Fakarava: An Atoll at Hand
BY a little before noon we were running down the coast of our destination, Fakarava: the air very light, the sea near smooth; though still we were accompanied by a continuous murmur1 from the beach, like the sound of a distant train. The isle2 is of a huge longitude3, the enclosed lagoon4 thirty miles by ten or twelve, and the coral tow-path, which they call the land, some eighty or ninety miles by (possibly) one furlong. That part by which we sailed was all raised; the underwood excellently green, the topping wood of coco-palms continuous — a mark, if I had known it, of man’s intervention5. For once more, and once more unconsciously, we were within hail of fellow-creatures, and that vacant beach was but a pistol-shot from the capital city of the archipelago. But the life of an atoll, unless it be enclosed, passes wholly on the shores of the lagoon; it is there the villages are seated, there the canoes ply6 and are drawn7 up; and the beach of the ocean is a place accursed and deserted8, the fit scene only for wizardry and shipwreck9, and in the native belief a haunting ground of murderous spectres.
By and by we might perceive a breach10 in the low barrier; the woods ceased; a glittering point ran into the sea, tipped with an emerald shoal the mark of entrance. As we drew near we met a little run of sea — the private sea of the lagoon having there its origin and end, and here, in the jaws11 of the gateway12, trying vain conclusions with the more majestic13 heave of the Pacific. The CASCO scarce avowed14 a shock; but there are times and circumstances when these harbour mouths of inland basins vomit15 floods, deflecting16, burying, and dismasting ships. For, conceive a lagoon perfectly17 sealed but in the one point, and that of merely navigable width; conceive the tide and wind to have heaped for hours together in that coral fold a superfluity of waters, and the tide to change and the wind fall — the open sluice19 of some great reservoirs at home will give an image of the unstemmable effluxion.
We were scarce well headed for the pass before all heads were craned over the rail. For the water, shoaling under our board, became changed in a moment to surprising hues21 of blue and grey; and in its transparency the coral branched and blossomed, and the fish of the inland sea cruised visibly below us, stained and striped, and even beaked22 like parrots. I have paid in my time to view many curiosities; never one so curious as that first sight over the ship’s rail in the lagoon of Fakarava. But let not the reader be deceived with hope. I have since entered, I suppose, some dozen atolls in different parts of the Pacific, and the experience has never been repeated. That exquisite23 hue20 and transparency of submarine day, and these shoals of rainbow fish, have not enraptured25 me again.
Before we could raise our eyes from that engaging spectacle the schooner26 had slipped betwixt the pierheads of the reef, and was already quite committed to the sea within. The containing shores are so little erected28, and the lagoon itself is so great, that, for the more part, it seemed to extend without a check to the horizon. Here and there, indeed, where the reef carried an inlet, like a signet-ring upon a finger, there would be a pencilling of palms; here and there, the green wall of wood ran solid for a length of miles; and on the port hand, under the highest grove29 of trees, a few houses sparkled white — Rotoava, the metropolitan30 settlement of the Paumotus. Hither we beat in three tacks31, and came to an anchor close in shore, in the first smooth water since we had left San Francisco, five fathoms32 deep, where a man might look overboard all day at the vanishing cable, the coral patches, and the many — coloured fish.
Fakarava was chosen to be the seat of Government from nautical33 considerations only. It is eccentrically situate; the productions, even for a low island, poor; the population neither many nor — for Low Islanders — industrious34. But the lagoon has two good passages, one to leeward35, one to windward, so that in all states of the wind it can be left and entered, and this advantage, for a government of scattered36 islands, was decisive. A pier27 of coral, landing-stairs, a harbour light upon a staff and pillar, and two spacious37 Government bungalows38 in a handsome fence, give to the northern end of Rotoava a great air of consequence. This is confirmed on the one hand by an empty prison, on the other by a gendarmerie pasted over with hand-bills in Tahitian, land-law notices from Papeete, and republican sentiments from Paris, signed (a little after date) ‘Jules Grevy, PERIHIDENTE.’ Quite at the far end a belfried Catholic chapel39 concludes the town; and between, on a smooth floor of white coral sand and under the breezy canopy40 of coco-palms, the houses of the natives stand irregularly scattered, now close on the lagoon for the sake of the breeze, now back under the palms for love of shadow.
Not a soul was to be seen. But for the thunder of the surf on the far side, it seemed you might have heard a pin drop anywhere about that capital city. There was something thrilling in the unexpected silence, something yet more so in the unexpected sound. Here before us a sea reached to the horizon, rippling41 like an inland mere18; and behold42! close at our back another sea assaulted with assiduous fury the reverse of the position. At night the lantern was run up and lit a vacant pier. In one house lights were seen and voices heard, where the population (I was told) sat playing cards. A little beyond, from deep in the darkness of the palm — grove, we saw the glow and smelt43 the aromatic44 odour of a coal of cocoa-nut husk, a relic45 of the evening kitchen. Crickets sang; some shrill46 thing whistled in a tuft of weeds; and the mosquito hummed and stung. There was no other trace that night of man, bird, or insect in the isle. The moon, now three days old, and as yet but a silver crescent on a still visible sphere, shone through the palm canopy with vigorous and scattered lights. The alleys47 where we walked were smoothed and weeded like a boulevard; here and there were plants set out; here and there dusky cottages clustered in the shadow, some with verandahs. A public garden by night, a rich and fashionable watering-place in a by-season, offer sights and vistas48 not dissimilar. And still, on the one side, stretched the lapping mere, and from the other the deep sea still growled49 in the night. But it was most of all on board, in the dead hours, when I had been better sleeping, that the spell of Fakarava seized and held me. The moon was down. The harbour lantern and two of the greater planets drew vari-coloured wakes on the lagoon. From shore the cheerful watch-cry of cocks rang out at intervals50 above the organ-point of surf. And the thought of this depopulated capital, this protracted51 thread of annular52 island with its crest53 of coco-palms and fringe of breakers, and that tranquil54 inland sea that stretched before me till it touched the stars, ran in my head for hours with delight.
So long as I stayed upon that isle these thoughts were constant. I lay down to sleep, and woke again with an unblunted sense of my surroundings. I was never weary of calling up the image of that narrow causeway, on which I had my dwelling55, lying coiled like a serpent, tail to mouth, in the outrageous56 ocean, and I was never weary of passing — a mere quarter-deck parade — from the one side to the other, from the shady, habitable shores of the lagoon to the blinding desert and uproarious breakers of the opposite beach. The sense of insecurity in such a thread of residence is more than fanciful. Hurricanes and tidal waves over-leap these humble57 obstacles; Oceanus remembers his strength, and, where houses stood and palms flourished, shakes his white beard again over the barren coral. Fakarava itself has suffered; the trees immediately beyond my house were all of recent replantation; and Anaa is only now recovered from a heavier stroke. I knew one who was then dwelling in the isle. He told me that he and two ship captains walked to the sea beach. There for a while they viewed the on-coming breakers, till one of the captains clapped suddenly his hand before his eyes and cried aloud that he could endure no longer to behold them. This was in the afternoon; in the dark hours of the night the sea burst upon the island like a flood; the settlement was razed58 all but the church and presbytery; and, when day returned, the survivors59 saw themselves clinging in an abattis of uprooted60 coco-palms and ruined houses.
Danger is but a small consideration. But men are more nicely sensible of a discomfort61; and the atoll is a discomfortable home. There are some, and these probably ancient, where a deep soil has formed and the most valuable fruit-trees prosper62. I have walked in one, with equal admiration63 and surprise, through a forest of huge breadfruits, eating bananas and stumbling among taro64 as I went. This was in the atoll of Namorik in the Marshall group, and stands alone in my experience. To give the opposite extreme, which is yet far more near the average, I will describe the soil and productions of Fakarava. The surface of that narrow strip is for the more part of broken coral lime-stone, like volcanic65 clinkers, and excruciating to the naked foot; in some atolls, I believe, not in Fakarava, it gives a fine metallic66 ring when struck. Here and there you come upon a bank of sand, exceeding fine and white, and these parts are the least productive. The plants (such as they are) spring from and love the broken coral, whence they grow with that wonderful verdancy67 that makes the beauty of the atoll from the sea. The coco-palm in particular luxuriates in that stern SOLUM, striking down his roots to the brackish68, percolated69 water, and bearing his green head in the wind with every evidence of health and pleasure. And yet even the coco-palm must be helped in infancy70 with some extraneous71 nutriment, and through much of the low archipelago there is planted with each nut a piece of ship’s biscuit and a rusty72 nail. The pandanus comes next in importance, being also a food tree; and he, too, does bravely. A green bush called MIKI runs everywhere; occasionally a purao is seen; and there are several useless weeds. According to M. Cuzent, the whole number of plants on an atoll such as Fakarava will scarce exceed, even if it reaches to, one score. Not a blade of grass appears; not a grain of humus, save when a sack or two has been imported to make the semblance73 of a garden; such gardens as bloom in cities on the window-sill. Insect life is sometimes dense74; a cloud o’ mosquitoes, and, what is far worse, a plague of flies blackening our food, has sometimes driven us from a meal on Apemama; and even in Fakarava the mosquitoes were a pest. The land crab75 may be seen scuttling76 to his hole, and at night the rats besiege77 the houses and the artificial gardens. The crab is good eating; possibly so is the rat; I have not tried. Pandanus fruit is made, in the Gilberts, into an agreeable sweetmeat, such as a man may trifle with at the end of a long dinner; for a substantial meal I have no use for it. The rest of the food-supply, in a destitute78 atoll such as Fakarava, can be summed up in the favourite jest of the archipelago — cocoa-nut beefsteak. Cocoa-nut green, cocoa-nut ripe, cocoa-nut germinated79; cocoa-nut to eat and cocoa-nut to drink; cocoa-nut raw and cooked, cocoa-nut hot and cold — such is the bill of fare. And some of the entrees80 are no doubt delicious. The germinated nut, cooked in the shell and eaten with a spoon, forms a good pudding; cocoa-nut milk — the expressed juice of a ripe nut, not the water of a green one — goes well in coffee, and is a valuable adjunct in cookery through the South Seas; and cocoa — nut salad, if you be a millionaire, and can afford to eat the value of a field of corn for your dessert, is a dish to be remembered with affection. But when all is done there is a sameness, and the Israelites of the low islands murmur at their manna.
The reader may think I have forgot the sea. The two beaches do certainly abound81 in life, and they are strangely different. In the lagoon the water shallows slowly on a bottom of the fine slimy sand, dotted with clumps82 of growing coral. Then comes a strip of tidal beach on which the ripples83 lap. In the coral clumps the great holy-water clam84 (TRIDACNA) grows plentifully85; a little deeper lie the beds of the pearl-oyster and sail the resplendent fish that charmed us at our entrance; and these are all more or less vigorously coloured. But the other shells are white like lime, or faintly tinted86 with a little pink, the palest possible display; many of them dead besides, and badly rolled. On the ocean side, on the mounds87 of the steep beach, over all the width of the reef right out to where the surf is bursting, in every cranny, under every scattered fragment of the coral, an incredible plenty of marine24 life displays the most wonderful variety and brilliancy of hues. The reef itself has no passage of colour but is imitated by some shell. Purple and red and white, and green and yellow, pied and striped and clouded, the living shells wear in every combination the livery of the dead reef — if the reef be dead — so that the eye is continually baffled and the collector continually deceived. I have taken shells for stones and stones for shells, the one as often as the other. A prevailing88 character of the coral is to be dotted with small spots of red, and it is wonderful how many varieties of shell have adopted the same fashion and donned the disguise of the red spot. A shell I had found in plenty in the Marquesas I found here also unchanged in all things else, but there were the red spots. A lively little crab wore the same markings. The case of the hermit89 or soldier crab was more conclusive90, being the result of conscious choice. This nasty little wrecker, scavenger91, and squatter92 has learned the value of a spotted93 house; so it be of the right colour he will choose the smallest shard94, tuck himself in a mere corner of a broken whorl, and go about the world half naked; but I never found him in this imperfect armour95 unless it was marked with the red spot.
Some two hundred yards distant is the beach of the lagoon. Collect the shells from each, set them side by side, and you would suppose they came from different hemispheres; the one so pale, the other so brilliant; the one prevalently white, the other of a score of hues, and infected with the scarlet96 spot like a disease. This seems the more strange, since the hermit crabs97 pass and repass the island, and I have met them by the Residency well, which is about central, journeying either way. Without doubt many of the shells in the lagoon are dead. But why are they dead? Without doubt the living shells have a very different background set for imitation. But why are these so different? We are only on the threshold of the mysteries.
Either beach, I have said, abounds98 with life. On the sea-side and in certain atolls this profusion99 of vitality100 is even shocking: the rock under foot is mined with it. I have broken off — notably101 in Funafuti and Arorai — great lumps of ancient weathered rock that rang under my blows like iron, and the fracture has been full of pendent worms as long as my hand, as thick as a child’s finger, of a slightly pinkish white, and set as close as three or even four to the square inch. Even in the lagoon, where certain shell-fish seem to sicken, others (it is notorious) prosper exceedingly and make the riches of these islands. Fish, too, abound; the lagoon is a closed fish-pond, such as might rejoice the fancy of an abbot; sharks swarm102 there, and chiefly round the passages, to feast upon this plenty, and you would suppose that man had only to prepare his angle. Alas103! it is not so. Of these painted fish that came in hordes104 about the entering CASCO, some bore poisonous spines105, and others were poisonous if eaten. The stranger must refrain, or take his chance of painful and dangerous sickness. The native, on his own isle, is a safe guide; transplant him to the next, and he is helpless as yourself. For it is a question both of time and place. A fish caught in a lagoon may be deadly; the same fish caught the same day at sea, and only a few hundred yards without the passage, will be wholesome106 eating: in a neighbouring isle perhaps the case will be reversed; and perhaps a fortnight later you shall be able to eat of them indifferently from within and from without. According to the natives, these bewildering vicissitudes107 are ruled by the movement of the heavenly bodies. The beautiful planet Venus plays a great part in all island tales and customs; and among other functions, some of them more awful, she regulates the season of good fish. With Venus in one phase, as we had her, certain fish were poisonous in the lagoon: with Venus in another, the same fish was harmless and a valued article of diet. White men explain these changes by the phases of the coral.
It adds a last touch of horror to the thought of this precarious108 annular gangway in the sea, that even what there is of it is not of honest rock, but organic, part alive, part putrescent; even the clean sea and the bright fish about it poisoned, the most stubborn boulder109 burrowed110 in by worms, the lightest dust venomous as an apothecary’s drugs.
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murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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lagoon
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| n.泻湖，咸水湖 | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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ply
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| v.(搬运工等)等候顾客，弯曲 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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shipwreck
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| n.船舶失事，海难 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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vomit
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| v.呕吐，作呕；n.呕吐物，吐出物 | |
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deflecting
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| （使）偏斜， （使）偏离， （使）转向( deflect的现在分词 ) | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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sluice
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| n.水闸 | |
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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beaked
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| adj.有喙的，鸟嘴状的 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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enraptured
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| v.使狂喜( enrapture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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schooner
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| n.纵帆船 | |
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pier
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| n.码头；桥墩，桥柱；[建]窗间壁，支柱 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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tacks
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| 大头钉( tack的名词复数 )； 平头钉； 航向； 方法 | |
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fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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leeward
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| adj.背风的；下风的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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bungalows
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| n.平房( bungalow的名词复数 )；单层小屋，多于一层的小屋 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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rippling
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| 起涟漪的，潺潺流水般声音的 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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smelt
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| v.熔解，熔炼；n.银白鱼，胡瓜鱼 | |
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aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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alleys
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| 胡同，小巷( alley的名词复数 )； 小径 | |
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vistas
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| 长条形景色( vista的名词复数 )； 回顾； 展望； （未来可能发生的）一系列情景 | |
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growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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annular
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| adj.环状的 | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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razed
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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uprooted
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| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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prosper
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| v.成功，兴隆，昌盛；使成功，使昌隆，繁荣 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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taro
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| n.芋，芋头 | |
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volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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verdancy
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| n.幼稚；嫩绿 | |
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brackish
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| adj.混有盐的；咸的 | |
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percolated
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| v.滤( percolate的过去式和过去分词 )；渗透；（思想等）渗透；渗入 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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extraneous
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| adj.体外的；外来的；外部的 | |
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rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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crab
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| n.螃蟹，偏航，脾气乖戾的人，酸苹果；vi.捕蟹，偏航，发牢骚；vt.使偏航，发脾气 | |
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scuttling
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| n.船底穿孔，打开通海阀（沉船用）v.使船沉没( scuttle的现在分词 )；快跑，急走 | |
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besiege
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| vt.包围，围攻，拥在...周围 | |
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destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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germinated
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| v.（使）发芽( germinate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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entrees
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| n.入场权( entree的名词复数 )；主菜 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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ripples
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| 逐渐扩散的感觉( ripple的名词复数 ) | |
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clam
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| n.蛤，蛤肉 | |
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plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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tinted
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| adj. 带色彩的 动词tint的过去式和过去分词 | |
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mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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scavenger
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| n.以腐尸为食的动物，清扫工 | |
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squatter
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| n.擅自占地者 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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shard
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| n.（陶瓷器、瓦等的）破片，碎片 | |
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armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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crabs
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| n.蟹( crab的名词复数 )；阴虱寄生病；蟹肉v.捕蟹( crab的第三人称单数 ) | |
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abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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103
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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spines
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| n.脊柱( spine的名词复数 )；脊椎；（动植物的）刺；书脊 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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107
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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109
boulder
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| n.巨砾；卵石，圆石 | |
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burrowed
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| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的过去式和过去分词 )；翻寻 | |
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