These embarrassments2 that the Quakers suffer'd from having establish'd and published it as one of their principles that no kind of war was lawful3, and which, being once published, they could not afterwards, however they might change their minds, easily get rid of, reminds me of what I think a more prudent4 conduct in another sect5 among us, that of the Dunkers. I was acquainted with one of its founders6, Michael Welfare, soon after it appear'd. He complain'd to me that they were grievously calumniated7 by the zealots of other persuasions8, and charg'd with abominable9 principles and practices, to which they were utter strangers. I told him this had always been the case with new sects10, and that, to put a stop to such abuse, I imagin'd it might be well to publish the articles of their belief, and the rules of their discipline. He said that it had been propos'd among them, but not agreed to, for this reason: "When we were first drawn11 together as a society," says he, "it had pleased God to enlighten our minds so far as to see that some doctrines12, which we once esteemed13 truths, were errors; and that others, which we had esteemed errors, were real truths. From time to time He has been pleased to afford us farther light, and our principles have been improving, and our errors diminishing. Now we are not sure that we are arrived at the end of this progression, and at the perfection of spiritual or theological knowledge; and we fear that, if we should once print our confession14 of faith, we should feel ourselves as if bound and confin'd by it, and perhaps be unwilling15 to receive farther improvement, and our successors still more so, as conceiving what we their elders and founders had done, to be something sacred, never to be departed from."
This modesty16 in a sect is perhaps a singular instance in the history of mankind, every other sect supposing itself in possession of all truth, and that those who differ are so far in the wrong; like a man traveling in foggy weather, those at some distance before him on the road he sees wrapped up in the fog, as well as those behind him, and also the people in the fields on each side, but near him all appears clear, tho' in truth he is as much in the fog as any of them. To avoid this kind of embarrassment1, the Quakers have of late years been gradually declining the public service in the Assembly and in the magistracy, choosing rather to quit their power than their principle.
In order of time, I should have mentioned before, that having, in 1742, invented an open stove for the better warming of rooms, and at the same time saving fuel, as the fresh air admitted was warmed in entering, I made a present of the model to Mr. Robert Grace, one of my early friends, who, having an iron-furnace, found the casting of the plates for these stoves a profitable thing, as they were growing in demand. To promote that demand, I wrote and published a pamphlet, entitled "An Account of the new-invented Pennsylvania Fireplaces; wherein their Construction and Manner of Operation is particularly explained; their Advantages above every other Method of warming Rooms demonstrated; and all Objections that have been raised against the Use of them answered and obviated," etc. This pamphlet had a good effect. Gov'r. Thomas was so pleas'd with the construction of this stove, as described in it, that he offered to give me a patent for the sole vending17 of them for a term of years; but I declin'd it from a principle which has ever weighed with me on such occasions, viz., That, as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours; and this we should do freely and generously.
An ironmonger in London however, assuming a good deal of my pamphlet, and working it up into his own, and making some small changes in the machine, which rather hurt its operation, got a patent for it there, and made, as I was told, a little fortune by it. And this is not the only instance of patents taken out for my inventions by thers, tho' not always with the same success, which I never contested, as having no desire of profiting by patents myself, and hating disputes. The use of these fireplaces in very many houses, both of this and the neighbouring colonies, has been, and is, a great saving of wood to the inhabitants.
Peace being concluded, and the association business therefore at an end, I turn'd my thoughts again to the affair of establishing an academy. The first step I took was to associate in the design a number of active friends, of whom the Junto18 furnished a good part; the next was to write and publish a pamphlet, entitled Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania. This I distributed among the principal inhabitants gratis19; and as soon as I could suppose their minds a little prepared by the perusal20 of it, I set on foot a subscription21 for opening and supporting an academy; it was to be paid in quotas22 yearly for five years; by so dividing it, I judg'd the subscription might be larger, and I believe it was so, amounting to no less, if I remember right, than five thousand pounds.
In the introduction to these proposals, I stated their publication, not as an act of mine, but of some publick-spirited gentlemen, avoiding as much as I could, according to my usual rule, the presenting myself to the publick as the author of any scheme for their benefit.
The subscribers, to carry the project into immediate24 execution, chose out of their number twenty-four trustees, and appointed Mr. Francis, then attorney-general, and myself to draw up constitutions for the government of the academy; which being done and signed, a house was hired, masters engag'd, and the schools opened, I think, in the same year, 1749.
The scholars increasing fast, the house was soon found too small, and we were looking out for a piece of ground, properly situated25, with intention to build, when Providence26 threw into our way a large house ready built, which, with a few alterations27, might well serve our purpose. This was the building before mentioned, erected28 by the hearers of Mr. Whitefield, and was obtained for us in the following manner.
It is to be noted29 that the contributions to this building being made by people of different sects, care was taken in the nomination30 of trustees, in whom the building and ground was to be vested, that a predominancy should not be given to any sect, lest in time that predominancy might be a means of appropriating the whole to the use of such sect, contrary to the original intention. It was therefore that one of each sect was appointed, viz., one Church-of-England man, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, one Moravian, etc., those, in case of vacancy31 by death, were to fill it by election from among the contributors. The Moravian happen'd not to please his colleagues, and on his death they resolved to have no other of that sect. The difficulty then was, how to avoid having two of some other sect, by means of the new choice.
Several persons were named, and for that reason not agreed to. At length one mention'd me, with the observation that I was merely an honest man, and of no sect at all, which prevail'd with them to chuse me. The enthusiasm which existed when the house was built had long since abated33, and its trustees had not been able to procure34 fresh contributions for paying the ground-rent, and discharging some other debts the building had occasion'd, which embarrass'd them greatly. Being now a member of both setts of trustees, that for the building and that for the Academy, I had a good opportunity of negotiating with both, and brought them finally to an agreement, by which the trustees for the building were to cede35 it to those of the academy, the latter undertaking36 to discharge the debt, to keep for ever open in the building a large hall for occasional preachers, according to the original intention, and maintain a free- school for the instruction of poor children. Writings were accordingly drawn, and on paying the debts the trustees of the academy were put in possession of the premises37; and by dividing the great and lofty hall into stories, and different rooms above and below for the several schools, and purchasing some additional ground, the whole was soon made fit for our purpose, and the scholars remov'd into the building. The care and trouble of agreeing with the workmen, purchasing materials, and superintending the work, fell upon me; and I went thro' it the more cheerfully, as it did not then interfere38 with my private business, having the year before taken a very able, industrious39, and honest partner, Mr. David Hall, with whose character I was well acquainted, as he had work'd for me four years. He took off my hands all care of the printing-office, paying me punctually my share of the profits. This partnership40 continued eighteen years, successfully for us both.
The trustees of the academy, after a while, were incorporated by a charter from the governor; their funds were increas'd by contributions in Britain and grants of land from the proprietaries41, to which the Assembly has since made considerable addition; and thus was established the present University of Philadelphia. I have been continued one of its trustees from the beginning, now near forty years, and have had the very great pleasure of seeing a number of the youth who have receiv'd their education in it, distinguish'd by their improv'd abilities, serviceable in public stations and ornaments42 to their country.
When I disengaged myself, as above mentioned, from private business, I flatter'd myself that, by the sufficient tho' moderate fortune I had acquir'd, I had secured leisure during the rest of my life for philosophical43 studies and amusements. I purchased all Dr. Spence's apparatus44, who had come from England to lecture here, and I proceeded in my electrical experiments with great alacrity45; but the publick, now considering me as a man of leisure, laid hold of me for their purposes, every part of our civil government, and almost at the same time, imposing46 some duty upon me. The governor put me into the commission of the peace; the corporation of the city chose me of the common council, and soon after an alderman; and the citizens at large chose me a burgess to represent them in Assembly. This latter station was the more agreeable to me, as I was at length tired with sitting there to hear debates, in which, as clerk, I could take no part, and which were often so unentertaining that I was induc'd to amuse myself with making magic squares or circles, or any thing to avoid weariness; and I conceiv'd my becoming a member would enlarge my power of doing good. I would not, however, insinuate47 that my ambition was not flatter'd by all these promotions48; it certainly was; for, considering my low beginning, they were great things to me; and they were still more pleasing, as being so many spontaneous testimonies49 of the public good opinion, and by me entirely50 unsolicited.
The office of justice of the peace I try'd a little, by attending a few courts, and sitting on the bench to hear causes; but finding that more knowledge of the common law than I possess'd was necessary to act in that station with credit, I gradually withdrew from it, excusing myself by my being oblig'd to attend the higher duties of a legislator in the Assembly. My election to this trust was repeated every year for ten years, without my ever asking any elector for his vote, or signifying, either directly or indirectly51, any desire of being chosen. On taking my seat in the House, my son was appointed their clerk.
The year following, a treaty being to be held with the Indians at Carlisle, the governor sent a message to the House, proposing that they should nominate some of their members, to be join'd with some members of council, as commissioners52 for that purpose.The House named the speaker (Mr. Norris) and myself; and, being commission'd, we went to Carlisle, and met the Indians accordingly.
As those people are extreamly apt to get drunk, and, when so, are very quarrelsome and disorderly, we strictly53 forbad the selling any liquor to them; and when they complain'd of this restriction54, we told them that if they would continue sober during the treaty, we would give them plenty of rum when business was over. They promis'd
this, and they kept their promise, because they could get no liquor, and the treaty was conducted very orderly, and concluded to mutual55 satisfaction. They then claim'd and receiv'd the rum; this was in the afternoon; they were near one hundred men, women, and children, and were lodg'd in temporary cabins, built in the form of a square, just without the town. In the evening, hearing a great noise among them, the commissioners walk'd out to see what was the matter. We found they had made a great bonfire in the middle of the square; they were all drunk, men and women, quarreling and fighting. Their darkcolour'd bodies, half naked, seen only by the gloomy light of the bonfire, running after and beating one another with firebrands, accompanied by their horrid56 yellings, form'd a scene the most resembling our ideas of hell that could well be imagin'd; there was no appeasing57 the tumult58, and we retired59 to our lodging60. At midnight a number of them came thundering at our door, demanding more rum, of which we took no notice.
The next day, sensible they had misbehav'd in giving us that disturbance61, they sent three of their old counselors62 to make their apology. The orator63 acknowledg'd the fault, but laid it upon the rum; and then endeavored to excuse the rum by saying, "The Great Spirit, who made all things, made every thing for some use, and whatever use he design'd any thing for, that use it should always be put to. Now, when he made rum, he said 'Let this be for the Indians to get drunk with,' and it must be so."
And, indeed, if it be the design of Providence to extirpate64 these savages65 in order to make room for cultivators of the earth, it seems not improbable that rum may be the appointed means. It has already annihilated66 all the tribes who formerly67 inhabited the sea-coast.
In 1751, Dr. Thomas Bond, a particular friend of mine, conceived the idea of establishing a hospital in Philadelphia (a very beneficent design, which has been ascrib'd to me, but was originally his), for the reception and cure of poor sick persons, whether inhabitants of the province or strangers. He was zealous68 and active in endeavouring to procure subscriptions69 for it, but the proposal being a novelty in America, and at first not well understood, he met with but small success.
At length he came to me with the compliment that he found there was no such thing as carrying a public-spirited project through without my being concern'd in it. "For," says he, "I am often ask'd by those to whom I propose subscribing70, Have you consulted Franklin upon this business? And what does he think of it? And when I tell them that I have not (supposing it rather out of your line), they do not subscribe23, but say they will consider of it." I enquired71 into the nature and probable utility of his scheme, and receiving from him a very satisfactory explanation, I not only subscrib'd to it myself, but engag'd heartily72 in the design of procuring73 subscriptions from others. Previously74, however, to the solicitation75, I endeavoured to prepare the minds of the people by writing on the subject in the newspapers, which was my usual custom in such cases, but which he had omitted.
The subscriptions afterwards were more free and generous; but, beginning to flag, I saw they would be insufficient76 without some assistance from the Assembly, and therefore propos'd to petition for it, which was done. The country members did not at first relish77 the project; they objected that it could only be serviceable to the city, and therefore the citizens alone should be at the expense of it; and they doubted whether the citizens themselves generally approv'd of it. My allegation on the contrary, that it met with such approbation78 as to leave no doubt of our being able to raise two thousand pounds by voluntary donations, they considered as a most extravagant79 supposition, and utterly80 impossible.
On this I form'd my plan; and asking leave to bring in a bill for incorporating the contributors according to the prayer of their petition, and granting them a blank sum of money, which leave was obtained chiefly on the consideration that the House could throw the bill out if they did not like it, I drew it so as to make the important clause a conditional81 one, viz., "And be it enacted82, by the authority aforesaid, that when the said contributors shall have met and chosen their managers and treasurer83, and shall have raised by their contributions a capital stock of ----- value (the yearly interest of which is to be applied84 to the accommodating of the sick poor in the said hospital, free of charge for diet, attendance, advice, and medicines), and shall make the same appear to the satisfaction of the speaker of the Assembly for the time being, that then it shall and may be lawful for the said speaker, and be is hereby required, to sign an order on the provincial85 treasurer for the payment of two thousand pounds, in two yearly payments, to the treasurer of the said hospital, to be applied to the founding, building, and finishing of the same."
This condition carried the bill through; for the members, who had oppos'd the grant, and now conceiv'd they might have the credit of being charitable without the expence, agreed to its passage; and then, in soliciting86 subscriptions among the people, we urg'd the conditional promise of the law as an additional motive87 to give, since every man's donation would be doubled; thus the clause work'd both ways. The subscriptions accordingly soon exceeded the requisite88 sum, and we claim'd and receiv'd the public gift, which enabled us to carry the design into execution. A convenient and handsome building was soon erected; the institution has by constant experience been found useful, and flourishes to this day; and I do not remember any of my political manoeuvres, the success of which gave me at the time more pleasure, or wherein, after thinking of it, I more easily excus'd myself for having made some use of cunning.
It was about this time that another projector89, the Rev32. Gilbert Tennent, came to me with a request that I would assist him in procuring a subscription for erecting90 a new meeting-house. It was to he for the use of a congregation he had gathered among the Presbyterians, who were originally disciples91 of Mr. Whitefield. Unwilling to make myself disagreeable to my fellow-citizens by too frequently soliciting their contributions, I absolutely refus'd. He then desired I would furnish him with a list of the names of persons I knew by experience to be generous and public-spirited. I thought it would be unbecoming in me, after their kind compliance92 with my solicitations, to mark them out to be worried by other beggars, and therefore refus'd also to give such a list. He then desir'd I would at least give him my advice.
"That I will readily do," said I; "and, in the first place, I advise you to apply to all those whom you know will give something; next, to those whom you are uncertain whether they will give any thing or not, and show them the list of those who have given; and, lastly, do not neglect those who you are sure will give nothing, for in some of them you may be mistaken." He laugh'd and thank'd me, and said he would take my advice. He did so, for he ask'd of everybody, and he obtained a much larger sum than he expected, with which he erected the capacious and very elegant meeting-house that stands in Arch-street.
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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calumniated
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| v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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vending
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| v.出售（尤指土地等财产）( vend的现在分词 )；（尤指在公共场所）贩卖；发表（意见，言论）；声明 | |
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junto
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| n.秘密结社；私党 | |
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gratis
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| adj.免费的 | |
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perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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quotas
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| （正式限定的）定量( quota的名词复数 )； 定额； 指标； 摊派 | |
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subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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nomination
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| n.提名，任命，提名权 | |
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vacancy
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| n.（旅馆的）空位，空房，（职务的）空缺 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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cede
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| v.割让，放弃 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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proprietaries
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| n.所有人( proprietary的名词复数 )；专卖药品；独家制造（及销售）的产品 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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insinuate
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| vt.含沙射影地说，暗示 | |
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promotions
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| 促进( promotion的名词复数 )； 提升； 推广； 宣传 | |
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testimonies
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| （法庭上证人的）证词( testimony的名词复数 )； 证明，证据 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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appeasing
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的现在分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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counselors
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| n.顾问( counselor的名词复数 )；律师；（使馆等的）参赞；（协助学生解决问题的）指导老师 | |
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orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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extirpate
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| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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subscriptions
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| n.（报刊等的）订阅费( subscription的名词复数 )；捐款；（俱乐部的）会员费；捐助 | |
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subscribing
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| v.捐助( subscribe的现在分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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enquired
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| 打听( enquire的过去式和过去分词 )； 询问； 问问题； 查问 | |
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heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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solicitation
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| n.诱惑；揽货；恳切地要求；游说 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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conditional
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| adj.条件的，带有条件的 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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soliciting
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| v.恳求( solicit的现在分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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projector
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| n.投影机，放映机，幻灯机 | |
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erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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