumstances raised his fame throughout Italy, and his reputation for prudence constantly increased; for in council he was eloquent74 and acute, wise in determination, and prompt and resolute75 in execution. Nor can vices32 be alleged76 against him to sully so many virtues77; though he was fond of women, pleased with the company of facetious78 and satirical men, and amused with the games of the nursery, more than seemed consistent with so great a character; for he was frequently seen playing with his children, and partaking of their infantine sports; so that whoever considers this gravity and cheerfulness, will find united in him dispositions79 which seem almost incompatible80 with each other. In his later years, he was greatly afflicted81; besides the gout, he was troubled with excruciating pains in the stomach, of which he died in April, 1492, in the forty-fourth year of his age; nor was there ever in Florence, or even in Italy, one so celebrated82 for wisdom, or for whose loss such universal regret was felt. As from his death the greatest devastation83 would shortly ensue, the heavens gave many evident tokens of its approach; among other signs, the highest pinnacle84 of the church of Santa Reparata was struck with lightning, and great part of it thrown down, to the terror and amazement85 of everyone. The citizens and all the princes of Italy mourned for him, and sent their ambassadors to Florence, to condole86 with the city on the occasion; and the justness of their grief was shortly after apparent; for being deprived of his counsel, his survivors87 were unable either to satisfy or restrain the ambition of Lodovico Sforza, tutor to the duke of Milan; and hence, soon after the death of Lorenzo, those evil plants began to germinate88, which in a little time ruined Italy, and continue to keep her in desolation.
The End
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1
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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eulogy
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| n.颂词；颂扬 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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amicable
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| adj.和平的，友好的；友善的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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obstinately
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| ad.固执地，顽固地 | |
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valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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discoursing
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| 演说（discourse的现在分词形式） | |
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offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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tumults
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| 吵闹( tumult的名词复数 )； 喧哗； 激动的吵闹声； 心烦意乱 | |
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distractions
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| n.使人分心的事[人]( distraction的名词复数 )；娱乐，消遣；心烦意乱；精神错乱 | |
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plebeians
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| n.平民( plebeian的名词复数 )；庶民；平民百姓；平庸粗俗的人 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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50
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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51
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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unprecedented
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| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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vicissitude
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| n.变化，变迁，荣枯，盛衰 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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munificence
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| n.宽宏大量，慷慨给与 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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carmine
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| n.深红色，洋红色 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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74
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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76
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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77
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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78
facetious
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| adj.轻浮的，好开玩笑的 | |
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79
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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80
incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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81
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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83
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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condole
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| v.同情；慰问 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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germinate
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| v.发芽；发生；发展 | |
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