LANDING ON CUBA--THE CIGAR AND TOBACCO-CIPANGO AND THE GREAT KHAN--FROM CUBA TO HAYTI-ITS SHORES AND HARBORS.
When Columbus landed, at some distance farther along the coast, hefound the best houses he had yet seen, very large, like pavilions, and veryneat within; not in streets but set about here and there. They were all builtof palm branches. Here were dogs which never barked (supposed to be thealmiqui), wild birds tamed in the houses and "wonderful arrangements ofnets,[*] and fish-hooks and fishing apparatus1. There were also carvedmasks and other images. Not a thing was touched." The inhabitants hadfled.
[*] These were probably hammocks.
He went on to the northwest, and saw a cape2 which he named Cabode Palmas. The Indians on board the Pinta said that beyond this cape was ariver and that at four days' journey from this was what they called "Cuba."Now they had been coasting along the Island of Cuba for two or three days.
But Martin Pinzon, the captain of the Pinta, understood this Cuba to be acity, and that this land was the mainland, running far to the north.
Columbus until he died believed that it was the mainland.
Martin Pinzon also understood that the king of that land was at warwith the Grand Khan, whom they called Cami. The Admiral determined3 togo to the river the Indians mentioned, and to send to the king the letter ofthe sovereigns4. He meant to send with it a sailor who had been to Guinea,and some of the Guanahani Indians. He was encouraged, probably, by thename of Carni, in thinking that he was really near the Grand Khan.
He did not, however, send off these messengers at once, as the windand the nature of the coast proved unfit for his going up the river theIndians had spoken of. He went back to the town where he had been twodays before.
Once more he found that the people had fled, but "after a good while aman appeared," and the Admiral sent ashore5 one of the Indians he hadwith him. This man shouted to the Indians on shore that they must not be afraid, as these were good people, and did harm to no man, nor did theybelong to the Grand Khan, but they gave, of what they had, in manyislands where they had been. He now jumped into the sea and swamashore, and two of the inhabitants took him in their arms and brought himto a house where they asked him questions. When he had reassured6 them,they began to come out to the ships in their canoes, with "spun7 cotton andothers of their little things." But the Admiral commanded that nothingshould be taken from them, so that they might know that he was seekingnothing but gold, or, as they called it, nucay.
He saw no gold here, but one of them had a piece of wrought8 silverhanging to his nose. They made signs, that before three days manymerchants would come from the inland country to trade with the Spaniards,and that they would bring news from the king, who, according to theirsigns, was four days' journey away. "And it is certain" says the Admiral,"that this is the mainland, and that I am before Zayto and Quinsay, ahundred leagues more or less from both of them, and this is clearly shownby the tide, which comes in a different manner from that in which it hasdone up to this time; and yesterday when I went to the northwest I foundthat it was cold."Always supposing that he was near Japan, which they called Cipango,Columbus continued to sail along the northern coast of Cuba and exploredabout half that shore. He then returned to the east, governed by theassurances of the natives that on an island named Babegue he would findmen who used hammers with which to beat gold into ingots. This gold, ashe understood them, was collected on the shore at night, while the peoplelighted up the darkness with candles.
At the point where he turned back, he had hauled9 his ships up on theshore to repair them. From this point, on the second of November, he senttwo officers inland, one of whom was a Jew, who knew Chaldee, Hebrewand a little Arabic, in the hope that they should find some one who couldspeak these languages. With them went one of the Guanahani Indians, andone from the neighborhood.
They returned on the night between the fifth and sixth of November.
Twelve leagues off they had found a village of about fifty large houses, made in the form of tents. This village had about a thousand inhabitants,according to the explorers. They had received the ambassadors10 withcordial kindness, believing that they had descended11 from heaven.
They even took them in their arms and thus carried them to the finesthouse of all. They gave them seats, and then sat round them on the groundin a circle. They kissed their feet and hands, and touched them, to makesure whether they were really men of flesh and bone.
It was on this expedition that the first observation was made of thatgift of America to the world, which has worked its way so deep and farinto general use. They met men and women who "carried live coals, so asto draw into their mouths the smoke of burning herbs." This was theaccount of the first observers. But Las Casas says that the dry herbs werewrapped in another leaf as dry. He says that "they lighted one end of thelittle stick thus formed, and sucked in or absorbed the smoke by the other,with which," he says, "they put their flesh to sleep, and it nearlyintoxicates them, and thus they say that they feel no fatigue12. Thesemosquetes, as we should call them, they call tobacos. I knew Spaniards onthis Island of Hispaniola who were accustomed to take them, who, onbeing reproved for it as a vice13, replied that it was not in their power (intheir hand) to leave off taking them. I do not know what savour or profitthey found in them." This is clearly a cigar.
The third or fourth of November, then, 1892, with the addition of ninedays to change the style from old to new, may be taken by lovers oftobacco as the fourth centennial of the day when Europeans first learnedthe use of the cigar.
On the eleventh of November the repairs were completed.
He says that the Sunday before, November 11 it had seemed to himthat it would be good to take some persons, from those of that river, tocarry to the sovereigns, so that "they might learn our tongue, so as to knowwhat there is in the country, and so that when they come back they may betongues to the Christians14, and receive our customs and the things of thefaith. Because I saw and know," says the Admiral, "that this people has noreligion (secta) nor are they idolaters, but very mild and without knowingwhat evil is, nor how to kill others, nor how to take them, and without arms, and so timorous15 that from one of our men ten of them fly, althoughthey do sport with them, and ready to believe and knowing that there is aGod in heaven, and sure that we have come from heaven; and very readyat any prayer which we tell them to repeat, and they make the sign of thecross.
"So your Highnesses should determine to make them Christians, for Ibelieve that if they begin, in a short time they will have accomplishedconverting to our holy faith a multitude16 of towns." "Without doubt thereare in these lands the greatest quantities of gold, for not without cause dothese Indians whom I am bringing say that there are places in these isleswhere they dig out gold and wear it on their necks, in their ears and ontheir arms and legs, and the bracelets17 are very thick.
"And also there are stones and precious pearls18, and unnumbered spices.
And in this Rio de Mares, from which I departed last night, without doubtthere is the greatest quantity of mastic, and there might be more if morewere desired. For the trees, if planted, take root, and there are many ofthem and very great and they have the leaf like a lentisk, and their fruit,except that the trees and the fruit are larger, is such as Pliny describes, andI have seen in the Island of Chios in the Archipelago.
"And I had many of these trees tapped to see if they would send outresin, so as to draw it out. And as it rained all the time I was at the saidriver, I could not get any of it, except a very little which I am bringing toyour Highnesses. And besides, it may be that it is not the, time to tap them,for I believe that this should be done at the time when the trees begin toleave out from the winter and seek to send out their flowers, and now theyhave the fruit nearly ripe.
"And also here there might be had a great store of cotton, and I believethat it might be sold very well here without taking it to Spain, in the greatcities of the Great Khan, which will doubtless19 be discovered, and manyothers of other lords, who will then have to serve your Highnesses. Andhere will be given them other things from Spain, from the lands of the East,since these are ours in the West.
"And here there is also aloes everywhere, although this is not a thingto make great account of, but the mastic should be well considered, because it is not found except in the said island of Chios, and I believe thatthey get from it quite 50,000 ducats if I remember aright. And this is thebest harbor which I have seen thus far--deep and easy of access, so thatthis would be a good place for a large town."The notes in Columbus's journals are of the more interest and value,because they show his impressions at the moment when he wrote.
However mistaken those impressions, he never corrects them afterwards.
Although, while he was in Cuba, he never found the Grand Khan, he neverrecalls the hopes which he has expressed.
He had discovered the island on its northern side by sailing southwestfrom the Lucayos or Bahamas. From the eleventh of November until thesixth of December he was occupied in coasting along the northern shore,eventually returning eastward20, when he crossed the channel which partsCuba from Hayti.
The first course was east, a quarter southeast, and on the sixteenth,they entered Port-au-Prince, and took possession, raising a cross there. AtPort-au-Prince, to his surprise, he found on a point of rock two large logs,mortised into each other in the shape of a cross, so "that you would havesaid a carpenter could not have proportioned them better."On the nineteenth the course was north-northeast; on the twenty-firstthey took a course south, a quarter southwest, seeking in these changes theisland of "Babeque," which the Indians had spoken of as rich with gold.
On the day last named Pinzon left the Admiral in the Pinta, and they didnot meet again for more than a month.
Columbus touched at various points on Cuba and the neighboringislands. He sought, without success, for pearls, and always pressed hisinquiries for gold. He was determined to find the island of Bohio, greatlyto the terror of the poor Indians, whom he had on board: they said that itsnatives had but one eye, in the middle of their foreheads, and that theywere well armed and ate their prisoners.
He landed in the bay of Moa, and then, keeping near the coast, sailedtowards the Capo del Pico, now called Cape Vacz. At Puerto Santo he wasdetained some days by bad weather. On the fourth of December hecontinued his eastward voyage, and on the next day saw far off the mountains of Hayti, which was the Bohio he sought for.
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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sovereigns
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| 君主( sovereign的名词复数 )； 国王； 女王； 旧时价值为一镑的英国金币 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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hauled
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| 拖，拉( haul的过去式和过去分词 )； 运送； 传讯； 强迫（某人）去某处 | |
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ambassadors
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| 大使( ambassador的名词复数 )； （派驻联合国等国际组织的）代表； 特使； [比喻]使者 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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timorous
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| adj.胆怯的，胆小的 | |
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multitude
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| n.众多，大量，大群，大众 | |
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bracelets
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| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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pearls
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| n.珍珠( pearl的名词复数 )；珍品；人造珍珠；珠状物 | |
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doubtless
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| adv.无疑地，肯定地 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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