Chapter 7 Maneuvering

1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.
2. Having collected an army and concentrated his forces,he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
3. After that, comes tactical maneuvering¹,than which there is nothing more difficult.The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the devious² into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
4. Thus, to take a long and circuitous³ route,after enticing⁴ the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive⁵ to reach the goal before him,shows knowledge of the artifice⁶ of DEVIATION⁷.
5. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous;with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.
6. If you set a fully⁸ equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores.
7. Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch,doing a hundred LI in order to wrest⁹ an advantage,the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
8. The stronger men will be in front, the jaded¹⁰ ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
9. If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division,and only half your force will reach the goal.
10. If you march thirty LI with the same object,two-thirds of your army will arrive.
11. We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost;without bases of supply it is lost.
12. We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.
13. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country—its mountains and forests, its pitfalls¹¹ and precipices,its marshes¹² and swamps.
14. We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.
15. In war, practice dissimulation¹³, and you will succeed.
16. Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops,must be decided¹⁴ by circumstances.
17. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,your compactness that of the forest.
18. In raiding and plundering¹⁵ be like fire,is immovability like a mountain.
19. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night,and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.
20. When you plunder¹⁶ a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory,cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.
21. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
22. He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.
23. The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough:hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.
24. Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point.
25. The host thus forming a single united body,is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone,or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of handling large masses of men.
26. In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners,as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.
27. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit;a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
28. Now a soldier's spirit is keenest in the morning;by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening,his mind is bent¹⁷ only on returning to camp.
29. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish¹⁸ and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
30. Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder¹⁹ and hubbub²⁰ amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.
31. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling²¹ and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one's strength.
32. To refrain from intercepting²² an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn²³ up in calm and confident array:--this is the art of studying circumstances.
33. It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
34. Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight;do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.
35. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy.Do not interfere²⁴ with an army that is returning home.
36. When you surround an army, leave an outlet²⁵ free.Do not press a desperate foe²⁶ too hard.
37. Such is the art of warfare²⁷.

      　原文： 【军争第七】
      1.孙子说：凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚众，交和而舍，莫难于军争。军争之难者，以迂为直，以患为利。
      故迂其途而诱之以利，后人发，先人至，此知迂直之计者也。
      2.故军争为利，军争为危。举军而争利则不及，委军而争利则辎重捐。是故卷甲而趋，日夜不处，倍道兼行，百里而争利，则擒三军将，劲者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；五十里而争利，则蹶上将军，其法半至；三十里而争利，则三分之二至。是故军无辎重则亡，无粮食则亡，无委积则亡。

      3.故不知诸侯之谋者，不能豫交；不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者，不能行军；不用乡导者，不能得地利。故兵以诈立，以利动，以分和为变者也。故其疾如风，其徐如林，侵掠如火，不动如山，难知如阴，动如雷震。掠乡分众，廓地分利，悬权而动。先知迂直之计者胜，此军争之法也。

      4.《军政》曰：言不相闻，故为之金鼓；视不相见，故为之旌旗。夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一人之耳目也。人既专一，则勇者不得独进，怯者不得独退，此用众之法也。故夜战多火鼓，昼战多旌旗，所以变人之耳目也。

      5.三军可夺气，将军可夺心。是故朝气锐，昼气惰，暮气归。善用兵者，避其锐气，击其惰归，此治气者也。以治待乱，以静待哗，此治心者也。以近待远，以佚待劳，以饱待饥，此治力者也。无邀正正之旗，无击堂堂之阵，此治变者也。

      6.故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，佯北勿从，锐卒勿攻，饵兵勿食，归师勿遏，围师必阙，穷寇勿迫，此用兵之法也。
      　　 译文：　　　【军争第七】
      1.孙子说：用兵的原则，将领接受君命，从召集军队，安营扎寨，到开赴战场与敌对峙，没有比率先争得制胜的条件更难的事了。“军争”中最困难的地方就在于以迂回进军的方式实现更快到达预定战场的目的，把看似不利的条件变为有利的条件。所以，由于我迂回前进，又对敌诱之以利，使敌不知我意欲何去，因而出发虽后，却能先于敌人到达战地。能这么做，就是知道迂直之计的人。
      2.“军争”为了有利，但“军争”也有危险。带着全部辎重去争利，就会影响行军速度，不能先敌到达战地；丢下辎重轻装去争利，装备辎重就会损失。卷甲急进，白天黑夜不休息地急行军，奔跑百里去争利，则三军的将领有可能会被俘获。健壮的士兵能够先到战场，疲惫的士兵必然落后，只有十分之一的人马如期到达；强行军五十里去争利，先头部队的主将必然受挫，而军士一般仅有一半如期到达；强行军三十里去争利，一般只有三分之二的人马如期到达。这样，部队没有辎重就不能生存，没有粮食供应就不能生存，没有战备物资储备就无以生存。

      　
      3.所以不了解诸侯各国的图谋，就不要和他们结成联盟；不知道山林、险阻和沼泽的地形分布，不能行军；不使用向导，就不能掌握和利用有利的地形。所以，用兵是凭借施诡诈出奇兵而获胜的，根据是否有利于获胜决定行动，根据双方情势或分兵或集中为主要变化。按照战场形势的需要，部队行动迅速时，如狂风飞旋；行进从容时，如森林徐徐展开；攻城掠地时，如烈火迅猛；驻守防御时，如大山岿然；军情隐蔽时，如乌云蔽日；大军出动时，如雷霆万钧。夺取敌方的财物，掳掠百姓，应分兵行动。开拓疆土，分夺利益，应该分兵扼守要害。这些都应该权衡利弊，根据实际情况，相机行事。率先知道“迂直之计”的将获胜，这就是军争的原则。

      4.《军政》说：“在战场上用语言来指挥，听不清或听不见，所以设置了金鼓；用动作来指挥，看不清或看不见，所以用旌旗。金鼓、旌旗，是用来统一士兵的视听，统一作战行动的。既然士兵都服从统一指挥，那么勇敢的将士不会单独前进，胆怯的也不会独自退却。这就是指挥大军作战的方法。所以，夜间作战，要多处点火，频频击鼓；白天打仗要多处设置旌旗。这些是用来扰乱敌方的视听的。

      5.对于敌方三军，可以挫伤其锐气，可使丧失其士气，对于敌方的将帅，可以动摇他的决心，可使其丧失斗志。所以，敌人早朝初至，其气必盛；陈兵至中午，则人力困倦而气亦怠惰；待至日暮，人心思归，其气益衰。善于用兵的人，敌之气锐则避之，趁其士气衰竭时才发起猛攻。这就是正确运用士气的原则。用治理严整的我军来对付军政混乱的敌军，用我镇定平稳的军心来对付军心躁动的敌人。这是掌握并运用军心的方法。以我就近进入战场而待长途奔袭之敌；以我从容稳定对仓促疲劳之敌；以我饱食之师对饥饿之敌。这是懂得并利用治己之力以困敌人之力。不要去迎击旗帜整齐、部伍统一的军队，不要去攻击阵容整肃、士气饱满的军队，这是懂得战场上的随机应变。

      6.所以，用兵的原则是：对占据高地、背倚丘陵之敌，不要作正面仰攻；对于假装败逃之敌，不要跟踪追击；敌人的精锐部队不要强攻；敌人的诱饵之兵，不要贪食；对正在向本土撤退的部队不要去阻截；对被包围的敌军，要预留缺口；对于陷入绝境的敌人，不要过分逼迫，这些都是用兵的基本原则。

1 maneuvering   

v.移动，用策略( maneuver的现在分词 )；操纵

参考例句：

• This Manstein did, with some brilliant maneuvering under the worse winter conditions. 曼施坦因在最恶劣的严冬条件下，出色地施展了灵活机动的战术，终于完成了任务。 来自辞典例句
• In short, large goals required farsighted policies, not tactical maneuvering. 一句话，大的目标需要有高瞻远瞩的政策，玩弄策略是不行的。 来自辞典例句

2 devious   

adj.不坦率的，狡猾的；迂回的，曲折的

参考例句：

• Susan is a devious person and we can't depend on her.苏姗是个狡猾的人，我们不能依赖她。
• He is a man who achieves success by devious means.他这个人通过不正当手段获取成功。

3 circuitous   

adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的

参考例句：

• They took a circuitous route to avoid reporters.他们绕道避开了记者。
• The explanation was circuitous and puzzling.这个解释很迂曲，让人困惑不解。

4 enticing   

adj.迷人的；诱人的

参考例句：

• The offer was too enticing to refuse. 这提议太有诱惑力，使人难以拒绝。
• Her neck was short but rounded and her arms plump and enticing. 她的脖子短，但浑圆可爱；两臂丰腴，也很动人。

5 contrive   

vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出

参考例句：

• Can you contrive to be here a little earlier?你能不能早一点来？
• How could you contrive to make such a mess of things?你怎么把事情弄得一团糟呢？

6 artifice   

n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计

参考例句：

• The use of mirrors in a room is an artifice to make the room look larger.利用镜子装饰房间是使房间显得大一点的巧妙办法。
• He displayed a great deal of artifice in decorating his new house.他在布置新房子中表现出富有的技巧。

7 deviation   

n.背离，偏离；偏差，偏向；离题

参考例句：

• Deviation from this rule are very rare.很少有违反这条规则的。
• Any deviation from the party's faith is seen as betrayal.任何对党的信仰的偏离被视作背叛。

8 fully   

adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地

参考例句：

• The doctor asked me to breathe in,then to breathe out fully.医生让我先吸气，然后全部呼出。
• They soon became fully integrated into the local community.他们很快就完全融入了当地人的圈子。

9 wrest   

n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲

参考例句：

• The officer managed to wrest the gun from his grasp.警官最终把枪从他手中夺走了。
• You wrest my words out of their real meaning.你曲解了我话里的真正含义。

10 jaded   

adj.精疲力竭的；厌倦的；（因过饱或过多而）腻烦的；迟钝的

参考例句：

• I felt terribly jaded after working all weekend. 整个周末工作之后我感到疲惫不堪。
• Here is a dish that will revive jaded palates. 这道菜简直可以恢复迟钝的味觉。 来自《简明英汉词典》

11 pitfalls   

（捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误

参考例句：

• the potential pitfalls of buying a house 购买房屋可能遇到的圈套
• Several pitfalls remain in the way of an agreement. 在达成协议的进程中还有几个隐藏的困难。

12 marshes   

n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• Cows were grazing on the marshes. 牛群在湿地上吃草。
• We had to cross the marshes. 我们不得不穿过那片沼泽地。 来自《简明英汉词典》

13 dissimulation   

n.掩饰，虚伪，装糊涂

参考例句：

• A habit of dissimulation is a hindrance, and a poorness to him. 在他这样的一个人，一种掩饰的习惯是一种阻挠，一个弱点。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• Still we have our limits beyond which we call dissimulation treachery. 不过我们仍然有自己的限度，超过这个界限，就是虚伪与背信弃义。 来自辞典例句

14 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

15 plundering   

掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• The troops crossed the country, plundering and looting as they went. 部队经过乡村，一路抢劫掳掠。
• They amassed huge wealth by plundering the colonies. 他们通过掠夺殖民地聚敛了大笔的财富。

16 plunder   

vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠

参考例句：

• The thieves hid their plunder in the cave.贼把赃物藏在山洞里。
• Trade should not serve as a means of economic plunder.贸易不应当成为经济掠夺的手段。

17 bent   

n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的

参考例句：

• He was fully bent upon the project.他一心扑在这项计划上。
• We bent over backward to help them.我们尽了最大努力帮助他们。

18 sluggish   

adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的

参考例句：

• This humid heat makes you feel rather sluggish.这种湿热的天气使人感到懒洋洋的。
• Circulation is much more sluggish in the feet than in the hands.脚部的循环比手部的循环缓慢得多。

19 disorder   

n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调

参考例句：

• When returning back,he discovered the room to be in disorder.回家后，他发现屋子里乱七八糟。
• It contained a vast number of letters in great disorder.里面七零八落地装着许多信件。

20 hubbub   

n.嘈杂；骚乱

参考例句：

• The hubbub of voices drowned out the host's voice.嘈杂的声音淹没了主人的声音。
• He concentrated on the work in hand,and the hubbub outside the room simply flowed over him.他埋头于手头的工作，室外的吵闹声他简直象没有听见一般。

21 toiling   

长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉

参考例句：

• The fiery orator contrasted the idle rich with the toiling working classes. 这位激昂的演说家把无所事事的富人同终日辛劳的工人阶级进行了对比。
• She felt like a beetle toiling in the dust. She was filled with repulsion. 她觉得自己像只甲虫在地里挣扎，心中涌满愤恨。

22 intercepting   

截取（技术），截接

参考例句：

• The police had been intercepting my mail, ie reading it before it was delivered. 警方一直截查我的邮件。
• We've been intercepting radio transmissions from Moscow. 我们已从莫斯科拦截到无线电信号。

23 drawn   

v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的

参考例句：

• All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
• Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。

24 interfere   

v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰

参考例句：

• If we interfere, it may do more harm than good.如果我们干预的话，可能弊多利少。
• When others interfere in the affair,it always makes troubles. 别人一卷入这一事件，棘手的事情就来了。

25 outlet   

n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄

参考例句：

• The outlet of a water pipe was blocked.水管的出水口堵住了。
• Running is a good outlet for his energy.跑步是他发泄过剩精力的好方法。

26 foe   

n.敌人，仇敌

参考例句：

• He knew that Karl could be an implacable foe.他明白卡尔可能会成为他的死敌。
• A friend is a friend;a foe is a foe;one must be clearly distinguished from the other.敌是敌，友是友，必须分清界限。

27 warfare   

n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突

参考例句：

• He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
• Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。